prevalence of physical inactivity
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FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
GOJE MOHAMMEDGS34396
FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES1
• INTRODUCTION• LITERATURE REVIEW• METHODOLOGY• RESULTS• DISCUSSION• CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS• REFERENCES
• INTRODUCTION• LITERATURE REVIEW• METHODOLOGY• RESULTS• DISCUSSION• CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS• REFERENCES
OUTLINE
2FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure (WHO 2014).
Physical inactivity
causes about 1.9 million preventable deaths per annum (WHO, 2002).
Increases the risk of all-cause mortality by 20-30% (Vuori, 2004).
Globally 31.1% (95% CI 30.9-31.2) of adults aged 15 and above were considered insufficiently active (WHO GHO, 2013)
Physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure (WHO 2014).
Physical inactivity
causes about 1.9 million preventable deaths per annum (WHO, 2002).
Increases the risk of all-cause mortality by 20-30% (Vuori, 2004).
Globally 31.1% (95% CI 30.9-31.2) of adults aged 15 and above were considered insufficiently active (WHO GHO, 2013)
BACKGROUND
3FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
4FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Prevalence of physical inactivity in Malaysia
Study Year Age group Prevalence NHMS II 1996 >18 YEARS 88.4%
MANS 2003 > 18 YEARS 85.6%
MyNCDs1 2005 25-64 Years 60.1%
NHMS III 2006 > 18 Years 43.7%
5FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Studies indicating lack of sufficient physical activity in university population• 50% of university students from US and Canada are not sufficiently
active (Irwin, 2004)• 50-60% of University students from Europe also shown to be
insufficiently active (Steptoe et al., 1997; Stock, Wille and Kramer 2001)
• Only 48% of New Zealand University students made the new Zealand country guidelines of physical activity compared to (70%) of their age group in the general population (Sports an recreation, New Zealand 2003)
• 39% of Australian University Students also classified as insufficiently active (Leslie et al., 1999)
• No data on trends of physical inactivity among university students or there age group 18-25 in the general population.
Studies indicating lack of sufficient physical activity in university population• 50% of university students from US and Canada are not sufficiently
active (Irwin, 2004)• 50-60% of University students from Europe also shown to be
insufficiently active (Steptoe et al., 1997; Stock, Wille and Kramer 2001)
• Only 48% of New Zealand University students made the new Zealand country guidelines of physical activity compared to (70%) of their age group in the general population (Sports an recreation, New Zealand 2003)
• 39% of Australian University Students also classified as insufficiently active (Leslie et al., 1999)
• No data on trends of physical inactivity among university students or there age group 18-25 in the general population.
Problem Statements
6FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Significant decline was shown between time spent doing Vigorous physical activity in high school (323.9+168.2) and University (206.2+192.2) P<0.001 and
time spend doing moderate physical activity in high school (197.8+188.0) and University (133.5+124.3) (Kim, Mike and Daniel Steel, 2001)
Strong evidence showed that physical activity alleviates mental health problems, in this study mental health problem as possible predictor of physical inactivity was studied.
Demographic , behavioural and environmental factors are studied to be associated with physical inactivity among college students (Waxman,2004; US DHHS 2010; Ismail, Chee, Nawaswi, Yusoff, Lim and James 2002; Lindner, 1999; Wang, Yang, Chen, Davis, Schwartz, and Tam 2004; Miller, Staten, Rayens and Noland 2005)
Significant decline was shown between time spent doing Vigorous physical activity in high school (323.9+168.2) and University (206.2+192.2) P<0.001 and
time spend doing moderate physical activity in high school (197.8+188.0) and University (133.5+124.3) (Kim, Mike and Daniel Steel, 2001)
Strong evidence showed that physical activity alleviates mental health problems, in this study mental health problem as possible predictor of physical inactivity was studied.
Demographic , behavioural and environmental factors are studied to be associated with physical inactivity among college students (Waxman,2004; US DHHS 2010; Ismail, Chee, Nawaswi, Yusoff, Lim and James 2002; Lindner, 1999; Wang, Yang, Chen, Davis, Schwartz, and Tam 2004; Miller, Staten, Rayens and Noland 2005)
Problem Statements
7FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM 7
To add value to the body of knowledge on physical activity
Findings may help to identify factors that can leads to physically inactivity and this will help them to be physically active throughout life.
To develop a healthy nation, a baseline data for health awareness and health promotion activities in the university.
To identify the modifiable risk factors of physical inactivity for intervention.
To add value to the body of knowledge on physical activity
Findings may help to identify factors that can leads to physically inactivity and this will help them to be physically active throughout life.
To develop a healthy nation, a baseline data for health awareness and health promotion activities in the university.
To identify the modifiable risk factors of physical inactivity for intervention.
Justification of Study
8FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
General Objectives
9FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
To determine the characteristics of respondents by their • Socio-demography• Environmental support• Physical activity readiness and medical history • Mental health status• Self-efficacy of physical activity• Body image perception/dissatisfaction
To determine the characteristics of respondents by their • Socio-demography• Environmental support• Physical activity readiness and medical history • Mental health status• Self-efficacy of physical activity• Body image perception/dissatisfaction
Specific Objectives
To determine the prevalence of physical inactivity and its associated factors among first year undergraduate students of the University Putra Malaysia.
To determine the prevalence of physical inactivity and its associated factors among first year undergraduate students of the University Putra Malaysia.
To determine the association between physical inactivity and..
• socio-demographic factors• environmental support• mental health status• self-efficacy of physical activity• body image perception/dissatisfaction
To determine the association between physical inactivity and..
• socio-demographic factors• environmental support• mental health status• self-efficacy of physical activity• body image perception/dissatisfaction
Specific Objectives…..
10FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Alternative hypothesis
11FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
There is a significant association between physical inactivity among first year UPM students and……
• Socio-demographic factors (age, gender, family income and ethnicity)
• Environmental support (availability of recreational areas, playground, cycling track and side walk)
• Mental health status • Self-efficacy of physical activity • Body image perception and dissatisfaction
There is a significant association between physical inactivity among first year UPM students and……
• Socio-demographic factors (age, gender, family income and ethnicity)
• Environmental support (availability of recreational areas, playground, cycling track and side walk)
• Mental health status • Self-efficacy of physical activity • Body image perception and dissatisfaction
Literature Review
• Socio-demographic factors (age, gender, family income and ethnicity)
• Socio-demographic factors (age, gender, family income and ethnicity)
• Environmental support (availability of recreational areas, playground, cycling track and side walk)
• Environmental support (availability of recreational areas, playground, cycling track and side walk)
• Mental health status • Mental health status
• Self-efficacy of physical activity • Self-efficacy of physical activity
• Body image perception and dissatisfaction • Body image perception and dissatisfaction
12FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
• Factors associated with Physical Inactivity
Socio-demographyVariable
Author Description Findings
Gender Kjelsas and Augestad, 2004
Cross-sectional, Undergrad,18-40years in Norway
Gender was shown to predict weekly hours of physical activity. Gender: Std. β=0.09, t=-2.19 P<0.05
Gender NYRB,1991 Cross-sectional, students
50% of males met the criterion for moderate to vigorous physical activity.Only 17% of the women met the criterion Participation is higher in males than females P<0.01
13FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Socio-demographyVariable
Author Description Findings
Gender Vilhjalmsson and Thorlindsson, 1998
Cross-sectional, Icelandic adolescent 15-17years
Females less physically active than males β= -0.352, P<0.01
Gender Lasheras, Aznar, Merino, and López, 2001
Cross-sectional, Spanish Boys and Girls up to 15 years
Boys are more active than girls OR=0.38, 95% CI= 0.29-0.49, P<0.001
14FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Socio-demographyVariable Author Description Findings
Income Gordon-Larsen, Nelson, Page, and Popkin, 2006
Longitudinal studyUS adolescents
Lower socioeconomic status with no access to physical activity facilities decreases physical activity
Income Saffer, Dave and Grossman, 2011
Cross-sectionalUS Adolescents 18 years
Income positively influences physical activity
15FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Environment SupportVariable Author Description Findings
Environment Hooker, Wilson, Griffin, and Ainsworth, 2005
Cross-sectionalCollege students
Significant relationship between environment support and physical activity
Environmental support
Huston, Evenson, Bors, and Gizlice, 2003
Cross-sectionalAdolescents 18 years
Walk trails 1.62 (1.09-2.41), street light 1.57 (1.14-2.17), and access to places 2.94 (1.91-4.52), were associated with leisure –time physical activity.
16FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Mental HealthVariable
Author Description Findings
Mental Health
Davidson et al., 2001
Cross-sectionalOutpatients.
Individuals with mental health problems are significantly less moderately active than the general population (Light-Exercise OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.39-0.77, Vigorous Exercise OR 0.26, 95%CI 0.17-0.39).
Mental Health
Brosnahan, Steffen, Lytle, Patterson, and Boostrom, 2004.
Cross-sectionalAdolescents 18 years
Engaging in physical education was inversely related with feeling sad (OR= 0.8, 95% CI 0.68 – 0.94) and doing more physical activity in a week was associated with a lower risk of considering suicide (OR= 0.72, 95% CI 0.65 – 0.79)
17FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Self-efficacy
Variable Author Description Findings
Self-efficacy
Benight and Bandura, 2004
Self-efficacy is an essential part and a constant correlate of Bandura social cognitive theory of physical activity behaviour.
Self-efficacy
Trost et al., 1997
Prospective study, African American Adolescents
Self-efficacy was important predictor of both moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity.
Self-efficacy
Sreeramareddy, Kutty, Jabbar, and Boo, 201z
Exploratory survey, Malaysian Adolescents 18 years
self efficacy of physical activity is associated significantly with sufficient physical activity (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85-0.97)
18FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Body Image PerceptionVariable Author Description Findings
Body image Laura and William, 2010; Lantz, Hardy and Ainsworth 1997.
Longitudinal, Students !7 years +
Body image perception can act as both motivator and barrier of exercise
Body image Korn, Gonen, Shaked and Golan, 2013
Cross-sectional Engagement in physical exercise contributes to positive body image(AOR 2.38, P<0.001)
Body image Caroline S et al., 2013
Body dissatisfaction was associated with low physical activity
19FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
20FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
MENTAL HEALTH
SELF EFFICACY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
BODY IMAGE PERCEPTION
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHYSOCIO-DEMOGRAPHY
Figure 1. Conceptual frame work of factors associated with physical inactivity
Dependent Variable
Independent Variables
MethodologyStudy location University Putra Malaysia (UPM)
Study design Cross-sectional
Study population
Only full time, non pregnant, not disabled registered Malaysians students in serdang campus were included in this study
Sampling frame All faculties in UPM serdang campus
Sampling unit First year undergraduate student who met the inclusion criteria
Sample size estimation
Formula for hypothesis testing for two proportion (Lemeshow et al., 1990).
Sampling technique
Cluster Sampling
21FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Variables
22FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Dependent variable is physical inactivity Independent variables
• socio-demographic factors (age, gender, ethnicity and family income)
• environmental factors (availability of recreational areas, cycling track sports ground, street light, and side walk)
• physical activity readiness and medical history• mental health status• self-efficacy of physical activity• body image perception and dissatisfaction
Dependent variable is physical inactivity Independent variables
• socio-demographic factors (age, gender, ethnicity and family income)
• environmental factors (availability of recreational areas, cycling track sports ground, street light, and side walk)
• physical activity readiness and medical history• mental health status• self-efficacy of physical activity• body image perception and dissatisfaction
Study instrument
23FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Section A: Self administered Scocio-demography questionnaire (age, gender ethnicity, family income, faculty, and contact details)
Section B: Physical Activity levels using the Malay short version of the (IPAQ-M, 2005).
Section C: Short Form of Environmental Support for Physical Activity Questionnaire (Brownson et al., 2001)
Section D: 7 items on Physical Activity Readiness questionnaire (Thomas, Reading, and Shephard, 1992)
Section A: Self administered Scocio-demography questionnaire (age, gender ethnicity, family income, faculty, and contact details)
Section B: Physical Activity levels using the Malay short version of the (IPAQ-M, 2005).
Section C: Short Form of Environmental Support for Physical Activity Questionnaire (Brownson et al., 2001)
Section D: 7 items on Physical Activity Readiness questionnaire (Thomas, Reading, and Shephard, 1992)
Study instrument
24FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Section E: Mental health status using the Malaysian Mental Health Screening Instrument, “Saringan Status Kesihatan Mental-20 (SSKM – 20)” (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2011).
Section F: 8 item likert scale Physical Activity Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PASES) (Bartholomew, Loukas, Jowers, and Allua, 2006)
Section G: Body image perception and dissatisfaction using pictorial weight –based scale developed by (Harris, Bradlyn, Coffman, Gunel, and Cottrell, 2007)
Section H: 17 items on physical activity pattern in and around their college and faculty.
Section E: Mental health status using the Malaysian Mental Health Screening Instrument, “Saringan Status Kesihatan Mental-20 (SSKM – 20)” (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2011).
Section F: 8 item likert scale Physical Activity Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PASES) (Bartholomew, Loukas, Jowers, and Allua, 2006)
Section G: Body image perception and dissatisfaction using pictorial weight –based scale developed by (Harris, Bradlyn, Coffman, Gunel, and Cottrell, 2007)
Section H: 17 items on physical activity pattern in and around their college and faculty.
Data analysisData Analysis Using SPSS version (IBM, 2012)
Descriptive analyses
Frequency and percentage for qualitative variables and measure of central tendency and dispersion for quantitative variables
Chi-square test Association between the categorical variables
Level of significance
α= 0.05
Simple logistic regression
Crudes odds ratio and their 95% CI, if P<0.05
Multiple logistic regression
To determine the final predictors
25FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Operational definitionPhysical inactivity
Low level of physical activity based on classification by IPAQ (IPAQ-M, 2005).
Physically active
High and moderate level of physical activity based on IPAQ classification (IPAQ-M, 2005).
Age Was based on self-report by respondents on date of data collection.
Gender Was simply classified as males and females based on self-report by respondents
Total family income
This is the sum of income of all members of a family in a month as reported by the respondents in this study.
Ethnicity Classified into four (4) groups (Malay, Chines, India and Others), base on self report by respondents.
26FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Operational definitionEnvironment support
Based on self-report using (short form of environmental support for physical activity questionnaire).
Mental health in this study is based on self-report of SSKM-20.
Self-efficacy of physical activity
The is based on self report of PASES as reported by the respondents.
Body image perception
Classified based self-report by respondents using the weight based, pictorial scale adapted from Harris and colleagues (2008).
27FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
First year students in 7 faculties (n= 1284)First year students in 7 faculties (n= 1284)
Excluded
International students n=88
IPAQ completely n=
894
Refused n= 198
Eligible full time registered students n=1235
Final Analysis n = 894 Dropped
Returned Questionnaire n= 1037
Incomplete IPAQ
n= 143
28FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Response rate: 72.3 %
Table 1: Sociodemographic distribution %Gender Male 22.6 Female 77.4Age group <20 years 71.4
>20 years 28.6Ethnicity Malay 79.5
Other tribes 20.5Family income <2500RM 51.5
>2500RM 48.5
29FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Results
30FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
31FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
32FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
33FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Table 2: Association between physical inactivity and the independent variables
Respondents characteristics Physical Activity levels χ2 p-value Inactive Active Gender (n=894) 54.82 0.001 Male 38 (18.8%) 164 (81.2%) Female 332 (48.9%) 360 (52.0%)
Age group 0.004 0.951
< 20 years 325 (41.6) 4575 (8.4)
> 20 years 40 (41.2) 57 (58.8)
Family income 97.81 0.001 < 2500 245 (62.7%) 146 (37.3%) > 2500 99 (26.9%) 269 (73.1%) Ethnicity 0.602 0.438
Malay 285 (40.7) 415 (59.3)
Non-Malays 85 (43.8) 109 (56.2)
34FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Table 2: Association between physical inactivity and the independent variables
Respondents characteristics Physical Activity levels χ2 p-value Inactive Active Mental health 10.89 0.001
No 201 (37.0%) 342 (63.0%)
Yes 169 (48.1%) 182 (51.9%)
Self-efficacy 27.65 0.001Low 212 (50.7) 206 (49.3) High 158 (33.3) 316 (66.7)
Respondents current body 7.51 0.057 Underweight 47(38.5) 75 (61.5)
Normal weight 214 (43.5) 278 (56.5)
Overweight 63 (46.0) 74 (54.0)
Obese 46 (32.2) 97 (67.8)
Body Satisfaction 0.049 0.832Satisfied 134 (41.9) 186 (58.1)
Dissatisfied 236 (41.1) 338 (58.9)
35FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Table 3: Factors associated with physical inactivity Variables Adjusted Odds Ratio 95% CI P-value
GenderMales 1.00
Females 4.39 2.66 - 7.24 <0.001*
Family income RM
> 2500 1 .00
< 2500 4.19 2.98 - 5.90 <0.001*
Mental health problem
No 1.00
Yes 1.63 1.15 - 2.31 0.006*
Self-efficacy
High self-efficacy 1.00
Low self-efficacy 1.77 1.26 - 2.50 <0.01*
Students are active in your collegeYes 1.00No 1.873 1.22-2.88 0.004*
Respondent current body
Underweight/Normal weight 1.00
Overweight/obese 1.52 1.01 - 2.28 0.041*
36FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Prevalence of Physical InactivityThe prevalence of physical inactivity in this study (41.4%) is comparable with studies reported in NHMS III (43.7%) (MOH, 2008). The prevalence is much higher when compared with study by Hazizi et al, (2012), which shows only 14.9% prevalence of sedentary lifestyle among undergraduates in Malaysia
SociodemographyThe odds of being physically inactive is 4.3 times higher in females than males in this study, With the exception of Age and ethnicity, the alternative hypothesis for sociodemographic variables is accepted. This fining is comparable
• Physical activity levels decline more in girls than in boys (Dwyer et al., 2005; US DHHS, 2008; Malina, 1996)
• Women are shown to be less active than men at all ages (Crespo et al., 2001; National Centre for Health Statistics, 2012).
37FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Discussion
• Female adolescence were 15 to 20 times less active than male adolescents (Sallis, 1993).
• The prevalence of physical inactivity in this study among gender (females 48%, males 18.8%), can be compared to findings by (Dan, Nasir, and Zalilah, 2007) which reveals that female (45.1%) in low physical activity category when compared to males (22.1%).
Family incomeWe accept our alternate hypothesis, and this can be compared with,• Low income alongside with other factors have also been
shown to be inversely associated with physical activity among Malaysian adults (Cheah, 2011), this is inconsistent with this findings in this study
• People with low income have also been shown to suffer excessively from physical inactivity related problems (CDC, 2000).
38FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Environmental SupportA chi-square in this study has shown environmental support to significantly associate with physical inactivity but the final models fails to show a significant association and we fail to accept the alternative hypothesis and it is not consistent with findings which shows• Use of recreational facilities (OR=1.75; 95% CI: 1.56-
1.96) were shown to be associated with an increase probability of participating in high level of moderate to vigorous physical activity (Gordon-Larsen et al., 2000).
• In Malaysia, a significant association between use of facilities and physical activity behaviour has been shown (χ2 = 702,750, p=0.000)(Abd-Latif, Nor, Omar-fauzee, Ahmad and Karime, 2011).
39FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Mental HealthFindings in this study shows that respondents with mental health probable cases are at higher risk of being physically inactive this has answered our hypothesis.
• Studies by have also shown gender difference on mental among university student and physical fitness influences mental health (P<0.05)
• A study by Brosnahan et al.,(2004) showed that engaging in physical education was inversely related with feeling sad (OR= 0.8, 95% CI 0.68 – 0.94) and doing more physical activity in a week was associated with a lower risk of considering suicide (OR= 0.72, 95% CI 0.65 – 0.79).
Self-efficacyThe odds of being physically inactive in this study (OR= 1.77, 95% CI=1.264-2.500, p<0.01) can be compared with study by Chiu, (2009) which reveals that self-efficacy was among the best predictors of physical activity (B=0.304, F (2, 1349) = 78.445, p = 0.00001).
40FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Conclusion The prevalence of physical inactivity in this study was 41.4 %.
The prevalence was higher among females when compared with males.
Gender and family income are the only non- modifiable predictors The modifiable predictors are environmental support factors, those with mental health problems and low self-efficacy of physical activity, perception of overweight and obese body image.
Gender (Female), and family income (Low) were shown to be the strongest predictors of physical inactivity in this study.
41FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Study LimitationsThe study design is cross sectional.
Recommendations
Increasing physical activity facilities, encouragement, pear support and human resource within the university environment will improve physical activity opportunities and participation.
The use of bicycle introduced in UPM within some colleges should be extended across the whole school.
42FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
43FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AMONG FIRST YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UPM
Thank you for walking….. Thank you for being active
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