producers consumers and dec om posers
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Environmental Science
ms. Ashwini
Vikas S Yaligar (11IT103)
Krunal Sonawane (11EC93)
Mani Shankar(11IT42)
Rajesh Kumar Bajiya (11EE65)
Vinay (11EC107)
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PRODUCERS, CONSUMERS &
DECOMPOSERS
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Organism which produces its own food by usingenergy from the sun
www.chappyspowerorganics.com/ mycinnoc.htmlwww.edhelper.com/plants.htm
www.tadininc.com/ tadin%20map1.htm
www.afaith.com/photos/ tree.jpg
ckso.uhome.net/gallery/ grass.jpg
www.snfisher.com/Plants/ thumbs_d/thumbs_p.html
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Consumer:
Organism which doesnt make its own food, but gets it
from eating plants or other animals
www.mnzoo.com/animals/ index.asp
www.busy-bees.com.au/
JIGSAWPUZZLES3years+.html
www.dandin.com/group.html
www.healthwell.com/.../D_Backs/
Sep_00/happymeal.cfm?path=hw
www.nhm.ac.uk/science/consulting/ cmdetail.html
www.saltlake-audubon.org/ birding/story.htm
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Decomposer:
Organism which digests or breaks down formerlyliving material
www.tiehh.ttu.edu/mhooper/ research.htm
www.nhptv.org/natureworks/
graphics/mush11.jpg
uc.rutgers.edu/medrel/photos/ bacteria-green.jpg
www.nhptv.org/natureworks/graphics/earth11.jpg
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Autotrophs
A groups of organisms that can use the energy ofsunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide intoGlucose (food)
Autotrophs are also called Producers because theyproduce all of the food that heterotrophs use
Without autotrophs, there would be no life on this
planet Ex. Plants and Algae
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Heterotrophs
Organisms that do not make their own food
Another term for Heterotroph is consumerbecause they consume other organisms in order tolive
Ex. Rabbits, Deer, Mushrooms
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Heterotrophs
Consumers
1. Scavengers/Detritivores feed on the tissue of deadorganisms (both plants and animals)
Detririvores consume detritus
Detritus- Decomposing plants and animals Ex. Vultures, Crows, and Shrimp
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Heterotrophs
Consumers
2. Herbivores eat ONLY plants Ex. Cows, Elephants, Giraffes
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Heterotrophs
Consumers
3. Carnivores eat ONLY meat Ex. Lions, Tigers, Sharks
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Heterotrophs
Consumers
4. Omnivores eat BOTH plants and animals Ex. Bears and Humans
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Heterotrophs
Consumers
5. Decomposers absorb any dead material and break itdown into simple nutrients or fertilizers Ex. Bacteria and Mushrooms
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Food Chains, Food Webs, Energy Pyramids
copyright cmassengale 15
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What is an ecosystem? System= regularly interacting and
interdependent components forming a unifiedwhole
Ecosystem = an ecological system;
= a community and its physical environment
treated together as a functional system
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OR, MORE SIMPLY an ecosystem is composed of the
organisms and physical environment of aspecified area.
SIZE: micro to MACRO
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THE RULES OF ECOLOGY
1. Everything is connected to everything else.
2. Everything must go somewhere.
3. There is no such thing as a free lunch.
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ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS
All organisms require energy,
for growth, maintenance, reproduction,locomotion, etc.
Hence, for all organisms theremust be:
A source of energy
A loss of usable energy
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Energy flow Simplistically:
This pattern of energy flow among different organisms isthe TROPHIC STRUCTURE of an ecosystem.
heat
Producers Consumers
Decomposers
heat
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It is useful to distinguishdifferent typesof organisms within these majorgroups, particularly within theconsumer group.
Consumers
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Terminology of trophic levels
We can further separate the TROPHIC LEVELS,particularly the Consumers:
Producers (Plants, algae, cyanobacteria; somechemotrophs)--capture energy, produce complexorganic compounds
Primary consumers--feed on producers
Secondary consumers--feed on primary consumers
Tertiary consumers--feed on secondary consumers
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More trophic levels: Detritivores--invertebrates that feed onorganic wastes and dead organisms(detritus) from all trophic levels
Decomposers--bacteria and fungi thatbreak down dead material into inorganicmaterials
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Group Terminology Of
Food Chain
Producers = plants etc. that capture energyfrom the sun
Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = animal-eaters
Omnivores--eat both animals and plants
Specialized herbivores: Granivores--seed-eaters Frugivores--fruit-eaters
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Together, these groups make up a FOODCHAIN
E.g.: eagle rabbit grass
Carnivore Herbivore Producer
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Food
chains
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Rarely are food chains as simple asgrass -> rabbit -> hawkor indeed any other simple linear sequence of
organisms.
More typically, there are multiple interactions, so that
we end up with a FOOD WEB.
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FOOD
WEB
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Examples of food webs A forest ecosystem
Terrestrial and fresh-water communities
Ocean communities e.g.-English Channel
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Energy transfers among trophic
levels How much energy is passed from one
trophic level to the next?
How efficient are such transfers?
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Biomass--the dry mass of organicmaterial in the organism(s).
(the mass of water is not usuallyincluded, since water content is
variable and contains no usableenergy)
Standing crop--the amount of
biomass present at any point in time.
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Primary productivity Primary productivity is the rate of energy capture by
producers.
= the amount of new biomass of producers, per unittime and space
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Gross primary production (GPP)
= total amount of energy captured
Net primary production (NPP)
= GPP - respiration
Net primary production is thus the amount ofenergy stored by the producers and potentiallyavailable to consumers and decomposers.
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Secondary productivity is the rate of production ofnew biomass by consumers, i.e., the rate at whichconsumers convert organic material into newbiomass of consumers.
Secondary production simply involves therepackaging of energy previously captured byproducers--no additional energy is introduced intothe food chain.
And, since there are multiple levels of consumersand no new energy is being captured andintroduced into the system, the modifiers grossand net are not very appropriate and are notusually used.
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Ecological pyramids
The standing crop, productivity, number oforganisms, etc. of an ecosystem can beconveniently depicted using pyramids, where
the size of each compartment represents theamount of the item in each trophic level of afood chain.
Note that the complexities of the interactions in a food webare not shown in a pyramid; but, pyramids are often usefulconceptual devices--they give one a sense of the overall formof the trophic structure of an ecosystem.
producers
herbivores
carnivores
Ener y Pyramids Sh w
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Energy Pyramids Show
Amount of available energydecreases for higherconsumersAmount of available energydecreases down the food
chainIt takes a large number ofproducers to support a smallnumber of primary
consumersIt takes a large number ofprimary consumers tosupport a small number of
secondary consumerscopyright cmassengale 36
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Pyramid of numbersA pyramid of numbers indicates the
number of individuals in each trophiclevel.
Since the size of individuals may vary widely and may
not indicate the productivity of that individual,pyramids of numbers say little or nothing about theamount of energy moving through the ecosystem.
# of producers# of herbivores
# of carnivores
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Pyramid of standing cropA pyramid of standing crop indicates how much
biomass is present in each trophic level at any onetime.
As for pyramids of numbers, a pyramid of standing crop may not wellreflect the flow of energy through the system, due to different sizes andgrowth rates of organisms.
biomass of producers
biomass of herbivores
biomass of carnivores
(at one point in time)
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