practical parasitology 1
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Parasitology
• Classification: The parasites of humans are classified within:
• 1. Protozoology = study of protozoa (primitive single cells)
• 2. Helminthology = study of helminths (worms) including
• multicellular parasites with organs (also known as metazoa)
• 3. Entomology = study of arthropods (insects).
Protozoa
Classification of pathogenic protozoa according to the site of
infection Site of infectionSpecies
Intestinal tract Amoeba
* Entamoeba histolytica
Intestinal flagellates
* Giardia lamblia
Intestinal ciliate *Balantidium coli
Urogenital tractUrogenital flagellate
* Trichomonas vaginalis
Blood and tissueHemoflagellates * Trypanosoma sp, Leishmania sp.
Blood Sporozoans * Plasmodium sp.
Tissue Sporozoans *Toxoplasma gonidii
Questions form for Protozoa
• Type of protozoan (amoeba, ciliate, flagellate:intestinal or blood & tissue, sporozoan)
• Disease caused by protozoan• Infective stage• Lab diagnosis (diagnostic stage)• Form of protozoan under the microscope• Vector for the protozoan• Location (site of infection) of the protozoan in
the body
Intestinal protozoa (General life cycle)
• Entamoeba histolytica• Balantidium coli
ingestion(food, water...)
In large intestine (Ent., B. coli)Excystation
Trophozoite
pass in feces
mature cyst
encyst
Multiply
Entamoeba histolytica
• Type of protozoan: amoeba
• Disease caused by protozoan:amoebic dysentery
• Infective stage:cyst
• Diagnostic stage: Cyst or trophozoite in stool
• Forms of the protozoan:trophozoite or cyst
• Location in the body: large intestine
Entameba histolytica trophozoite
Entameba histolytica cyst
Balantidium coli
• Type of protozoan: ciliate• Disease caused by the protozoan:
Balantidial dysentery• Infective stage: cyst• Lab diagnosis(diagnostic stage):
trophozoite or cyst in stool• Forms of the protozoan: trophozoite or
cyst• Location in the body: large intestine
Balantidium coli trophozoite
Urogenital flagellate
• Trichomonas• vaginalis• Type of protozoan: urogenital flagellate• Disease caused by protozoan: Trichomoniasis• Infective stage: trophozoite• Form of protozoan: Trophozoite only. No cyst• Location in the body: urogenital tract of male
(urethra and prostate) and female (vagina)• Diagnostic stage: trophozoite in vaginal swab or
prostate secretion
Hemoflagellates
• Trypanosoma sp.• Leishmania sp.• Forms of
Hemoflagellates
according to the
Position of organ
Of locomotion
Amastigote has no
Free flagellum
Trypanosoma cruzi
• Type of protozoan:hemoflagellate• Disease caused by the protozoan: Chagas
disease• Infective stage:Metacyclic trypomastigote• Form of the protozoan under
microscope:trypomastigote in blood film• Vector of the protozoan: Bug (Triatoma)• Location of the protozoan in the body: blood and
tissue(heart muscle, liver ,spleen, brain)• Diagnostic stage: Trypomastigote in blood film
• Trypomastigote in blood film
Leishmania sp.
• Type of the protozoan: hemoflagellate• Disease caused by the protozoan: Leishmaniasis
(visceral, cutaneous or mucocutaneous)• Infective stage:Promastigote• Vector of the protozoan: Sand fly• Form of the protozoan under the microscope: amastigote
(leishmania bodies) released from macrophage• Location in the body: blood& tissue• Diagnostic stage: Amastigote (leishmania body) released
from macrophage in tissue.
Amastigote released from macrophage
Blood sporozoans
• Plasmodium sp
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium malaria
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium sp.
• Type of protozoan: blood sporozoan• Disease caused by the protozoan: Malaria• Infective stage:sporozoite in the saliva of female
Anopheles mosquito• Form of the protozoan under microscope:Different
stages of the Plasmodium sp. in red blood cells• Vector of the protozoan: Female anopheles mosquito• Location of the protozoan in the body: blood • Lab diagnosis (diag stage) Different stages of the
Plasmodium sp. in red blood cells in blood film
Arthropods
• Class Insecta:flea, louse, bed bug, mouth parts of female Anopheles mosquito
• Class Arachnida: hard tick, mites
• Class Crustacea: Cyclops
• Question form: Medical importance
Flea
• Medical importance:
• Vector of plague
• Intermediate host for H.diminuta, D. caninum
• Transmit endemic typhus or murine typhus
Bed bug
• Medical importance:
• Insomnia, irritation
Bed bug
Louse
• Medical importance:
• Pediculosis
• Could transmit trench fever and epidemic typhus
Louse
Mouth parts of Female Anopheles mosquito
• Medical importance: transmit malaria
Female Anopheles mosquito
Hard tick
• Medical importance:
• Mechanically: bite, bleeding
• Systemically: tick paralysis
• Could transmit rocky mountain spotted fever
Hard tick
Mite
• Medical importance: Sarcoptes scabei mite cause scabies
Mite
Cyclops (male and female)
Medical importance:
• Intermediate host for: Diphylobothrium latum, Diphylobothrium mansoni, Dracunculus medinensis
Cyclops
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