prodwat: thematic group on productive uses of water at the household level multiple uses of domestic...
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PRODWAT: Thematic group on productive uses of water at the household level
Multiple Uses of Domestic Water Systems
John ButterworthIRC International Water and Sanitation Centre
Winrock discussion forum on ‘Policies and Management for Multiple Uses of Water’
26 April 2006
Background
• We should focus on meeting minimum needs and quality to improve health…some for all
• Productive uses overload domestic water systems… should be banned
• Potable water is too valuable for gardening… should be conserved
• Beneficiaries of productive activities are the rich… lack of equity
Alternative approach
• Productive uses as a vital contribution to poor people’s livelihoods… wider benefits of domestic water
• Water quantity is often the highest priority… respond to demands
• Potable water often not supplied, and incremental costs may be affordable… examine costs and benefits
• Productive uses can be designed for…plan
Multiple use water services
Infrastructure Example Key issues
Irrigation + • water quality for domestic use
Domestic + • water quantity for productive use
• universal coverage
Household level systems
• upscaling of access to sources and technologies
PRODWAT group
• Coordinating partners
• Johannesburg conference 2003• Think tank/ action research/
advocacy and information• www.prodwat.watsan.net
Bushbuckridge, South Africa
• Study by NGO AWARD
• 13 villages: – 7 villages where water is
collected from distance– 6 villages with reliable water,
mostly from yard taps
• Productive use in all 13
• Basic water use 21-22 lpcd with no sig. difference
• Extra water consumed for productive uses– 23 lpcd in worse villages– 40 lpcd in better villages
Bushbuckridge, South Africa
• Vegetable gardens, fruit trees, building; brewing, livestock
• Income from productive uses was substantial in these poor villages– averaged $34 per person per year in the ‘worse’ villages – averaged $62 per person per year in the ‘better’ villages
Benefit/cost US$/m3
Gross margin from vegetable gardens and fruit trees
1 to 2
Gross margin from beer brewing 100
Estimated cost of increasing water supply 0.1 – 1.0 (utility)
0.8 – 2.0 (vendors)
Cochabamba, Bolivia
• Study by Agua Tuya and Centro-AGUA (www.musproject.net)
• Community managed peri-urban water systems
• Challacaba
A virtuous cycle
3
1
4 2
Users improve their capacity and willingness to pay for the service
Users have access to water at low cost and appropriate quantity and quality
Users utilise water forproductive activities and Improve their economicsituation
The service is improved reinforcing the needs of users
Cochabamba, Bolivia
• Water is affordable, less than half the cost of municipal supplies
• Piped water is available to households 24 hours a day and 7 days a week
• The supply is potable
• Households consume 65 lpcd… increases to 86 lpcd for households with animals
Users have access to water at low cost and appropriate quantity and quality
1
Cochabamba, Bolivia
• 44% of users have animals (incl. cows, pigs, sheep and poultry)
• 69% of these households have cows, and there is a good market for milk
• cost of water for 7 cows averages US$ 35
• generateing an avg. income per family of US$ 1900
Users utilise water for productive activities and improve their economic situation
2Users improve their capacity and willingness to pay for the service
3
Cochabamba, Bolivia
• Number of households connected has increased from 36 to 60
• System has been upgraded with 100% investment by the community
• From a well with hand pump to metered household connections
• A second well is planned to increase supply for productive uses especially gardens
• The association is able to make loans to members
The service is improved reinforcing the needs of users
4
Cochabamba, Bolivia
Key ingredients
Appropriate te
chnology a
nd support
Ownership of th
e syste
m: empowerm
ent
Appropriate fin
ancial m
odels
Users improve their capacity and willingness to pay for the service
3
The service is improved reinforcing the needs of users
4 Users utilise water forproductive activities and Improve their economicsituation
2
Users have access to water at low cost and appropriate quantity and quality
1
Zimbabwe
• NGOs like PumpAid are encouraging better access to groundwater
• Government support for rural water supply under strain: coverage up but access down
• Rope and washer pumps are cheap and easy to maintain
PumpAid Zimbabwe
Conclusions
• People draw multiple benefits from access to small-scale water supplies
• can add up to an appreciable impact on livelihoods and poverty
Conclusions
• narrow approaches to water supply that neglect the potential of productive uses are an opportunity missed
• lead to system failure
• lack of cost recovery
Conclusions
• projects fail to address these needs because small-scale productive uses slip between sub-sectoral remits
• bottom-up, people-centred, and multi-sectoral planning processes tend to facilitate
Conclusions
• Low and inflexible norms-based ‘basic needs’ or rights-based approaches can be a handicap
• norms of 50-200 lpcd depending on setting are needed to provide sufficient water for productive uses
Conclusions
• many positive examples are now emerging
• increase in recognition, across water sub-sectors, for holistic approaches to meeting people’s water needs at household level
• some convergence between sectors
• offers practical support to implementing IWRM
More information
• www.prodwat.watsan.net
• Newsletter
• Book: beyond domestic
• Thematic overview paper: water and livelihoods
• Next meeting: UK 12-13 June 2006
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