presentation, analysis & interpretation of date.ppt

PRESENTA

TION, A

NALYSIS

& INTE

RPRETA

TION O

F

DATA

BY: N

EIL D. A

BACAN

PRESENTA

TION O

F

DATA

THREE DIFFERENT FORMS OF PRESENTATION:• Textual Presentation

-combines text and figures -not particularly effective since it makes dull reading

and may not even give the reader a good grasp of the meaning of the quantitative relationship indicated in the report.

• Tabular Presentation

- present numerical data in a systematic way

- constructed to facilitate analysis of relationships

• Graphical Presentation

- the most effective and the most convincing way to present such results, since it shows statistical values and relationships in pictorial or diagrammatic form.

PRESENTATION OF DATA IN TABLES

• Should be self-explanatory

• Include only essential data

• Try to use relatively few significant digits

PRESENTATION OF DATA IN TABLES

• If numbers are large, consider using percentages

• Consider the orientation of the table.

ADVANTAGES OF THE GRAPHIC METHOD:

A.Attracts attention more effectively

B.Use of colors and pictorial diagrams makes a list of figures more meaningful

C.Graphs help to grasp the essential facts quickly and without much trouble

LIMITATIONS:

A.Graphs do not show as much information at a time as do tables

B.Graphs do not show data as accurately as the tables do

C.Charts require more skill, more time, and more expense to prepare than tables

D.Graphs cannot be quoted in the same way as tabulated data

E.Graphs can be made only after the date have been tabulated

TYPES OF GRAPHS IN COMMON USE:

The Bar Graph

- most widely used forms of graphic presentation generally intended for the comparison of simple magnitudes.

A.Single Bar Graph

B.Grouped Bar Graph

The Linear Graph

- is a practical device uniquely suited to portray changes in values effectively over successive periods of time.

Pie chart

- well adapted to categorical distributions particularly proportions or percentages.

Pictogram

- excellent device for portraying data by means of pictures or symbols.

ANALYSIS

OF

DATA

DATA PROCESSING COMPRISES THE TASKS OF:

A.Editing

B.Coding Classification

C.Tabulation

DATA ANALYSIS:

• Can help MEASURE the degree of change that has taken place

• Allow an assessment to be made about the consistency of the data

Editing

- the editor’s purpose is to assure that date

are:

1.Accurate

2.Consistent with the other information

3.Uniformly centered

4.Complete

5.Arranged to facilitate coding and tabulation

Types of Editing

A. Field Editing

- this is used to eliminate

abbreviations during data collection procedure.

B. Central Editing

- for a small study, the use of a single

editor assures maximum consistency of work.

Coding Classification

- is the process of sorting ‘similar’

things from among a group of objects

with different characteristics.

Tabulation- is the process of arranging given

quantitative data based on similarities and common characteristics in certain rows and columns so as to present the data vividly for quick intelligibility, easy comparability and visual appeal.

INTE

RPRETA

TION O

F

DATA

DATA INTERPRETATION:

- Defined as the “application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study”.

MOST COMMONLY USED TOOLS:

A.Mean, Median and Mode

B.Geometric Mean

C.Measures of Dispersion such as Range

D.Mean Deviation

E.Standard Deviation

F.Coefficient of Correlation

G.Index Numbers