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FBI SchoolFBI School OfOf ProfilingProfiling

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FBIFBI AUTHORSAUTHORS

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John DouglasJohn Douglas

Robert ResslerRobert Ressler

Roy HazelwoodRoy Hazelwood

11 books combined/numerous11 books combined/numerouspublicationspublications

FBI AUTHORSFBI AUTHORS

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JOHN DOUGLASJOHN DOUGLAS

Masters Industrial PsychologyMasters Industrial Psychology

Joined FBI in 1970Joined FBI in 1970

Attended 2 week hostage negotiationAttended 2 week hostage negotiation

coursecourse

Howard Teten & PatMullanyHoward Teten & PatMullany

BackgroundBackground

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JOHN DOUGLASJOHN DOUGLAS

Chief of the operational side of the BSU,Chief of the operational side of the BSU,ISUISU

FBI National Academy InstructorFBI National Academy Instructor

Road Schools w/ ResslerRoad Schools w/ Ressler

Prison StudyPrison Study

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ROBERT RESSLERROBERT RESSLER Army Chief ofCID unitArmy Chief ofCID unit

Masters Police AdministrationMasters Police Administration

FBI National Academy InstructorFBI National Academy Instructor

Road Schools w/ DouglasRoad Schools w/ Douglas

Criminal Personality Research Project

Criminal Personality Research Project

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ROBERT RESSLERROBERT RESSLER

VICAPVICAP

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ROY HAZELWOODROY HAZELWOOD

22 years in FBI22 years in FBI

16 years spent in the BSU16 years spent in the BSU

Authored work on Autoerotic fatalitiesAuthored work on Autoerotic fatalities

Rapists Typologies & LustMurderRapists Typologies & LustMurder

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FBI MODEL OF PROFILINGFBI MODEL OF PROFILING

OFFENDERSOFFENDERS

2 typologies Organized/Disorganized2 typologies Organized/Disorganized

OrganizedOrganized-- is one appears to plan hisis one appears to plan hismurders in a conscious manner andmurders in a conscious manner andwho displays control of the victim at thewho displays control of the victim at thecrime scenecrime scene

DisorganizedDisorganized-- less consciously aware ofless consciously aware ofa plan and his crime scenes displaya plan and his crime scenes display

haphazard behavior.haphazard behavior.

Question 2Question 2

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ORGANIZATIONAL DIFFERENCESORGANIZATIONAL DIFFERENCES

Body position symbolic BodyBody position symbolic Body Crime nocturnal/routine Crimes occur anytimeCrime nocturnal/routine Crimes occur anytime Spontaneous Spontaneous Sexual experimentation SeSexual experimentation Se

when victim dead when victim dead

Minimal attempt to conceal Conceals bodiesMinimal attempt to conceal Conceals bodies Minimal media interestsMinimal media interests Follows crime in mediaFollows crime in media Victims selected randomly OffendeVictims selected randomly Offende M

inimal birth order status High bM

inimal birth order status High b Disciplined harshly as child InconsistentDisciplined harshly as child Inconsistent Minimal use of alcohol Minimal use of alcohol

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SUBSUB--CATEGORY OF RAPISTSCATEGORY OF RAPISTS

Power reassurance rapistsPower reassurance rapists

Power assertive rapistsPower assertive rapists

Anger Retaliatory RapistsAnger Retaliatory Rapists

Anger Excitation RapistsAnger Excitation Rapists

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FBI MODEL CONSTRUCTIONFBI MODEL CONSTRUCTION

Ann Burgess obtained a 400,000 dollarAnn Burgess obtained a 400,000 dollargrant from the National Institute ofgrant from the National Institute ofJustice (NIJ)Justice (NIJ)

Expected to take up 3 to 4 yearsExpected to take up 3 to 4 years

Bringing in the criminal investigativeBringing in the criminal investigativeanalysis to the modern ageanalysis to the modern age

Question 3Question 3

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Qualitative & QuantitativeQualitative & Quantitative

APPROACH TO STUDYAPPROACH TO STUDY

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QUALITATIVE OBJECTIVESQUALITATIVE OBJECTIVES

Describe characteristics of the studyDescribe characteristics of the studypopulation of murdererspopulation of murderers

The manner in which they committed theirThe manner in which they committed theircrimes and the crime scenescrimes and the crime scenes

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QUANTITATIVE OBJECTIVESQUANTITATIVE OBJECTIVES

Test using statistical procedures,Test using statistical procedures,whether there are significant behavioralwhether there are significant behavioraldifferences at the crime scene betweendifferences at the crime scene betweencrimes committed by organized sexualcrimes committed by organized sexual

murderers and those committed bymurderers and those committed bydisorganized sexual murderers.disorganized sexual murderers.

Identify variables or specificIdentify variables or specificcharacteristics, which may be useful tocharacteristics, which may be useful toprofile sexual murders and for whichprofile sexual murders and for whichorganized and disorganized sexualorganized and disorganized sexual

murderers differ statistically.murderers differ statistically.

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FBI STUDYFBI STUDY Examined 36 convicted incarceratedExamined 36 convicted incarcerated

sexual murdererssexual murderers

Largest study knownLargest study known

All murderers had exhausted appealsAll murderers had exhausted appeals

All cases available for reviewAll cases available for review

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FBI STUDYFBI STUDY

7 convicted of single homicide7 convicted of single homicide

29 convicted of multiple homicide29 convicted of multiple homicide

Not a random sampleNot a random sample

118 victims (primarily women)118 victims (primarily women)

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DATA COLLECTIONDATA COLLECTION

1979 and 1983 performed by agents1979 and 1983 performed by agentsform the BSUform the BSU

Data collected from 2 sourcesData collected from 2 sources

1) Official records1) Official records

2) Interviews with offenders2) Interviews with offenders

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DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

Sexual Homicide: evidence that indicate theSexual Homicide: evidence that indicate themurder was sexual in naturemurder was sexual in nature

Crime Scene Characteristics: physicalCrime Scene Characteristics: physicalevidence found at crime scene that revealevidence found at crime scene that reveal

behavioral traitsbehavioral traits Examples (Use of restraints, manner ofExamples (Use of restraints, manner of

death, depersonalization of victim, possibledeath, depersonalization of victim, possiblestaging, and amount of physical evidence atstaging, and amount of physical evidence at

the crime scene)the crime scene) Profile Characteristics: variables that identifyProfile Characteristics: variables that identify

the offender as an individual and togetherthe offender as an individual and togetherform a composite picture of the suspectform a composite picture of the suspect

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CONTENTS of a PROFILECONTENTS of a PROFILE

Appearance/groomingAppearance/grooming

Residence in relation to the crime sceneResidence in relation to the crime scene

VehicleVehicle

SocioSocio--economic statuseconomic status

Sexual AdjustmentSexual Adjustment

Type of Sexual perversionType of Sexual perversion Prior Criminal RecordPrior Criminal Record

MotiveMotive

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Profiling MethodologiesProfiling Methodologies

The first serious and pseudoThe first serious and pseudo--systematicsystematicattemptattempt to establish profiling as anto establish profiling as aninvestigative tool based on offenderinvestigative tool based on offender

behavioral characteristics interpretedbehavioral characteristics interpretedfrom a crime scene.from a crime scene.

Novel methodological approach toNovel methodological approach to

interpret crime scenes, police reports,interpret crime scenes, police reports,and autopsy reports to glean usefuland autopsy reports to glean usefulinformation about specific offenderinformation about specific offendercharacteristics.characteristics.

Question 4Question 4

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Profiles have shown success in capturingProfiles have shown success in capturingmurderers and rapists as well as givingmurderers and rapists as well as givingdirection to ondirection to on--going investigations,going investigations,narrowing suspect lists, and providingnarrowing suspect lists, and providinginterrogation suggestions when dealinginterrogation suggestions when dealing

with a known suspect.with a known suspect.

Extensive criticisms of the model are rifeExtensive criticisms of the model are rifeand have resulted in the model catalyzingand have resulted in the model catalyzing

an effort by true empiricists to questionan effort by true empiricists to questionand extensively research the topic in anand extensively research the topic in anattempt to achieve a systematized methodattempt to achieve a systematized methodvia the use of statistical analysis.via the use of statistical analysis.

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Negative aspects ofthe FBI profilingNegative aspects ofthe FBI profiling

First of all the number of serial murdersFirst of all the number of serial murdersare statistically extremely rare. Second,are statistically extremely rare. Second,these were convicted murders, what aboutthese were convicted murders, what aboutnonnon--convicted successful murders, thereconvicted successful murders, thereis a good chance that the informationis a good chance that the informationwould be different. Third, the study waswould be different. Third, the study wasbased on Americans, what about otherbased on Americans, what about othercountries? Could we learn more from othercountries? Could we learn more from othercountries data and offenders? Lastly, withcountries data and offenders? Lastly, withonly 36 interviews for a majoronly 36 interviews for a majorclassification, lacks validity and reliability,classification, lacks validity and reliability,

and makes their study questionable.and makes their study questionable.

Question 5Question 5

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This relies heavily on the offender toThis relies heavily on the offender tospeak the truth or to speak at all.speak the truth or to speak at all.What if the offenders is selective inWhat if the offenders is selective inwhat they remember and perhapswhat they remember and perhaps

even more selective in what theyeven more selective in what theychoose to tell researchers from thechoose to tell researchers from theFBI. One might argue that serialFBI. One might argue that serialkillers, whom are classified askillers, whom are classified as

psychopaths or as having antisocialpsychopaths or as having antisocialpersonality disorder, are the leastpersonality disorder, are the leastsuitable candidates for this type ofsuitable candidates for this type ofresearch.research.

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Many offenders display features ofMany offenders display features ofboth organized and disorganizedboth organized and disorganizedbehavior. For example the rapistsbehavior. For example the rapists

first attempt may be disorganizedfirst attempt may be disorganizedbut his enjoyment of the act andbut his enjoyment of the act andsince he went undetected maysince he went undetected mayinfluence him to commit a more wellinfluence him to commit a more well

planned crime.planned crime.

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A great deal of criticism of the FBIs workA great deal of criticism of the FBIs workstemmed from the fact that this approachstemmed from the fact that this approach

was not objective or scientific. When thewas not objective or scientific. When thetechnique is applied in the field a greattechnique is applied in the field a greatdeal of subjective interpretation crept in.deal of subjective interpretation crept in.Thus two profiles might examine the sameThus two profiles might examine the same

crime scene yet put a differentcrime scene yet put a differentinterpretation on the clues containedinterpretation on the clues containedtherein. (Canter and Alison 1999b:6) Thetherein. (Canter and Alison 1999b:6) TheFBI examination of content reveals aFBI examination of content reveals asevere lack in the accounts of anysevere lack in the accounts of anysystematic procedures. There are nosystematic procedures. There are noreferences to any commonly acceptedreferences to any commonly acceptedpsychological principles, pathological orpsychological principles, pathological orsocial.social.

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VALIDITY/RELIABILITY OFVALIDITY/RELIABILITY OF

FBI SCHOOL OF PROFILINGFBI SCHOOL OF PROFILING

Validity and Reliability Analysis ofValidity and Reliability Analysis of

The FBI School of Profiling PlaguedThe FBI School of Profiling Plaguedby theby the Virgin Mary in a TortillaVirgin Mary in a TortillaSyndrome:Syndrome: The problem faced by aThe problem faced by asymbolicsymbolic--pattern seeking species,pattern seeking species,homo sapiens, in a nonhomo sapiens, in a non--symbolic,symbolic,asymmetrical universeasymmetrical universe

Question 6Question 6

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Validity: Does Scale Truly Say HowFatValidity: Does Scale Truly Say HowFat

You Are? Reliability: Does ScaleYou Are? Reliability: Does ScaleConsistently Give Same Weight?Consistently Give Same Weight?

Common Sense Definition: Extent toCommon Sense Definition: Extent towhich FBI style profiling results in thewhich FBI style profiling results in theinvestigative identification, criminalinvestigative identification, criminalapprehension, successful prosecutionapprehension, successful prosecutionand postand post--incarceration disposition ofincarceration disposition of

serial offenders, Which can beserial offenders, Which can bereplicated or generate verifiable orreplicated or generate verifiable orfalsifiable propositions and aid thirdfalsifiable propositions and aid thirdparty law enforcement activitiesparty law enforcement activities

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Research V&R:Research V&R:1.1. Fundamental Conflict between deductiveFundamental Conflict between deductiveinvestigative procedures and inductiveinvestigative procedures and inductive

empirical process. FBIProfiler Linnaeanempirical process. FBIProfiler Linnaeanindifference to modern scientific methodindifference to modern scientific method

2.2. Peer Review of investigative tool problematicPeer Review of investigative tool problematicand publication in professional literature that isand publication in professional literature that isconcerned in certainty of results and focusedconcerned in certainty of results and focusedmore upon correlation than causation betweenmore upon correlation than causation betweencriminal behaviors and offender characteristicscriminal behaviors and offender characteristics

3.3. Troubling collapse of distinction betweenTroubling collapse of distinction betweenAcademic and popular literature into true crimeAcademic and popular literature into true crimesingularity, Celebrity driven nature of profilingsingularity, Celebrity driven nature of profilingwith concomitantwith concomitant

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Legal V&R = Admissibility:Legal V&R = Admissibility:

New York: Frye Standard: learnedNew York: Frye Standard: learnedcensus or relevant fieldcensus or relevant field

Federal/Daubert Standard: courts asFederal/Daubert Standard: courts asgatekeepers of good sciencegatekeepers of good science

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Motivational Analysis:Motivational Analysis:

Detecting the likely motive of anDetecting the likely motive of anoffense by behavioral evaluationoffense by behavioral evaluation

of evidence created at the crimeof evidence created at the crimescene. Split Admissibility:Pro:scene. Split Admissibility:Pro:(Cal. App), (Colo. 2002), Ala.(Cal. App), (Colo. 2002), Ala.

Crim App. 1999) Con: (OhioCrim App. 1999) Con: (OhioApp.), (Tenn Crim. App)App.), (Tenn Crim. App)

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Linkage Analysis:Linkage Analysis:

Creates exception toCreates exception toevidentiary other crimesevidentiary other crimes

prohibition by establishingprohibition by establishingdefendants identity asdefendants identity asoffender Pro: (Ca. 1995),offender Pro: (Ca. 1995),

(Wash. 1994) (La. 1993) Con:(Wash. 1994) (La. 1993) Con:(N.J.), (Or. App. 1999).(N.J.), (Or. App. 1999).

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What isstill needed?What isstill needed?

Empirical studies published on the twoEmpirical studies published on the twosubtypes of serial offenderssubtypes of serial offenders

Differentiation of offenders as an aspectDifferentiation of offenders as an aspect

of general personality differences andof general personality differences andother aspects of individual differencesother aspects of individual differences

A theoretical basisA theoretical basis

Research pertaining to its validityResearch pertaining to its validity