present value analysis note: examples are from analysis for financial management, robert c. higgins,...
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Present Value AnalysisNote: examples are from Analysis for Financial
Management, Robert C. Higgins, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill
“Back of the Envelope” methodsPayback periodReturn on Investment %When to use?Limitations?
Strategic PlanningInvestment/Performance planning process for
an organizationWhat do we need to invest in, in the next
quarter/year, and what benefits can we expecting in return?
Involves “capital budgeting” – the financial evaluation of investment proposals
Discounted Cash FlowRelevant when
A company contemplates an action entailing costs/benefits that extend beyond the current year
IncludesAnalyzing equipment acquisitions or salesChoosing among competing technologies
Financial EvaluationEstimate the relevant cash flows (benefit $
and cost $)Calculate a “figure of merit” for this
investmentCompare the figure of merit to an acceptance
criterion
Challenges?Estimating relevant cash flows
E.g. depreciation, financing costs, shared resources, etc.
Many important costs/benefits cannot be measured in $ so must be evaluated qualitatively (evaluating $ is simpler!)
TABLE 7-1 Cash Flows for Container-Loading Pier ($ millions)TABLE 7-1 Cash Flows for Container-Loading Pier ($ millions)
Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cash flow ($40) 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7.5
17
40
Eg: Container Loading PierFirst, “back of the envelope”:Payback?
In year 6 (accum ben – accum costs is > 0)(7.5M*6 – 40M) = 45M – 40M = 5M
Time value of Money: CompoundingCompounding Example
10% interest rate, invest $1End of year 1:
$1 + (10% of $1) = $1 + .10 = $1.10End of year 2:
$1.10 + (10% of $1.10) = $1.20 +11 = $1.21
Time Value of Money: Discounting (present value)Discounting
Finding the present value of a future sum Example
10% return; Promised $1 in one year—what would you have to invest today?
.909 i.e. $1 = $.909 + (10% of $.909)
Calculating Present ValueUse present value tables calculators,
spreadsheet.Present Value Table
Shows the present value of $1 to be received at the end of any number of periods from 1 to 50, at interest rates ranging from 1% to 50%
In present value “interest rate” often called “discount rate”
What is the “discount rate”?If a company already has cash “in hand”:
The rate of return available on similar risk investments
If a company must raise cash (by selling securities):Rate of return expected by buyers of the
securities
Discount Rate & RiskDiscount rate is often adjusted to reflect risk
in an investment’s cash flowIf an investment is higher risk, a “risk
premium” is often added to the discount rate to compensate for the risk (e.g. that the investment will not meet projected cash flows). This means that the discount rate for a higher risk investment will typically be higher.
Example: Baseball CatcherNew, young catcher signed to a contract
promising $2M a year for 4 years.What is the contract worth today assuming the
catcher has a similar risk investment opportunity yielding 15% per year?
0 1 2 3 4
Using Present Value Tables:• Must find P at 15% of each individual payment
P?P = present value of the contract
P = (.870 x $2M) + (.756 x $2M) + (.658 x $2M) + (.572 x $2m)P = $5,710,000
Example: Baseball Catcher cont’dMuch simpler approach:
This amount happens to be an annuity (same $ every year) so we can use the present value annuity table (appendix B).
P = 2.855 x $2M = $5,710,000
P = $5,710,000 means that:$5,710,000 today is equivalent to the future
cash flows of $2M per year for 4 years at 15%
Year
Beginning- of-Period Principal
Interest at
15%
End-of -Period
Principal
Withdrawal 1 $5,710,000 $856,500 $6,566,500 $2,000,000 2 4,566,500 684,975 5,251,475 2,000,000 3 3,251,475 487,721 3,739,196 2,000,000 4 1,739,196 260,879 2,000,075 2,000,000
Note: The $75 remaining in the account after the last withdrawal is due to round-off error in the present value tables.
$5,710,000 Today is Equivalent to $2 million a Year for 4 Years When the Interest Rate is 15 %$5,710,000 Today is Equivalent to $2 million a Year for 4 Years When the Interest Rate is 15 %
Back To the Pier ExampleCalculate P, over 10yrs using 10%
$7.5M for 9 yrs – an annuity$7.5M + $9.5M = $17M for the 10th yearP = (5.759 x $7.5M) + (.386 x $17M)P = $43.1925M + $6.562MP = $49.75M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
$7.5M
$17M
Investment of $40M
P = $49.75M at 10%
Net Present Value (NPV)
NPV = Present Value ofCash Inflows
Present Value ofCash Outflows
-
NPV for Pier =$49.75M - $40M =
$9.75M
NPV Rule of ThumbNPV > 0
Accept the investment!NPV < 0
Reject the investment!NPV = 0
Investment is marginal (does not create or destroy wealth)
Benefit:Cost Ratio (BCR)BCR = (present value of cash inflows) / (present value of cash outflows)BCR for Pier = $49.75M / $40M = 1.24
BCR Rule of ThumbBCR > 1, attractive investmentBCR < 1, unattractive investmentBCR = 1, marginal
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)IRR is the discount rate at which an
investment’s NPV is zeroOften tricky with the tables; calculator or
computer are easierThe IRR is equivalent to the interest rate on a
bank account that would yield the same $ as the investment being considered
TABLE 7-2 NPV of Container Pier at Different Discount RatesTABLE 7-2 NPV of Container Pier at Different Discount Rates
Discount Rate NPV ($ millions)
10% $9.7512% 5.44
IRR = 15%18% -4.48
FIGURE 7-2 NPV of Container Pier at Different Discount RatesFIGURE 7-2 NPV of Container Pier at Different Discount Rates
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Discount rate (%)
NP
V (
$ m
illi
on
s)
IRR
IRR Rule of ThumbIf K% is the “opportunity cost of capital)IRR > K, accept the investmentIRR < K, reject the investmentIRR = K, the investment is marginal
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