project in earth science

PROJECT IN

EARTH SCIENCE

Destructions In Our Bodies Of Water

Tsunami

TSUNAMITsunami is a Japanese word meaning “harbor wave,” used as the scientific term for a class of abnormal sea wave that can cause catastrophic damage when it hits a coastline. Tsunamis can be generated by an undersea earthquake, an undersea landslide, the eruption of an undersea volcano, or by the force of an asteroid crashing into the ocean. The most frequent cause of tsunamis is an undersea earthquake. When the ocean floor is uplifted or offset during an earthquake, a set of waves is created similar to the concentric waves generated by an object dropped into the water. Most tsunamis originate along the Ring of Fire, a zone of volcanoes and seismic activity, 32,500 km (24,000 mi) long, which encircles the Pacific Ocean.

TSUNAMI

TSUNAMI WAVE

TSUNAMI HIT THAILAND

BEFORE AND AFTER TSUNAMI

CAUSES OF

TSUNAMI

Volcanic Eruption

EARTHQUAKE

LANDSLIDE

EFFECTS OF

TSUNAMI

FLOODING

DESTROYED HOUSES

LOSS OF PROPERTIES

TIDAL WAVES

TIDAL WAVESTidal waves are the large-scale periodic ocean waves that travel around the planet in response to the gravitational attraction of the earth and moon, and the earth and sun. Gravitational attraction between two objects is regulated by the mass of the two objects divided by the square of the distance between them. So, although the mass of the sun is 27 million times greater than the mass of the moon, the moon has the dominant influence over the timing of the tides because the great distance to the sun diminishes its gravitational influence relative to the moon.

TIDAL WAVES

CAUSES OF TIDAL WAVES

GRAVITATIONAL PULL OF SUN, MOON & EARTH

PRESENCE OF CONTINENTS AND SHAPES OF THE OCEAN BASINS

EARTH’S ROTATION

Storm Surge

Storm Surge

Storm surges are domes of water that rise underneath hurricanes or cyclones and cause extensive coastal flooding when the storms reach land. Storm surges are particularly devastating if they occur at high tide. A cyclone and accompanying storm surge killed an estimated 500,000 people in Bangladesh in 1970.

STORM SURGE

CAUSE OF STORM SURGE

HURRICANE STORM

EFFECTS OF STORM

SURGE

FLOODING

LARGE WAVES ON BEACHES

MAJOR DAMAGE ALONG SHORELINE

OIL SPILL

OIL SPILLOil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is mostly used to describe marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil. Another significant route by which oil enters the marine environment is through natural oil seeps. Oil spills can be controlled by chemical dispersion, combustion, mechanical containment, and/or adsorption. Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up.

OIL SPILL

CAUSES OF OIL SPILL

Accidents: There is often a large oil loss in accidents, up to

1/5 have an oil loss of over 700 tones.

• Collisions - a common accident with 475 occurring between 1974-1999

• Hull failures - these accidents have occurred the most between 1974-1999, with 671 hull failures between these two years

• Fires and explosions - this is the most uncommon type of accident, only occurring 154 times between 1974-1999

• Groundings - a common accident with 518 occurring between 1974-1999, and the greatest number of oil losses over 700 tones

Operations:Most oil losses occur when ships are carrying out

routine operations at ports or oil terminals, but the majority of such spills are small, with 93% of them producing a spillage of less than 7 tonnes.

• Loading/discharging - commonest cause of oil spillages (either during routine operations or resulting from accidents), with 3070 occurring between 1974-1999

• Bunkering - the least common operational oil loss with only 566 occurring between 1974-1999

EFFECTS OF OIL SPILL

HYPOTHERMIA

FOULING OF HABITAT

DYNAMITE

FISHING

DYNAMITE FISHING

Dynamite fishing is also called “Blast Fishing”. It the practice of using explosives to stun or kill schools of fish for easy collection. This often illegal practice can be extremely destructive to the surrounding ecosystem, as the explosion often destroys the underlying habitat (such as coral reefs) that supports the fish. The frequently improvised nature of the explosives used also means danger for the fishermen as well, with accidents and injuries.

DYNAMITE FISHING

CAUSES OF DYNAMITE FISHING

POVERTY

Poverty is a major problem in our country today. This is an issue that leads to other issues, especially in far-flung communities. Because of poverty, people living near the sea or those who make fishing their source of living resort to desperate measures to augment their income. Engaging in dynamite fishing is one of these “desperate measures.”

IGNORANCE

Many people are not aware of the consequence of their use of dynamites in fishing. Others do not care. Many think only about the money, forgetting about the effects of what they do to their environment, their world.

LACK OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES

Dynamite fishing is an alarming phenomenon because of its adverse effects on the ecosystem. But some people say they cannot avoid engaging in the practice because  there are no other job opportunities for them. Some fisher folk say it’s better to go to the sea and fish (using whatever means, including dynamites) than doing nothing at all.

LAZINESS & GREED

There are some people who are educated, who have the money, but are lazy and greedy. They want easy money, so they resort to the use of dynamites. Greed also drives people to use the illegal method so that they will more catch in a short period of time.

LACK OF DISCIPLINE

Among all these reasons, lack of discipline is the most important. It doesn’t really matter if a person is poor, uneducated, or there is no opportunity for work. What is important is they have discipline. There might be no jobs, but they can still catch fish by using other means.

EFFECTS OF DYNAMITE FISHING

DAMAGED CORALS

DEAD FISHES

WATERPOLLUTIO

N

Water Pollution is the contamination of streams, lakes, underground waters, bays, or oceans by substances harmful to living things. Water is necessary to life on earth. All organisms contain it; some live in it; some drink it. Plants and animals require water that is moderately pure, and they cannot survive if their water is loaded with toxic chemicals or harmful microorganisms. If severe, water pollution can kill large numbers of fish, birds, and other animals, in some cases killing all members of a species in an affected area. Pollution makes streams, lakes, and coastal waters unpleasant to look at, to smell, and to swim in. Fish and shellfish harvested from polluted waters may be unsafe to eat. People who ingest polluted water can become ill, and, with prolonged exposure, may develop cancers or bear children with birth defects.

Water Pollution

POLLUTED RIVER

INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION

MAJOR TYPES OF

POLLUTANTS

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

TOXIC CHEMICALS

PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES

HEAVY METALS

COPPER MERCURY

HEAVY METALS

LEAD SELENIUM

HAZARDOUS WASTE

Infectious Organisms

THERMAL POLLUTION

THE END

Members:Jan Fay – Leader

BOYS: GIRLS:

Aidan AlyssaJan Kyler Crissel

Russel IrahPatricia

RoseShane L.Shane M.