preliminary statistics of nebulae and clusters

o"QTS0~

gCO

ico100

a::

>-

= co

00

Charlier, Carl Vilhelm

LudwigPreliminary statistics

of nebulae and clusters

PURCHASED FOR THE

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

FROM THE

CANADA COUNCIL SPECIAL GRANT

FOR

HIST SCI '68

ARKIV FUR MATEMATIK, ASTfiONOMI OCH FYSIKUTGIFVET AF

K. SYENSKA VETENSKAPSAKADEMIEN I STOCKHOLM

Band 9. N:o 15.

MEDDELANDE FRAN LUNDS ASTRONOHISKA OBSERYATORIUM.

PRELIMINARY STATISTICS

OF

NERULAE AND CLUSTERS

BY

C. V. L. CHAKLIER

WITH 11 PLATES

UPPSALA & STOCKHOLMALMQVIST & WIKSELLS BOKTRYCKERI-A.-B.

BERLIN LONDON PARISE. FRIEDLA.NDER & SOHN WILLIAM WESLEY & SON LIBRAIRIE C. KLINCKSIECIC

11 CARLSTRASSE 28 ESSEX STREET. STRAND 11 RUE DE LILLE

1913

ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI OCH FYSIK.

BAND 9. N:o 15.

Meddelande fran Luuds Astronomiska Observatorium.

(38No 56 B5J

Preliminary Statistics of Nebulae and Clusters.

OBy

C. V. L. CHARLIE

With 11 Plates.

Read May 28th 1913

\t*RKjjf

1. In the plan of the work of the observatory in Lunda discussion of the position of the nebulous stars in spaceenters as a principal problem. In order to prepare such a

discussion I have collected, the last years, on a card cata-

logue informations regarding the coordinates, the brightness,

size and form of the nebulae as well as other observations

of interest. The base of this card catalogue was the three

great Catalogues of Dreyer, nearer defined below. These

catalogues give, besides the coordinates, a short description

of each nebula in the condensed form used by the two Her-schels. The next step is to determine, from available obser-

vations, the numerical values of the symbols of the Herschels,as far as such a determination is possible. For that purposeI am inserting on the cards micrometric (and other) mea-

surements taken from the original publications of the obser-

vers. This work will still require some years, before a defi-

nitive discussion can take place.

In the mean time I have considered it useful to publishthe immediate statistical results obtained from the Cataloguesof Dreyer. This is done, at least regarding some of the

main features, in the present publication. I give these results

Arlciv for matematik, astronomi o. fysih. Bd 9. N:o 15. 1

2 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. PYSIK. BD 9. N:0 15.

without any discussion regarding their bearing upon the

question of the distribution of the nebulae in space. In manyrespects they speak for themselves. In others the conclusions

must be drawn with great caution. The main interest is here

afforded by the relations between the Milky Way and the

positions and numbers of the nebulae.

The Catalogues of Dreyer, here used, are the following:

I. A new general catalogue of nehulai and clusters

of stars, being the catalogue of the late Sir John F. W.Herschel. Bart., revised, corrected and enlarged.

Mem. of the R. A. S. Vol. XLIX (1890).This catalogue contains 7840 nebulae and clusters.

II. Index Catalogue of nebulas found in the years1888 to 1894, with notes and corrections to the New General

Catalogue.

Mem. of the R. A. S. Vol. LI (1895).

This catalogue contains 1529 nebulae and clusters.

III. Second Index Catalogue of nebula? and clusters

of stars; containing objects found in the years 1895 to 1907,

with notes and corrections to the New General Catalogueand to the Index Catalogue for 1888 94.

Mem. of the R. A. S. Vol. LIX, Part II (1908).

This catalogue contains 3857 nebulae and clusters.

2. In the catalogues distinction is made between five

different classes of nebulous objects: Clusters (CI.), Globular

clusters (Glob.), Planetary nebulae (Plan.), Annular nebulae

(Ann.) and Nebulae (Neb.). In the following statistics the

sky was divided into 48 squares of equal area, defined in

my memoirs on stellar statistics. The distribution of the

squares is found from the plates at the end of this memoir.

The catalogues of Dreyer contain in all 13226 objects,of which 3 are doubles which are here counted as single

objects. The distribution of the 13223 objects on classes and

squares is found from table 1.

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULiE.

Table 1. Distribution of nebulous objects.

A,

A2

B,

B 2

B 3

B4

B5

B 6

B7

B s

B 9

B 10

C,

c2

ca

c 4

c5

c 6

c7

C s

c9

o

D,

D 2

B3

D4

D5

B 6

B7

B8

B9

Bl0

CI.

4 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. NIO 15.

D12.

E, .

E 2.

E3

.

E 4

E5

E .

E7

.

E s .

E 9.

E 10

F,

F, .

CI. Glob. Plan. Ann. Neb. Sum

5

4

20

13

3

26

26

1

88

33

4

1

8

3

1

2

3

15

1

23

6

Sum 657 112

1

1

3

1

1

5

8

19

9

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULA. 5

Of the 12308 nebulae (in narrower meaning) there are

11486, for which the brightness is given in the catalogues of

Dreyer. These are distributed on squares and classes of

brightness in the following way (Tab. 2).

Table 2. Distribution of nebulae in regard to brightness.

6 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. NiO 15.

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULiE. 7

cL = considerably large! ._, . ., ,. v

.J e

3 to 4 diam.),L = large >

vL = very large (8r

to 10' diam.),

eL = excessively large (20' and upwards).

The dimensions of the different classes given in brackets

are those given by Sir John Herschel (and Dreyer). Adiscussion of these values is here not given.

In the catalogues of Dreyer we find indications regardingthe size of 10498 nebula?. These are distributed upon classes

and squares in the manner shown in tab. 3.

Table 3. Distribution of nebula? in regard to size.

8 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. N:0 15.

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULiE. 9

.t-, \= irregular form,

iR = irregularly round,R = round.

vlE = very little extended,E = extended,

cE = considerably extended,

pniE = pretty much extended,

mE = much extended,

vmE = very much extended,

eE = excessively extended.

In the catalogues of Dreyer we find indications regardingthe form of 8469 nebulas. Their distribution upon classes

and squares is found from tab. 4.

Table 4. Distribution of nebula? in regard to form.

10 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. N:0 15.

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULiE. 11

6. The correlation between the brightness and the size of

the nebulce has been analysed in the tables 552 for every

square. The meaning of the numbers is obvious from the

definitions of the classes given above.

Correlation between brightness and size of nebulae.

Table 5. Square A^

12 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. N:0 15.

Table 7. Square Bt .

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULiE. 13

Table 9. Square B3

.

14 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. NtO 15.

Table 11. Square Bs

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULiE. 15

Table 13. Square B7.

16 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. NIO 15.

Table 15. Square B9 .

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULiE. 17

Table 17. Square Cj.

18 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. N:0 15.

Table 19. Square C 3 .

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULiE. 19

Table 21. Square C6

.

20 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. NlO 15.

Table 23. Square C7.

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULAE. 21

Table 25. Square C 9 .

22 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. NIO 15.

Table 27. Square Cn .

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULiE. 23

Table 29. Square Dx.

24 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. N:0 15.

Table 31. Square D 3 .

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULiE. 25

eF

vF

F

cF

PF

pBcB

B

vB

eB

Table 33. Square D5 .

eS vS

10

17

9

cS PS PL cL vL eL Size

not obs.

16

13

13

4

5

7

10

11

4

7

4

9

3

4

Sum

54

52

34

7

16

16

1

5

Br. not obs

Sum 5 37 61 I 3 36 16 20 187

Table 34. Square D 6 .

26 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. NIO 15.

Table 35. Square D7 .

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULiE. 27

Table 37. Square D9 .

28 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. NlO 15.

Table 39. Square Dn .

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULA. 29

Table 41. Square Et.

30 ARKIV FOB MATEMAT1K, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. N:0 15.

Table 43. Square E3.

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULA. 31

Table 45. Square E5.

32 ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI O. FYSIK. BD 9. N:0 15.

Table 47. Square E7

.

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULA. 33

Table 49. Square E9 .

34 ARKIV FOR MATEMATTK, ASTRONOMI O. PYSIK. BD 9. .N:0 15.

Table 61. Square F,.

CHARLIER, STATISTICS OF NEBULiE. 35

7. The classification in the catalogues of Dreyer re-

garding the condensation of the nebulae is not yet analysed.

It remains also to treat the correlation between the form as

well as the condensation of the nebulas and their size and

brightness. The mean direction of the axis of symmetry of

the nebulas is also to be determined for the different squares.

Tryckt den 22 august i 1913.

Uppsala 1913. Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri-A.-B.

ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI OCH FYS1K. Bd 9. N:o 15. PI.

Plate I a. Clusters.

Total number: 657.

The circular dots indicate the course of the Milky Way.

Plate 1 b. Clusters

< 8 8-15 16-23 24-31 32-40 * 40

Cederquists Graf. A.-B., Sthlm.

ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI OCH FYSIK. Bd 9. N:o 15. PI. 2.

Plate II a. Nebulae.

Total number: 12,308

ati \ /n \ f \ */ \ /23

2i !2t

3.JO \ /tf J-j, I JLfJ #3fy 3fO/a a '

Or p/ Dr' a/

Plate 11 b. Nebula.

< 92 92-138 184-275 276-367 368-459 v 459

Cederquists Graf. A.-B., Sthlm.

ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI OCH FYSIK. Bd 9. N:o 15. PI. 3.

Plate III a. Faint nebulae.

eF-f vF+F + cF

Total number: 9.24S.

Plate III b. Faint nebulae.

eF + vF + F + cF.

<80 80-159 160-239 240-319 320-399~

399

ARK1V FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI OCH FYSIK. Bd 9. N:o 15. PI. 4.

Plate IV a. Nebulae of mean brightness.

p F + p B.

Total number: 1,695.

Plate IV b. Nebulae of mean brightness.

P F + pB.

< 20 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-99 7 99

Cederquists Graf. A.-B., Sthlm.

ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI OCH FYSIK. Bd 9. N:o 15. PI. 5.

Plate V a. Bright nebulae.

cB + B + vB + eB.

Total number: 543.

Plate V b. Bright nebulae.

cB + B + vB + eB.

< 8 8-15 16-23 24-31 32-39 7 39

Cederquists Graf. A.-B., Sthlm.

ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI OCH FYSIK. Bd 9. N:o 15. PI. 6.

Plate VI a. Small nebulae.

eS + vS + S + cS.

Total number: 7,371.

Plate VI b. Small nebulae.

eS + vS + S + cS.

S5 KS

< 60 60-119 120-179 180-239 240-299 y 299

CeJerquists Graf. A.-B., Sthlm.

ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI OCH FYSIK. Bd 9. N:o 15. PI. 7.

Plate VII a. Nebula of mean size.

p S + p L.

Total number: 2,330.

Plate VII b. Nebulae of mean size.

pS -f pL.

d< 20 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-99 > 99

Cederquists Graf. A.-B., Sthlrn.

ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI OCH FYSIK. Bd 9. N:o 15. PI. 8

Plate VIII a. Large nebulae.

cL-4-L + vL + eL.

Total number: 797.

Plate VIII b. Large nebulae.

cL + L + vL + eL.

<8 8-15 16-23 24-31 32-39 7 39

Cederquists Graf. A.-B., Sthlm.

ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI OCH FYSIK. Bd 9. N:o 15. PL 9.

Plate IX a. Irregular nebulae,

i w + i F.

Total number: 680.

Plate IX b. Irregular nebulae.

iw + i F.

d rtttfftf

< 7 8-15 16-23 24-31 7 99

Cederquists Graf. A.-B., Sthlm.

ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI OCH FYSIK. Bd 9. N:o 15. PI. 10.

Plate X a. Round nebula.

iR + R + vlE.

Total number: 6,056.

Plate X b. Round nebulae.

iR + R + ulE.

<40 40-79 80-119 120-159 160-199 7 199

Cederquists Graf. A.-B., Sthtm.

ARKIV FOR MATEMATIK, ASTRONOMI OCH FYSIK. Bd 9. N:o 15. PI.

Plate XI a. Extended nebulae.

E + cE + pmE + mE + umE + eE.

Total number: 1733.

Plate XI b. Extended nebulae.

E + cE + pmE + mE + umE + eE

K

UPPSALA 1913. ALMQVIST & W1K8ELL8 BOKTRYCKERI-A.-B.

J/V

w

QB