presented by: scott wallace, p.e. mark liner, p.e. scott.wallace@naturallywallace

Presented by:Scott Wallace, P.E.Mark Liner, P.E.

Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace.com(612) 802-2329Mark.Liner@naturallywallace.com(651) 269-8201

Treatment Wetlands for the Oil & Gas Industry

References for Industrial Wetland DesignReferences for Industrial Wetland Design

Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF)

• Small Scale Constructed Wetland Systems (Wallace & Knight, 2006)

Treatment Wetlands 2nd Edition• (Kadlec & Wallace, 2009)

Recent Industrial Wetland ExamplesRecent Industrial Wetland Examples• BP, Casper Wyoming Refinery, USA

• BP, Lima Ohio, USA

• ARCO Wellsville New York Refinery USA

• Magellan Pipeline, (Watertown, South Dakota) USA

• El Paso Energy (El Dorado, Kansas) USA

• Buffalo-Niagara International Airport, USA

• Heathrow Airport, London UK

• Edmonton Airport, Alberta, Canada

• Occidental Petroleum, Cano Limon, Colombia

• Rosebel Gold Mine, Suriname

• AIMC Gold Mine, Azerbaijan

Industries Using WetlandsIndustries Using Wetlands

• Oil & Gas (upstream & downstream)

• Chemical Manufacturing

• Landfills

• Mining

• Food Processing

• Airports

Types of Treatment Wetlands Types of Treatment Wetlands • Surface Flow (SF) • Horizontal Subsurface Flow (HSSF)• Vertical Flow (VF)• Sludge Dewatering Reed Beds• Intensified Wetlands

– Aerated (cold climates)– fill-and-drain (warm climates)– reactive media (ammonia, phosphorus, etc)– industrial wastewaters

Surface Flow WetlandsSurface Flow Wetlands

Kadlec & Wallace, 2008

Surface Flow WetlandsSurface Flow Wetlands

Champion Paper, Pensacola Florida

Horizontal Subsurface Flow Horizontal Subsurface Flow WetlandsWetlands

Wallace & Knight, 2006

Horizontal Subsurface Flow Horizontal Subsurface Flow WetlandWetland

Wildflower Meadows: 90-person treatment system

Vertical Flow WetlandVertical Flow Wetland

IWA, 2000

Vertical Flow WetlandVertical Flow Wetland

Rousillon, France

Sludge Dewatering Reed BedSludge Dewatering Reed Bed

Kadlec & Wallace, 2008

Skovby, Denmark: 8000-person treatment wetland

Main Treatment MechanismsMain Treatment Mechanisms• Adsorption of dissolved-phase hydrocarbons

– Contaminant retention time much greater than hydraulic retention time

• Microbial degradation of organic compounds• Settling of particulate compounds• Oxidation and reduction of nitrogen

compounds• Precipitation of metals• Use of intensification methods (aeration and

reactive medias to accelerate treatment)

Large-Scale Wetland Hydraulics

Treatment Wetland Design BasisTreatment Wetland Design Basis

N

i Nh

k

CC

CC

1*

*

Pvi PkCC

CC

1

1

*

*

• Tanks-in-series, N typically ranges from 3 to 6

• Value of N is different for reactive chemicals vs. tracers• Spatial variability of biodegradation rate represented by P

• Important for complex organic chemistries (such as produced waters

Wetland Water BalanceWetland Water Balance• Sum of water entering and exiting

the wetland from all sources

Kadlec & Knight, 1996

Climate Range of Climate Range of Treatment WetlandsTreatment Wetlands

Wellsville, New York Northern Sahara,Libya

Wetland Energy BalanceWetland Energy Balance• Sum of energy gains and losses

from all sources

Kadlec & Knight, 1996

Water Balance and Energy Water Balance and Energy Balance are Closely Inter-relatedBalance are Closely Inter-related

• Warm arid climates large water losses due to ET

• Monsoon climates large water gains in the rainy season

• Cold climates ice formation

Wetland PlantsWetland Plants

Kadlec & Wallace, 2009

Role of Plants in Treatment WetlandsRole of Plants in Treatment Wetlands

• Surface area for attached growth of bacteria

• Shade the water column (reduced algae)

• Minimize mixing effects in open-water systems

• Increased microbial diversity

• Oxygen transport through roots (small effect)

Wetland Plant SelectionWetland Plant Selection

Wallace & Knight, 2009

Natural vs. Mechanical Systems

LEAST MOST

Natural SystemsIntensified Wetlands

Mechanical Treatment Systems

Area RequirementsMOST LEAST

Energy and O&M Needs

Casper, WyomingCasper, Wyoming

Casper

BP – Casper, Wyoming RefineryBP – Casper, Wyoming Refinery• Operated 1912 to 1991

• 37,000 m3 of LNAPL recovered to date

• Extensive smear zone due to river flooding

• 50 to 100 years to remediate site

• High mountain west: -35oC

BP – Casper Wyoming RefineryBP – Casper Wyoming Refinery

Casper Reuse PlanCasper Reuse Plan

SF Wetlands

HSSF Wetlands

Casper Pilot Wetland SystemCasper Pilot Wetland System

• With and without insulating mulch

• Vertical upward flow

• With and without aeration

• 4 cells

Phytokinetics, Inc.

Casper Rate Coefficients

Aeration No Aeration

Compound

WetlandMulch

No Mulch WetlandMulch

No Mulch

Benzene 518 456 317 226

BTEX 356 311 257 244

TPH 1058 965 725 579

MTBE 64 60 35 22

kA, m/yr, based on 3 TIS

Wallace & Kadlec, 2005

Full-Size System from Pilot DataFull-Size System from Pilot DataWallace & Kadlec, 2005

Casper Intensified Wetland CellCasper Intensified Wetland Cell

Wetland Aeration SystemWetland Aeration System

Casper System ConstructionCasper System Construction

Casper Wetland ConstructionCasper Wetland Construction

Casper Benzene Data 2004 - 2006

Benzene effluent at Outfall 001consistently below detection levels

<0.01 mg/L

Buffalo, New YorkBuffalo, New York

Buffalo

Treatability TestingTreatability Testing• Measure glycol degradation in both warm and

cold temperatures• With and without aeration

Aerated rate coefficients, low Aerated rate coefficients, low temperature runstemperature runs

Run

Average CBOD5 (mg/L)

k2TIS(d-1)InfluentEffluent

A 648.8 26.5 4.81

B 679.3 21.0 5.72

C 325.0 10.3 5.63

D 694.0 23.5 5.41

Average 5.39

PG degradation without aeration…PG degradation without aeration…

Run

Average CBOD5 (mg/L)

k4TIS(d-1)Influent Effluent

A 542.3 212.3 0.68

B 257.0 119.0 0.27

C 177.0 29.0 0.73

D 129.5 33.5 0.51

Average 0.55

Comparing Treatment EffectivenessComparing Treatment Effectiveness

• Aerated rate coefficient: 5.30 d-1

• Non-aerated rate coefficient: 0.55 d-1

• An aerated wetland is 10X more effective in treating glycol

Underground Treatment

Drain LineAir Line

Mulch Layer

Vertical Flow with AerationVertical Flow with AerationWater Level Influent Line

Nutrient Addition System

Operations

Buffalo – Completed Treatment SystemBuffalo – Completed Treatment System

Glycol Treatment WetlandsLHR - London Heathrow BUF – Buffalo, NY, USA

ISP – Long Island, NY, USA

EIA – Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Wellsville, New YorkWellsville, New York

Wellsville

Wellsville Wetland Wellsville Wetland SystemSystem

Wellsville Treatment ConceptWellsville Treatment Concept• Cascade Aerators (iron oxidation)• Sedimentation Pond (iron precipitation and settling)• Surface Flow Wetlands (hydrocarbon removal)• Vertical Flow Wetlands (pH adjustment)

November 2008 Start UpNovember 2008 Start Up• Cold climate design (ice formation)• Thermal calculations necessary

Sedimentation Pond (Iron Removal)Sedimentation Pond (Iron Removal)

Surface Flow Wetlands Surface Flow Wetlands (Hydrocarbon Removal)(Hydrocarbon Removal)

Vertical Flow Wetlands for Vertical Flow Wetlands for Alkalinity AdditionAlkalinity Addition

Wellsville New YorkWallace et al., 2011

Wellsville New York pH BufferingWellsville New York pH Buffering

Overall Wellsville SystemOverall Wellsville System

Nimr, OmanNimr, Oman

www.bauerenvironment.com

www.bauerenvironment.com

Average Produced Water Characteristics

pH @ 20 °C 7.91

Conductivity @ 21 °C

11.18 ms/cm

Boron 4.1 mg/L

Magnesium 31 mg/L

Potassium 29 mg/L

Sodium2,45

0 mg/L

Strontium 4.3 mg/L

Chloride3,05

8 mg/L

Sulfate 260 mg/L

Bicarbonate 488 mg/L

TDS6,98

0 mg/L

Oil in Water 150 ppm

Nimr Water Treatment Plant

www.bauerenvironment.com

Reed Bed

Pipeline Korridor

Workshop / Camp

1.8 km3.3 km

Evaporation Ponds / Salt Production

Buffer Pond

Technical Design – 45,000 m³/d

Nimr Water Treatment Plant

www.bauerenvironment.com

Gravity Flow Reed BedBuffer Pond Distribution 1. Wetland Terrace

2. Wetland Terrace 3. Wetland Terrace 4. Wetland Terrace

Nimr Water Treatment Plant

www.bauerenvironment.com

Project Data

Facility Total Area / Quantity

Wetland 2,340,000 m²

HDPE Lining 155,000 m²

Sealing Material 630,000 m³

Phragmites Australis 1,200,000

Nimr Water Treatment Plant

www.bauerenvironment.com

Current Performance

[ppm]

93.6 %98.8 % 99.8 %

Nimr Water Treatment Plant

www.bauerenvironment.com

Current Performance

Nimr Water Treatment Plant

Indicator Performance

08/2011

Value

Water Treated 10 Mio m³ m³ based fee

Oil Recovery 125 bbl/d; 30,000 bbl

total

3 Mio US $,

Oil Recovery 95 % ~ 57 % of total construction & operation cost

Energy Consumption 1,000 MWh Compared to 54,000 mWh for conventional

treatment

Treatment

Performance

TPH < 0.5 ppm 99,99 %

ConclusionsConclusions

• Industrial treatment wetlands are already being used in North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia

• Surface flow, horizontal subsurface flow, vertical flow, and intensified wetlands are all being used by industry

• Use of wetlands for industrial treatment wetlands is increasing on two major fronts:– Range of applications in different industries– Construction of wetlands in different geographic regions

Thank you for your timeThank you for your time

Treatment Wetlands for Industry