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INTRODUCTION
Students have different ways of absorbing information & demonstrating their knowledge. so teachers often use techniques which cater to multiple learning styles to help students from retain information & strengthen understanding . so the methods accepted by the teachers must link the teacher & her pupils into an organic relationship with constant mutual interaction.
The method of teaching is which approaches most likely to the method of investigation.
---BURKE
A device implies the external mode or form in which teaching may take from time to time .
Teaching methods is the stimulation ,guidance ,direction, & encouragement for learning.
----- BURTON
MEANINGThe procedural dimension like sustentative ,
environmental , & human relations are interrelated. In the educative process it refers to the methods & techniques , which may be used by the teacher or learner to achieve the desired educational objectives.
OBJECTIVES Aim at developing love for work.
Inculcates the desire to do work with maximum efficiency which one is capable of.
Develops the capacity for clear thinking.
Provides adequate opportunities for participation.
Expands students interest.
Provides opportunities to pupil to apply practically the knowledge & skill acquired by them.
Adaption of 3 As ---age , ability ,& aptitude.
General support of the profession.
Teamwork & sense of security.
Mastery of the subject matter.
Provision for a good library & teaching learning material.
Cooperation of the parents.
Role of the teachers training institutes.
PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTION
Methods should be suited to objectives & the content of the course.
Should be adopted to the capacity of the student.
Should be in accord with sound psychological principles.
Should suit the teacher personally & capitalize on her special assets.
Methods can be used creatively.
1. Inspirational: based on high activity of teachers.
2. Expository : cognitive emphasis is high, student activity & emphasis on experience is low.
3. Natural-learning : learning takes place in natural way.
1. Simulation, micro teaching
2. Lecture method
3. Field trip
METHODS EXAMPLES
CONTD….
4. Individualized : emphasis on each learner to learn at his own place.
5. Encounter : providing experience through confrontation.
6. Discovery : high on all dimensions.
7. Group
4. Programmed instruction, self study , case method, computer oriented instruction.
5. Role play, simulation
6. Problem solving techniques.
7. Project , socialisedclassroom method.
METHODS EXAMPLES
TECHNIQUE OF LECTURE
METHOD
Rapport
Voice
Gesture
Eye contact
Lecture outline and students notes
Enthusiasm
examples
GUIDELINES FOR GOOD
DEMONSTRATION
It should be planned
Equipment should be visible to the whole class
All equipment should be placed in order before
starting the demonstration
Purpose of demonstration should be defined
before the procedure
Demonstration should be quick and slick
Demonstration should be interesting
Students should be actively participate in the
demonstration method
STEPS OF LECTURE-CUM-DEMONSTRATION METHOD
Planning and preparation
Introduction of the lesson
Presentation
Performance of procedure
Blackboard summery
supervision
PRINCIPLES OF DISCUSSION METHOD
There should be a leader
there should be participants
Every person should feel free to
participate
Discussion should keep to the point
The discussion should be closed with a
report,decision,recommendation or
summing up of the matters discussed.
All group members should come to the
discussion with a basic knowledge of the
topic.
TYPES OF DISCUSSION 1.CLOSED GROUP DISCUSSION
Study group
Work shop
Staff meating
Briefing sessions
Round table
CONT….2.DECISION MAKING
Public discussion or discussion techniques for
large groups
Pannel discussion
Symposium
Discussion techniques for small group
Individual conference
Seminar
Role play
Case analysis
Group discussion
MAIN APPROACHES OF SEMINER
METHOD
To give students the opportunity to participate.
The teacher should help the students to select, formulate and organize the most significant student problems.
The participants talk to one another,not just the teacher alone
Group should be 10-15 students,duration is 1-2 hours
The leader does not offer his/her own opinions.
The group should be heterogeneous.
Evaluation of seminer done by participants.
TECHNIQUES OF SYMPOSIUM
METHOD
All members should know the objectives of symposium.
Chairman should ensure that the members have clear guidelines to follow in preparing their papers.
The group may meet together before hand and discuss how each will present his/her particular topic.
The chairman opens the symposium and introduce the topic.
Speakers invite questions from the floor and directs the discussion.
All speakers should have an equal opportunity for participation before summing up or closing the session.
TECHNIQUES OF PANEL
DISCUSIONS
The panel consists of 4-8 members seated in a semicircle facing the audience.
The members should be quick thinker,facile talkers,andrepresents different poins of view
.
The members should be prepared by knowing the limits of the topic to be discussed
The chairman should be selected carefully
Chairman must keep the discussion to the subject.
All members have an equal opportunity to express their views.
CONT…The chairman begins the pannel
discussion.
A general summary before discussion is
opened to the audience.
o Audiece have an opportunity to ask
questions,evaluate replies and make
constructive contributions.
ESSENTIALS OF A GOOD GROUP
DISCUSSION
Clear formulation of realistic goals.
A permissive atmosphere conductive to full participation.
Work on specific problems rather than broad general problem area.
Participation by each group members.
All participants accept responsibility for the smooth conduct of the group activities.
The participants have same educational standard.
The candidates must be flexible and open to change.
GROUP CONFERENCE
SUBJECT SUITABLE FOR GROUP
CONFERENCE
Individualized nursing care.
Gaps in nursing care.
An unusual drug or a treatment method.
New hospital or ward routines.
Change in nursing procedures.
TIME FOR GROUP CONFERENCE
CONT..
PLACE FOR GROUP CONFERENCE
Seating arrangements are essential.
Patient signals must register in the conference
room
The place for conference should be one where
interruption will be minimal.
The patients must not be able to hear any part
of the discussion.
FEATURES OF WORKSHOP
Complete active involvement by each
participants.
The size of the group being small enough to
encourage full participation by each members.
Time is limited.
Strong group cohesiveness.
One of the commonest methods in the
workshop is group discussion.
Objectives must be clearly defined before
starting the workshop.
CHARACTARISTICS OF PROBLEM-
BASED LEARNING
Learning is student centered.
Student work in small collaborative group.
Teacher takes part as a guide of learning.
New information is acquired through self-
directed learning.
Learning is driven by challenging open-ended
problems.
ROLE OF TEACHER IN PBL
Teacher listens actively.
Teacher ensures equal participation of all
students.
Teacher remains as guide to resources.
Teacher will NOT teach,act as an expert.
GUIDELINES FOR AN EFFECTIVE ROLE
PLAY
Faculty should plan meticulously for the role play.
Good scenario can be created by incorporating situations.
Three stages of role play are:
1.Briefing
2.Running
3.Debriefing
This method works best with small group of students.
Students should be encouraged to respond naturally to the roleplay.
EACH SIM NEDDS TO CONTAIN THE
FOLLOWING ELEMENTS
An introduction and statement of purpose.
A list of pre-requisite skills.
An identification of resources and learning activities.
Periodic self-assessment which provide feed back to learner.
A post test to evaluate the learners level of mastery in achieving the objectives.
SIMULATION TECHNIQUES
The participants is introduced into the situation.
The participants is provided with information and opportunities to solve the problem.
The participants is also given the opportunity of observing the results of his activities.
After presentation of problem the participants respond to an incident response sheet.
Small group discussion follow which consider the analysis and action taken.
CHARACTARISTICS OF GOOD
PROJECT METHOD
The project method gives an opportunity for self-expression.
A project is a play activity and learners are engaged in carrying out the activity.
The project method lends itself naturally to group work.
It is a large unit plan of teaching.
The method seeks to have individuals see and understand life in its unity.
THE ROLE OF TEACHER IN THE PROJECT
METHOD
The teacher has to skillfully guide in selection.
The student has to be given help when required.
The teacher is like a friend with rich mature
experience.
The teacher act as a director.
The teacher should be a store house of information
and knowledge.
CHARACTARISTICS OF MICRO-
TEACHING
Micro element.
Teaching skills and teaching strategies.
Safe practice ground.
The teaching models.
The research laboratory.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MICRO-
TEACHING
Enforcement
Practice and drill
Continuity
Micro-scopic supervision
ROLE OF TEACHER-EDUCATOR IN
MICROTEACHING
Teacher-educator assist student teachers in
relating component skills of teaching.
He/she has to provide continuous consultation
to the student teacher.
Initially he/she should provide demonstration of
particular skill.
He/she supervises the lesson and gives feed
back.
FIELD TRIP A field trip is defined as any teaching and
learning excursion at outside of classroom.
HEIDGERKEN has
defined it as an educational procedure by
which student studies 1st hand objects and
materials in their natural environment.
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION / LEARNING
Definition : Edgar Dale : programmed
learning is a systematic ,step by step, self
instructional program aimed to ensure the
learning of stated behavior.
SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS :
Objectives of this program are defined in explicit & operational terms.
Subject matter should be in the form of breaking into small steps in a logical sequence.
Programmed learner emphasizes the interaction between the learner & the program.
In this situation learner progress in his own pace.
Learner moves in every sp. way as opposed to traditional procedures of teaching.
PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMED LEARNING
Principles of :
Small steps
Active responding
Reinforcement
Self pacing
Student – evaluation / student - testing
RULES Active responding
Proper cueing
Appropriate context
Small steps
Sequence of topic
Frequent repetition
Knowledge of subject matter & technical accuracy
Lecturing to be avoided
Evoking a relative response
Providing cues in adequate number
Not assuming to much knowledge
Presenting facts in frames
Definition : a team teaching is a form of
organization , in which individual teachers
decide to pool resources , interest &
expertise , in order to devise & implement
scheme of work suitable to the needs of
pupils & the facilities of their school.
CHARACTERISTICS
Instructional arrangement.
Two or more teachers conduct this
teaching.
Calls for team spirit in teaching.
Team spirit of teachers is bound to
benefit the students to the max.
Economical in the sense as it results
in more work in less time.
OBJECTIVES
Bring about improvement in
instruction.
Make the best use of expertise &
talent of teachers.
Develop the feeling of cooperation &
group work among teachers.
Make the best use of resources of
the institution.
Expand the scope of teaching to
students in the most effective
manner.
TYPESTeam teaching with in a single
discipline.
Different team experts related to
the course.
Combined team teaching with
related innovation.
PRINCIPLES Allocations of duties teachers on the basis
of their interests , qualifications , & personality characteristics.
Having varying size of group according to the purpose of team teaching.
Allotment of time is in accord with topic.
Provide appropriate learning environment.
Provide appropriate learning behavior to each learner with in the group.
Exercising constructive supervision on the activities of the group.
EXHIBITION
Many times in the school , a
department of the school or
a class puts up their work
for showing it to people
outside the school & such a
show is called exhibition.
CHARACTERISTICS
Should have a central theme with many
subthemes to focus.
It should be clean & clearly labeled.
Concept of color & size should be used
for laying out the exhibition.
Place of exhibition should be well
lighted.
Exhibits should be placed visibly.
Should be able to relate various subject
areas to provide integrated learning.
PROBLEM SOLVING
Problem solving is process of
overcoming difficulties that appears
to interfere with the attainment of
goal. It is a procedure of making
adjustment in spite of interferences.
PURPOSES
To train the students in the act
of reasoning.
To give practical knowledge.
To discover new knowledge.
To solve puzzling problem.
To improve students knowledge.
To help in an individual as well
as societies progress.
ESSENTIAL FEATURESProblem should be meaningful ,
interesting & worthwhile.
Should have correlation with life.
Should arise out of the real
needs of the students.
Should be clearly defined.
Student must possess some
background knowledge of the
problem.
STEPSRecognizing the problem
Defining the problem
Collection of relevant data &
information.
Organization of conclusion
Drawing & testing conclusion.
ROLE OF TEACHER
Get the students to define the
problem clearly.
Get them to make suggestions by
encouraging them.
Give them time to organize material.
Set up an atmosphere of freedom in
the class.
Give them time to evaluate each
suggestion carefully.
LABORATORY
It is considered as planned
learning activity dealing with
original or raw data in the
solution of the problems.
TEACHER PREPARATION
To solve a problem.
To understand a process.
To develop a skill.
Teacher can give whatever instruction
may be necessary for the student .
Teacher preparation consists in
thinking over what the students will
be doing.
STUDENT PREPARATION
Orientation & motivation achieved through
proper instruction & guidance.
When instruction are short they may be
given verbally .
The teachers who stands at the students
elbow & prompt at every step, achieves the
same effect.
The laboratory procedures should be
prepared in a manual , state the problem
to solved or the procedure to be
followed.
WORK PERIOD
It is the period during which
the individual student or
groups of students do their
particular work under the
supervision of the teacher.
PERSONALIZEDSYSTEM OR INSTRUCTION
A system of instruction which is
person oriented . The instruction
is tailored to the need & ability
of the individual learner.
OBJECTIVES
To establish better personal -social
relationship in the educational
process.
To provide frequent reinforcement for
learning.
To provide increased frequency &
quantity of feedback to the
instruction.
Decreased reliance on the lecture for
presentation critical information.
CHARACTERISTICS
Self pacing
Use of multi media
Use of proctors
Mastery learning
Importance of written work
KINDERGARTENIt is a German word means the ‘
children’s garden ’
The fundamental thought
of the kindergarten is to help the
child to express himself & thus
produce development.
MONTESSORIDr. Maria Montessori discovered
that feeble mindedness is often due
to dullness of the senses , & that if
sense training given to these children
, it would help them to acquire some
knowledge & to learn something.
DALTON PLAN
It is one of the most notable
attempts made to individualize
instruction in the middle & high
classes.
It is a method of
organizing the work of a school
to promote purposive self -
activity.
HERUISTIC
The GREEK letter HEURICO
means I DISCOVER or I FIND .
The aim
of this method is to develop
the sc. Attitude & spirit in the
pupils.
PRINCIPLES
Activity
Logical thinking
Proceeding from known to
unknown
Purposeful experience
Mental development
CLINICAL TEACHING
It is a vehicle that provides
students with the opportunity to
translate the basic theoretical
knowledge into the learning of a
variety of intellectual &
psychomotor skills needed to
provide patient centered reality
nursing care.
METHODS
Nursing clinic / bedside clinic.
Nursing rounds
Nursing assignments
Nursing care conferences
Morning & afternoon reports
Health team conference
Individual conferences
Field visits
Process recording
QUESTIONINGIt is a very ancient method of
teaching.the key to successful
questioning is asking questions
at an appropriate cognitive level
that stimulates a response.
COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING
The word computer is derived from the
word compute , meaning to calculate
justifying its usefulness.
a computer is an electronic
device which works under/ the control of a
stored program , automatically accepting
processing of data to producing designed
results .
computer – assisted learning is also
known as computer assisted instruction.
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