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Project and Construction Management
Lecture #4-P1
Project Planning
(Scope)
Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology
By: Dr. Amin Alvanchi and Dr. Hamed Kashani
Construction Engineering and Management
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Outline
Concept: Project Planning
Project Scope Planning
Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS)
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Concept: Project Planning
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Introduction
Initiation
Organization and planning
Design
Construction
Operation
Maintenance
Demolition
Construction
Project
Lifecycle
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Introduction
Project Organization
and Contracting
Project planning
Project control
1. Scope
2. Time
3. Cost
Initiation
Organization and planning
Design
Construction
Operation
Maintenance
Demolition
Construction
Project
Lifecycle
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Planning Definition
Planning
Planning is the process of thinking and deciding
beforehand about the different aspects of the work to be
done to achieve desired goals.
Different aspects include the specifications, methods, time,
and resources of the work!
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Planning in Construction
In construction, plans may exist at several levels:
Corporate strategic plans
Example: New market sectors to enter, new partnerships to form, New product to
produce
Corporate operational plans
Example: Selecting proper methods and tools, Hiring and firing, Training personnels.
Construction project plans
Example: Project implementation steps and timeline, Project equipment, Project
budget.
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Project Planning Definition
Project planning is a discipline for stating how to complete
a project, with defined specifications, requirement and
stages (or Goals) to complete, within a certain timeframe
and with designated resources and cost.
Minimum project planning areas:
Project specifications -> Project scope planning
Project timeframe -> Project scheduling or time planning
Project cost -> Project estimation and budgeting or cost
planning
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Project Planning Definition
Generally, project planning answers three
main questions:
What is to be done?
How to do it?
Who does it?
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Planning Components
What: Project Specifications
How: Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
Who: Organization Breakdown Structure (OBS)
What time: Schedule
How much $: Budget (via Cost Breakdown
Structure (CBS), and estimate)
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Project Planning Formality
In small project, both engineering and project management can be done
informally (i.e., with informal plans)
Large projects require high formality (i.e., formal plans)
Formality means that there are
Well defined and documented processes used in order to perform each task
Appropriate guidelines to coordinate and manage these tasks
Established measurements used to control
Successful project management relies on thorough planning to define
the project objectives in sufficient detail to support effective management
of the project
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Project Planning Formality
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Inputs and Outputs of Planning Process
Contract information
Drawings
Specifications
Available resources
Bills of quantities
Site reports
Organizational data
Means and Methods
Planning
Activities
Activities’ Interrelationships
Method statement
Responsibility
Reporting levels
Project network diagram
Activities duration
Activities cost
Inputs Outputs
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Project Scope Planning
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Project Scope
Scope of a project includes all tasks needed to be done and all
deliverables needed to be delivered to complete final project’s
product(s)
Project deliverables: are outputs or results of the project that are
intended to be delivered to the project customer(s) and required for
the project completion. Examples: reports, plans, drawings, a
building’s foundation, a building’s structure and other building
blocks of a project.
Project specifications and drawings form a main basis for
determination of a project scope
Are all the scope presented on project specification and drawings?
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Project versus Product Scope
Project specifications and drawings mainly determine scope of final
product(s) or product scope rather than the entire project’s scope
To complete a project’s final product(s) there might be many efforts
required (management, supervision, supporting activities, etc.) and
many sub-deliverables (e.g., project schedule, quality plan, safety
plan, project control, etc.)
Although a product scope forms a major part of a project scope, but
a project scope consists of more parts including many managerial
and supporting activities with variety of outputs (deliverables) which
are parts of a project scope and are required to be done to properly
complete a project
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Project Scope Plan
A project scope plan:
Clearly states a project’s objectives and deliverables
Defines characteristics and boundaries of the work
Sets the foundation for controlling and approving the
work performed
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is the main
medium (or tool) used in scope planning
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Make a Project Manageable
Project managers need a tool to help them delivering
all project deliverables while avoiding redundant and
extra work!
Note: Project deliverables are the project outputs intended to
be delivered to the project customer!
This leads to the development of a Work Breakdown
Structure (WBS)
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Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a
“Deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the
work to be executed by the project team to accomplish the
project objectives and create the required deliverables,
with each descending level of the WBS representing an
increasingly detailed definition of the project work.”
At the scope planning stage, WBS is broken down up to the
work package level, later at the scheduling stage it might
be decomposed to lower levels.
A work package is a work which can be assigned to a
specific working group to be done!
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Work Packages
Examples of work packages:
Structural design of a building
Foundation construction
Piping and plumbing of a building
Can you name more work packages?
Most important features of Work Packages
Distinguishable from others
Single responsible group
Work package is a level at which the project scope is
managed
We can break down a work package to sub-work packages
and activities when method of the work is decided! (we
usually decide it at the scheduling stage!)
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Preparing a WBS
In preparing a WBS there are a number of steps that need to be taken
to make sure the WBS developed will help project managers
1) Identify final project products necessary for achieving project success
The WBS should assist the project manager in developing a clear
vision of the end product
The following question must be answered:
What must be delivered to achieve project success?
2) Identify the major deliverables necessary for project success
These are items that not necessarily required by client but
combined with other deliverable make up a successful project
Examples: a design completion, or acceptance test completion
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Preparing a WBS
3) Incorporate additional levels of detail until management requirements for
managing and controlling the project are met
Note that each project is different, thus each WBS will be different
WBS’s from previous projects can be used as templates, but remember
that the management philosophy and the level of details may be different
from project to project
The controlling and reporting requirements must also be considered
Projects have different requirements; managers must make sure they
take these into consideration when developing low level details
4) Review and refine the WBS until the stakeholders agree with the level of
project planning and reporting.
Remember that no matter how detailed a WBS is, there are planning and
reporting restrictions a WBS creates
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WBS Decomposition
The WBS structure can be created (or decomposed) in a number of forms,
such as:
Breaking down (or decomposing) a project based on the main phases of
the project
Example: Imam Khomeini int. airport project: Airport phase1 sections (access roads,
local terminals, flat parking lots, etc.), airport phase 2 (Int. terminals, multi-level
parking lots, etc.), airport phase 3 (5-star hotel, shopping mall, train station, etc.)
Using major deliverables as a measure for breaking down the project to
the smaller elements
Example: A commercial building project can be decomposed to: Feasibility studies
(main deliverable: FS report), detail design (mainn deliverable: drawings), Bidding
(main deliverable: a signed construction contract), construction (main deliverable:
constructed building), and supervision (main deliverable: operability test documents)
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WBS Decomposition
The WBS structure can be created (or decomposed) in a number of forms,
such as (cont’d):
Breaking down a project based on sub-projects or sub-contracted works
outside the organization
Example: Imam Khomeini metro construction project: Contractor A (main line
constructor), Contractor B (Stations 1 to 3 construction), contractor C (stations 4 to
6 constructor)
Using different disciplines or functions as levels of decomposition
Example: Detail design project for a high-rise building: Architectural design,
Structure design, Mechanical Design, Electrical Design, Fire system design
Using geographical or physical divisions as levels of decomposition
Example: Floor finishing of a 4 story building project: Floor finishing of 1st floor, floor
finishing of 2nd floor, floor finishing of 3rd floor, floor finishing of 4th floor,
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WBS Decomposition
The WBS structure can be created (or decomposed) in a number of forms,
such as (cont’d):
Using implementation method steps as levels of decomposition
Example: Steel construction project: Receiving steel elements, erecting steel
elements, bolting steel elements, painting steel elements, isolating steel elements
Decomposition might proceed differently (in terms of type of decomposition
and number of levels) at different branches of WBS
Regardless of the number of decomposition level, final level should be a
work package; assignable to a working group
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WBS Decomposition
Make sure that you are consistent with your type of decomposition,
at every decomposition level just follow one form of decomposition!
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Project
Phase1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Section 1
Deliverable 1
Deliverable 2
Section 2 Section 3
Discipline 1
Discipline 2
Discipline 3
Project
Phase1 Phase 2 Section 3
Section 31
Deliverable 1
Step 1
Section 32
Function
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Discipline 1
Location 2
Location 3
Project level
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
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WBS Considerations
The two most important item to remember are
WBS must contain all approved scope
WBS must reflect the way the project manager
intends to manage the project
Other items to consider when developing a WBS are:
Reporting requirements
Size of project
Resource executing the work (contractors vs. in-house)
Complexity of the project
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A Building Project Decomposition Example 1
Project
Main building
1st floor
Structures
Plumbing
Electrical
HVAC
2nd floor
Structures
Plumbing
Electrical
HVAC
Service buildingStructures
Plumbing
Electrical
HVAC
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level 0 or Project level -> Level 1 (geographical) ->
Level 2 (geographical) ->
Level 3 (deliverable) ->
Level 3 (deliverable) ->
Level 3 (deliverable) ->
Level 3 (deliverable) ->
Level 2 (geographical) ->
Level 3 (deliverable) ->
Level 3 (deliverable) ->
Level 3 (deliverable) ->
Level 3 (deliverable) ->
Level 1 (geographical) ->
Level 2 (deliverable) ->
Level 2 (deliverable) ->
Level 2 (deliverable) ->
Level 2 (deliverable) ->
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A building project
Feasibility
Design
Basic
Detail
Bid documents
Shop drawings
Bid
Construction
Land preparation
Main building
Service building
Structure construction
Finishing
Commissioning
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A Building Project Decomposition Example 2
level 0 or Project level ->
Level 1 (deliverable) ->
Level 1 (deliverable) ->
Level 2 (deliverable) ->
Level 2 (deliverable) ->
Level 2 (deliverable) ->
Level 2 (deliverable) ->
Level 1 (deliverable) ->
Level 1 (deliverable) ->
Level 2 (deliverable) ->
Level 3 (geographical) ->
Level 3 (geographical) ->
Level 2 (deliverable) ->
Level 2 (deliverable) ->
Level 1 (deliverable) ->
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Organizational chart – format
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Presentation
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1 Sharif Housing Corporation
1.1 New Home Construction
1.1.1 Concrete
1.1.1.1 Pour Foundation
1.1.1.2 Install Patio
1.1.1.3 Pour Stairway
1.1.2 Framing
1.1.2.1 Frame Exterior Walls
1.1.2.2 Frame Interior Walls
1.1.2.3 Install Roofing Trusses
1.1.3 Plumbing
1.1.3.1 Install Water Lines
1.1.3.2 Install Gas Lines
1.1.3.3 Install B/K Fixtures
1.1.4 Electrical
1.1.4.1 Install Wiring
1.1.4.2 Install Outlets/Switches
1.1.4.3 Install Fixtures
1.1.5 Interior
1.1.5.1 Install Drywall
1.1.5.2 Install Carpets
1.1.5.3 Install Painting
1.1.6 Roofing
1.1.6.1 Install Felt
1.1.6.2 Install Shingles
1.1.6.3 Install Vents
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1. Sharif Housing Corporation
1.1 New Home Construction
1.1.1 Concrete
1.1.1.1 Pour Foundation
1.1.1.2 Install Patio
1.1.1.3 Pour Stairway
1.1.2 Framing
1.1.2.1 Frame Exterior Walls
1.1.2.2 Frame Interior Walls
1.1.2.3 Install Roofing Trusses
1.1.3 Plumbing
1.1.3.1 Install Water Lines
1.1.3.2 Install Gas Lines
1.1.3.3 Install B/K Fixtures
1.1.4 Electrical
1.1.4.1 Install Wiring
1.1.4.2 Install Outlets/Switches
1.1.4.3 Install Fixtures
1.1.5 Interior
1.1.5.1 Install Drywall
1.1.5.2 Install Carpets
1.1.5.3 Install Painting
1.1.6 Roofing
1.1.6.1 Install Felt
1.1.6.2 Install Shingles
1.1.6.3 Install Vents
Indented text-format Non-indented text format
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Presentation
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Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS)
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Organization Breakdown Structure (OBS)
Once WBS is developed, resources and responsibilities need to be
assigned
We need to develop an Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS)
for the project and determine which parts of WBS are done by whom
The OBS indicates the organizational relationships and is used as
the framework for assigning work responsibilities
Similar to WBS, OBS follows a hierarchical approach, i.e., at the first
level starts with the organization level, then it is followed by main
departments and then by sub departments and working units.
Each department/ sub-department/ unit has its head.
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Organization Breakdown Structure (OBS)
Hierarchically a sub-department’s head works under supervision
of a department’s head and a working unit’s head works under
sub-department’s head supervision
Higher levels in an OBS are management levels and lower levels
are operating (or performing) levels
Main portion of working staff work under last organizational level
(i.e., sub-departments or working units)
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OBS/WBS Linkages35
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OBS Planning
OBS planning is defined under project human resource planning
and management
Properly human resource planning and management requires an
extensive expertise in projects,
Here, we only wanted to point out the main idea of OBS in
projects,
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Home Assignment 5
P1) Suppose you are arranging a one day site visit for civil
engineering students to visit different parts and progress
of Tehran-Shomal highway construction project. To make
sure that you are not going to miss any work package
items when doing this arrangement, develop a proper
WBS which outlines all work packages you need for
holding this site visit. (40 marks)
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Home Assignment 5
P2) Assume that you are a project planning manager for a
construction company in charge of the construction of Niayesh
Tunnel project in north Tehran. a) Do your own research to
determine main deliverables of the project (20 marks) b) Develop a
maximum 4-level WBS for the project (40 marks)
Due: In one week
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Thank you!
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