prevalent surgical affections among calvesscholar.cu.edu.eg/ashrafseida/files/calves.pdf · atresia...

Prevalent Surgical Affections among Calves:

A Comparative study between buffaloes and cattle

by

fouad, k.; gohar, h.; abu-seida, a. and el-mahdi, m.

INTRODUCTION

Most of the available literatures defined the calf as young bovine (cattle or buffalo), either male or female, of one year old or less.

INTRODUCTION

A boy and a calf together drinking from a cow. From the tomb of Baqt at Beni Hassan, Twelfth Dynasty (Rosalind and Janssen, 1989).

INTRODUCTION • Beef calf formed the prime offering to the gods,

other meat, apart from venison and fowl, being too lowly esteemed.

• The god received only the head and leg and the remainder went for human consumption.

• Although cattle were bred in Old Egypt, they

were also imported in substantial numbers from neighboring countries.

INTRODUCTION

Rock drawings of calves were found at Karnak temple in Luxor, the presented calves were characterized by bifurcated tails and three horns.

INTRODUCTION

• Surgical affections among calves whether congenital or acquired are numerous and variable.

• Some of the congenital and most of the acquired affections are liable to be corrected surgically.

THE AIM OF THE WORK

1- To record the prevalent surgical affections in

calves .

2- To study the possible role of breed and age of calves and environment on the distribution of these affections among calves.

Material and Methods

Materials and Methods

Fayoum

Giza

Cairo

Al-Menofia

Kafr El-Sheikh

The present study was carried out in 5 provinces

Materials and Methods

1398 Buffalo Calves

1339 Foreign breeds Cattle Calves (Friesian, Brown Swiss and Holstein)

620 Native Cattle calves

The present study was carried out on 3357 calves

Materials and Methods

These calves were of both sexes and their age was up to one year.

Materials and Methods

Veterinary Clinics

Governmental and private clinics at Fayoum province.

Surgery clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University.

Governmental and private clinics at Giza province

Breeding Farms Al–Tobgy farm (300 calves)

Samir Mina farm (150 calves)

Aziz Ysa farm (100 calves)

Iskander Habib farm ( 90 calves)

Ahmed Mahmoud farm (250 calves)

Dina farm (200 calves)

Sakha farm (80 calves)

Azab Military farm (50 calves)

Al–Watania company farm (200 calves)

Yasser El-Laham farm (180 calves)

Al–Monofy farm (115 calves)

Quarntin of abattoirs

Al–Bassatin slaughter house (600 calves)

Al–Moneeb slaughter house (300 calves)

Al–Fayoum slaughter house (140 calves)

Live-stock markets

At Fayoum province (200 calves)

At Giza province (190 calves)

Small-sized calf herds owned by farmers

At Fayoum province

At Giza province

At Cairo province

All calves were subjected to thorough clinical examination to pick up those suffering from surgical affections

Materials and Methods

• Owner's information

• Animal description:

• Owner’s complaint

• Case history:

• System of nutrition

• System of housing

• History of delivery

• Onset of the signs

• Previous history of disease

• Previous history of medications

• Physical examination: Body temp., Pulse, Resp. rate, m.membrane Rumen motility Lymph nodes

Examination Sheet

• Special clinical examination • Laboratory examination • Radiographic examination • Ultrasonographic examination • Histopathological examination • Post mortem examination • Tentative diagnosis • Treatment • Result of therapy

.

Examination Sheet

RESULTS

Results

Calves

Examined calves

Affected calves

Incidence

Foreign breeds’ cattle calves 1339 118 8.8 %

Native breed cattle calves 620 49 7.9 %

Buffaloes, calves 1398 89 6.4 %

Total 3357 256 7.6%

Results

Calves Examined calves

Congenital anomalies

(22.3%)

Acquired affections

(77.7)

Foreign breeds’ cattle calves 1339 2.8% 6

Native breed cattle calves 620 2.4% 5.5

Buffaloes, calves 1398 0.4% 6

Surgical Affections 1st. Month 2nd. Month 3rd. Month

Eye Affections 3 14 18

Umbilical infections 20 16 5

Integumentary Affections 2 14 5

Hernias 13 17 3

Musculoskeletal Affections 6 6 8

Tail Affections 1 - -

Urinary System Affections - 1 1

Digestive System Affections 3 2 -

Nervous System Affections - - -

Total number 48 70 40

Number of the affected calves in relation to age

61.7% of surgical affections were diagnosed in calves under three months of age.

Etiology of Surgical affections in Calves

Infection (50%)

Congenital cause (36.1%)

Trauma (13.9%)

Eye affections 18.0%

Umbilical infections 17.6%

Integumentary affections 15.3%

Hernias 14.9%

Musculoskeletal affections 14.9%

Tail affections 11.7%

Urinary system affections 4.6%

Digestive system affections 2.7%

Nervous system affections 0.3%

Prevalence of Surgical Affections in Calves

Congenital anomalies Anomalies

Examined calves

Cattle calves (1959)

Buffalo calves (1398)

Total No. of cases

Native breed

(620)

Foreign breeds (1339)

Congenital hernias

3

25

3

31

Supernumerary teats

6

8

-

14

Contracted tendons

2

2

-

4

Atresia ani

3

1

-

4

Harelip

1

-

-

1

Polymelia

-

1

-

1

Double monster

-

-

1

1

Congenital lateral deviation of premaxilla

-

-

1

1

Total No.

15

37

5

57

Eye affections

Affections

Cattle calves Buffalo calves

(1398)

Total calves

Native breed

(620)

Foreign breeds (1339)

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

1

25

-

26

Catarrhal conjunctivitis

1

8

2

11

Purulent conjunctivitis

1

2

2

5

Abscesses of 3rd. eyelid

-

1

1

2

Panophthalmitis

-

1

-

1

Ruptured eyeball

-

1

-

1

Total number

3

38

5

46

• It represented 56.5% of the total eye affections. It was only diagnosed during summer among calves of two-four months age.

• Friesian calves were the most affected ones

Bovine keratoconjunctivitis

• It was more common in farms with sandy floor.

Catarrhal conjunctivitis

Aabscess of the 3rd eyelid

Umbilical infections

Examined calves

Affections

Cattle calves (1959) Buffalo calves

(1398)

Total (3357)

Native breed (620)

Foreign breeds (1339)

Omphalitis

5

10

16

31

Omphalophlebitis

-

2

2

4

Umbilical granuloma

-

-

4

4

Urachitis

-

1

3

4

Omphaloarteritis

-

-

2

2

Total No. of affected calves

5

13

27

45

• The total incidence was 1.3%.

• The highest incidence was in buffalo calves (1.9%).

• About 80% of the affected cases were two week-two month- old .

Umbilical Infections

• Ultrasonographic examination of the umbilicus showed a large anechoic cavity filled with fluid (watery pus) and surrounded by hyperechoic thick capsule

Omphalitis

Omphalophlebitis

Umbilical granuloma

Umbilical granuloma, showing areas of edema and greatly dilated blood vessels and large area of hemorrhage

Urachitis

Urachitis

The inflamed urachus duringand after surgery (a) extending caudally to the urinary bladder

.

Integumentary Affections Affections

Cattle calves

Buffalo calves

Total calves

Native breed

Foreign breeds

Supernumerary teats

6

8

-

14

Cutaneous papillomas

3

4

-

7

Oedematous skin disease

-

-

6

6

Ear wounds

1

3

-

4

Subcutaneous abscesses

-

-

2

2

Phlegmon

1

1

-

2

Faulty dehorning

-

2

-

2

Claw affections

1

1

-

2

Total numbers

12

19

8

39

Cutaneous Papillomatosis

Oedematous Skin Disease

Ear Wounds

Abscesses

Ultrasonogram of the abscess showing a large anechoic cavity containing hyperechoic particles and surrounded with a thick hyperechoic capsule

Hernias Calves Examined calves Affected calves Incidence

Foreign breeds’ cattle calves 1339 30 2.2%

Native breed cattle calves 620 3 0.5

Buffaloes, calves 1398 5 0.4%

Total 3357 38 1.1%

Umbilical hernia represented 94.7% Ventral abdominal hernia represented 5.3%. Congenital hernia represented 83.3%. Acquired hernias represented 16.7%.

Hernias a-Reducible umbilical hernia

in a 45-day-old Friesian calf.

b-Ultrasonogram of the umbilicus of the same calf. The hernial ring (arrows) appeared as a hypoechoic region separating the hyperechoic body wall.

Hernias a-Reducible umbilical

hernia in a 45–day-old Friesian calf.

b-Ultrasonogram of the umbilicus showing hyperechoic circular omental fold representing the hernial content with lateral shadowing

Hernias Ultrasonogram of an umbilical hernia showing hyperechoic sac containing hyperechoic folds and heterogenous contents representing the abomasum under the skin

Hernias

Ultrasonogram of infected umbilical hernia in a calf showing hyperechoic granules surrounded by anechoic area followed by thick hyperechoic capsule representing abscess formation (arrow) inside the hyperechoic omentum

Hernias

a-Congenital ventral abdominal hernia in a three-day–old native breed calf.

b-The same calf 15 days post surgery suckling its dam.

Musculoskeletal affections Affections Incidence

Bursitis 36.8%

Arthritis 23.6%

Fractures 13.1%

Contracted tendons 10.5%

Polymelia 2.6%

Congenital deviation of premaxilla 2.6%

Double monster 2.6%

Tarsal cellulites 2.6%

Tarsal hydrops 2.6%

Congenital contracted tendons

Congenital contracted tendons in both hind limbs (a) and both fore limbs (b) in two calves.

Congenital lateral deviation of the premaxilla

Chronic presternal bursitis

Precarpal bursitis

Arthritis

Arthritis Lateromdial view

of the left carpal joint of a calf showing widening of the joints’ spaces with irregular margins of the carpal bones.

Septic pedal arthritis

Septic pedal arthritis in calves showing sinuses discharging pus at the coronet (arrows).

Fractures

Bilateral compound fractures at both fibulotarsal bones in a seven-month-old native breed calf.

Tail affections

Affections

Cattle calves

Buffalo calves

Total Native

breed

Foreign breeds

Tail necrosis

-

-

21

21

Brachyury

1

6

-

7

Tail fractures

2

-

-

2

Total

3

6

21

30

Tail Necrosis

Tail necrosis in buffalo calves

Brachury

Brachury in cattle calves

Tail fractures

Tail fracture and gangrene in a cattle calf. Dorsoventral radiographic view of the tail showing fracture and

displacement of the 8th. coccygeal vertebra.

Ruptured urinary bladder

Calves

Examined calves

Affected calves

Incidence

Foreign breeds’ cattle calves 1339 1 0.1%

Native breed cattle calves 620 6 1%

Buffaloes, calves 1398 4 0.3%

Total 3357 11 0.4%

Ruptured urinary bladder

Ruptured urinary bladder in a native breed calf

Ruptured urinary bladder

a-Ultrasonogram of the urinary bladder showing the site of rupture (arrow).

b-The same urinary bladder during surgery showing the site of rupture (arrow).

Affections of digestive system

Affections Number

Atresia ani with rectovaginal fistula 3

Atresia ani 1

Congenital harelip 1

Esophageal obstruction 1

Rectal prolapse 1

Atresia ani and recto-vaginal fistula

Atresia ani

Atresia ani in a calf showing bulging of the rectum and setons at the site of anus (arrow ).

Esophageal obstruction

Cervical esophageal obstruction in a one–year–old buffalo calf (arrows ).

Rectal prolapse

a- Old ulcerated rectal prolapse in a five-month-old buffalo calf. (b): The same calf after surgery.

Radial paralysis

Left radial paralysis in a ten–month–old buffalo calf showing flexion of carpal, fetlock and phalangeal joints and atrophy of the triceps muscle .

Conclusions

CONCLUSIONS

• The total incidence of surgical affections among the examined calves was 7.6%

• Its incidence was

- 8.8% in foreign breeds’ cattle calves.

- 7.9% in native breed cattle calves.

- 6.4% in buffalo calves.

CONCLUSIONS

• 61.7% of surgical affections in calves were diagnosed during the first three months of age

• The main causes of these affections were:

- Infection (50%).

- Congenital cause (36.1%).

- Trauma (13.9%).

CONCLUSIONS Prevalent surgical affections among Foreign

breeds cattle calves were Umbilical hernia, infections bovine keratoconjunctivitis and umbilical infections.

Prevalent surgical affections among Buffalo

calves were umbilical infections and tail necrosis.

Prevalent surgical affections among Native

breed calves were Supernumerary teats and ruptured urinary bladder.