preliminary discussion on metadata for e-books
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Metadata for e-Books
Short discussion on e-Book metadata requirements
Definition
• A book-publication in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on computers or other electronic devices
– Can have a printed equivalent or not…
• Called “enhanced” or “interactive” when you add rich media on them, increasing interactivity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book
PRINTED BOOK
E-BOOK Scan Enhance Interactive
E-BOOK
Makes Sense?
• One original physical Book
• Scanned it to produce an e-Book
• Enhanced it to create an enhanced e-Book
Paper PDF HTML
PRINTED BOOK
@ Library 1
E-BOOK @
Repository 1 Scan Enhance
Interactive E-BOOK
PRINTED BOOK
@ Library 2
E-BOOK @
Repository 2
Interactive E-BOOK
Same book Same catalogue card, Different physical copy
Same book Different metadata Same digital copy
Different book Different metadata Different digital copy
Status: It’s complicated…?
PRINTED BOOK
@ Library 1
E-BOOK @
Repository 1 Scan Enhance
Interactive E-BOOK
PRINTED BOOK
@ Library 2
E-BOOK @
Repository 2
Interactive E-BOOK
Same book (content) Same catalogue card, Different physical copy
Same book (content) Different metadata Different digital copy
Different book Different metadata Different digital copy E-BOOK
@ Repository 3
Analog – Digital
• Digital copies of the original are not all the same
– Scan quality? Format? Annotation?
• Enhanced or Interactive e-Books from the same e-Book are not the same
– Completely new book based on the added content
– Different metadata
FRBR Approach
FRBR-izing e-Books
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Book Conception
Book Realization
e-Book
e-Book copy
Enriched e-Book
Enriched e-Book copy
Book Conception
Book Realization
e-Book
e-Book as an item
Distinct intellectual or artistic creation. The conception, the idea of creating the specific e-Book (born digital)
The specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it’s realized. The words and material on a draft of the e-book.
The digital embodiment of an expression of a work. The e-Book in a digital format, as published by the publisher in e.g. 2013.
Different copies of the same e-Book
Alternative Approach
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Book Conception
Book Realization
Printed Book
e-Book Enriched e-Book
Thoughts
• Seem more logical to see digital and analog cases, as separate ones – FRBR approach to printed/physical works
– Different approach to born digital work
• Accommodating both can be interesting but also a daunting task – High-level record for the physical item
– Connected to multiple records for each digital representation
Metadata Elements
IEEE LOM as a guide?
General (1/2)
• e-Book ID
– Unique ID
• e-Book Title
– Title of the book
• Description/Summary of e-Book
– Short text
General (2/2)
• Keywords
– Some representative terms
• Temporal Coverage
– Is it up to date? Maybe covered some past time?
• Aggregation Level
– Seems like “4” is the default value here
Life-Cycle
• Version
– Critical for keeping up with older versions
• Status
– Sometimes a book may be uploaded before revision, or be uploaded private among the team that prepares it
• Contribution
– Needed to trace contributors to the e-Book
– Including author of analog book is not advised here
Meta-Metadata
• Identifier of record
• Contribution
– Identify metadata annotators
• Metadata Schema
– Schema used
• Language of Metadata
– Multiple languages of e-Book annotations
Technical (1/2)
• Format
– Multiple formats for e-Books
• Size
• Location
– URI identifying location of e-Book
• Requirements
– Especially for enriched e-Books
Technical (2/2)
• Installation Remarks
– In cases of apps that need to be downloaded to better view the e-Book
• Other Requirements
– Sometimes, add-ons may required for enriched e-Books to display properly
• Duration
– Maybe useful for Audio Books?
e-Book Formats (1/2)
• Amazon Kindle and Fire tablets
– AZW, AZW3, KF8, non-DRM MOBI, PDF, PRC, TXT
• Barnes & Noble Nook and Nook Tablet
– EPUB, PDF
• Apple iPad
– EPUB, IBA (via iBooks Author), PDF
• Sony Reader
– EPUB, PDF, TXT, RTF, DOC, BBeB
e-Book Formats (2/2)
• Kobo eReader and Kobo Arc
– EPUB, PDF, TXT, RTF, HTML, CBR (comic), CBZ (comic)
• PocketBook Reader and PocketBook Touch
– EPUB DRM, EPUB, PDF DRM, PDF, FB2, FB2.ZIP, TXT, DJVU, HTM, HTML, DOC, DOCX, RTF, CHM, TCR, PRC (MOBI)
Educational (1/2)
• Interactivity Type
– Distinguish between simple e-Books and enhanced ones
• Learning Resource Type
– Could be used to describe the resources within enhanced e-Books?
• Intended End User
• Educational Level
Educational (2/2)
• Age Range
• Educational Duration
– The duration that the book is used within the classroom (semester, year, etc.)
• Educational Description
– Guidelines for the use of the book
• Language
– Especially useful in language-learning books
Rights
• Cost
– Most probably “free” but also useful to distinguish free-paid versions of the same book
• Copyrights & Other Restrictions
– Yes/No
• Description
– Creative Commons and other licensing schemes
Relation
• Relation Kind
– Relation to other e-Books
– Relation to resources within an enhanced book?
• Related Resource
– URI to Learning Objects or other e-Books
– Relate to authors as entities?
Annotation
• Entity
– It can be used to store annotations from users of the e-Books within a community of practitioners
• Date
– Comments’ date, also correlated with specific versions of the e-Book (Life Cycle)
• Description
– Actual comment, rating, etc.
Classification
• Purpose – The purpose of the classification or the
classification type
• Taxon Path – The term that defines the e-Book within each
classification
• Description – Any specific comments on why the e-Book was
classified using the specific Taxon Path
Conclusions
• IEEE LOM can accommodate the needs for describing an e-Book
– One item of the manifestation of an e-Book (!)
– Some of the elements can be omitted
• There’s the need for some limited adaptation in element definition and vocabularies
– Include subjects taught and other relevant ontologies
Metadata for Learning Resources
• Next steps include the investigation of how MLR can accommodate the description of e-Books
• Is there room for adopting an FRBR-like approach for books that are not born digital?
– Or even for the digitally born, to accommodate the description of different manifestations?
Metadata for e-Books
Short discussion on e-Book metadata requirements
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