properties of matter. physical properties = a property that describes the behavior of a substance...
Post on 29-Mar-2015
217 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Properties of Matter
• Physical Properties = a property that describes the behavior of a substance without reference to another substance.
- You look at the substance by itself, not combined with anything else.
- Weight, color, volume, boiling point, melting point, hardness, etc.
• Chemical property = a property that describes the behavior of a substance when it reacts or combines with another substance.
- Burn it or add other chemicals to make it react.
• We can measure both physical and chemical properties
- 2 things may have some properties that are the same, but not all of them will be.
- We do tests until we get only one substance with all of the properties.
_______________________________________The Metric System• Scientists have used this system for over a
century• Created in 1791, it is based on units of 10
The English system is not based on any unit.• It is based on things that change• 1 foot changed depending on whose foot it
was• It is only used in the USA• The metric system is used by every other
country in the world• In the metric system you can change from one
unit to another by just moving the decimal.EX) – 1 meter = 1000ml, 100 cm, 10dm, ,.1dkm, .01hm, .001km
Nature of Matter• Matter = anything that has mass and takes up
space.• Matter is made of atoms• Atoms are the simplest form of any element• Elements are only made of one type of atom• Everything that is matter is made of two or
more of these elements• http://www.ptable.com/• Periodic table = a chart of all of the known
elements arranged in a systematic fashion
• Vertical columns are called groups or families• Things in the same column have similar
properties• Each element has a letter or letters as a
symbol• Many of the element’s symbols are in Latin• EX) Gold = Au = Aurum (Latin for gold)When we combine elements, we get compounds• Most everything on the planet is a compound
or is made of compounds
• Carbon dioxide is written as CO2, which means it has one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen.
• Carbon Dioxide is a new substance- Carbon is a solid and Oxygen is a gas- Carbon dioxide is a gas that does not act like
either of these.--------------------------------------------------------------States of Matter• There are three states of physical matter –
solid, liquid, gas
Solids• The molecules in a solid are very tightly
packed in a 3-D form• The molecules are moving, but just barely by
vibrating• This gives solids a definite shape and a definite
volumeLiquids• The molecules in a liquid move much faster
than in a solid.•
• They move so fast that the 3-D form breaks down into chains of molecules
• They have no definite shape, but do have a definite volume
Gases• The molecules are now moving very quickly• The liquid chains now are moving so fast that
they break apart into individual molecules• The have no definite shape and no definite
volume.•
Changing states of matter• You can change from one state of matter to
another by adding or taking away energy.EX) water – heat the water (liquid) past 100°C and you get water vapor (gas). Remove heat from water (liquid) until you get to O°C and it turns into ice (solid)- Through all of this, it is still H2O
Sometimes a solid can turn directly into a gas.• This is called sublimation•
• EX) dry ice is solid CO2 and will change into a gas at room temperature without ever turning into a liquid.
--------------------------------------------------------------Scientists are constantly combining compounds and elements in all their phases to try to make new and useful products.• Most do not work and some are dangerous• When there is a definite boundary between
two substances it is called a phase- Ex) oil and water
• This is one way forensic scientists can tell what a substance will be.
---------------------------------------------------------------Theory of lightKnowing how light works is important to forensics.There are two theories as to how light works – one is as a wave and the other is as a particleWave theory• This says light travels in waves, like water•
• It has crests (high points) and troughs (low points)
• Wavelength = the distance between two crests- Its symbol is Lambda (ʎ) and is measured in millionths of meters (.0000001)• Frequency = how many times a wave passes a
point in a given amount of time- Its symbol is (f)• f = c÷ʎ - OR: frequency = the speed of light
divided by wavelength•
• Visible light (sunlight) is made of many different wavelengths
• Each wavelength is a different color.• When we use a prism, it splits the light into
different wavelengths.- This is called dispersion- The spectrum of visible light has 7 main colors:
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet
• When light goes through something (glass, water, etc) is slows down.
• Depending on what it is, it may slow down a little or a lot
• The is called Refraction• When light bounces off something it is called
Reflection- Everything you see is reflected light.- If a shirt is blue, it is reflecting blue and
absorbing the other colors.- White reflects all the colors and black absorbs
all the colors.-
• Light absorption is an important part of forensics.
- Certain chemicals will absorb and reflect certain colors.
---------------------------------------------------------------The electromagnetic spectrum• This includes every wavelength that comes
from the sun.• Every wavelength from the sun travels at the
speed of light (300 million meters/second)•
• This ranges from things that have a high frequency and short wavelength, to low frequency and long wavelength
• The highest frequencies belong to gamma rays- These kill life because they have so much
energy• X-rays have a slightly lower wavelength-it still has enough energy to push through muscles and bounce off of bone.- Given enough dosage, X-rays can cause cancer-
• Ultraviolet rays have a frequency that is only a little higher than visible light.
- Ultra is Latin for “above”- This can cause skin cancer.• Visible light (what we can see) is a very tiny
part of the electromagnetic spectrum.• Things that have a lower frequency and longer
wavelengths than visible light are infrared (heat), microwaves and radio waves
----------------------------------------------------------------
• Normally, light waves are not in step with each other.
- they bump into and interfere with each other.- This is why a single light can light up a room• We have found a way to make the rays stay in
step with each other.- This creates a light with only one wavelength- This is a laser = light amplification by
stimulated emissions of radiation.----------------------------------------------------------------
Light as a particle• In space, light acts like a wave.• When it is absorbed by something, it acts like a
particle• Photon = energy particles of light• Each photon has a specific amount of energy• E = hf- E is the energy of the photon- h is Plank’s constant- f is the frequency of the wave-
• In other words, the higher the frequency of light, the more energy the photons will have.
• EX) – X-rays have higher energy photons than infrared rays do.
- This is why x-rays cause cancer and infrared rays do not.
We can tell what photons of light are absorbed by something by using spectrophotometry.- This is very useful when figuring out what kind
of drugs are on a scene.---------------------------------------------------------------
Refractive Index• When light rays change speed, it will bendEX) quarter in a pool- Light bounces off the quarter, through the water,
and into the air- When it hits the air, it speeds up a lot, and bends- This is why, when you try to pick up a quarter in
a pool, it is not where you think it is.• Refractive index = the velocity of light in a
vacuum (space) divided by the velocity of light through something.
• The refractive index for any substance changes based on its temperature and lighting conditions.
- So in order to do tests, the conditions have to be carefully controlled.
Almost all refractive indices use a wavelength of 589.3 nanometers.- This give us a standard for doing the tests.Anything light passes through has a refractive index.• If it goes from one gas to another, it changes
speed. Same for liquids and solids.
• If you put a solid in a liquid with the same refractive index the solid disappears.
In a crystal, there can be two different refractive indices.- If you turn the crystal, the refractive index changes.- Crystals have a repeating pattern as to how their
atoms are arranged that we can use for identification.
Glass is not a crystal.- Its atoms are arranged in a random fashion.- This is how we can tell the difference between glass
and crystal.
• Knowing if what you are looking at is a crystal or not will change how you figure out the refractive index.
---------------------------------------------------------------Forensic analysis of glass• We look at the composition of the glass, the
glass fragments themselves, the density of the glass, the refractive index, and the glass fractures.
• Density and refractive index are the two most easily done tests and are the most accurate of the tests.
Glass Composition• Glass is made of sand mixed with various
metal oxides as well as other minerals.• Soda (sodium carbonate) is usually mixed with
the sand to lower its melting point and make it easier to work with.
• Lime is added to the mixture to keep it from dissolving in water.
• This soda-lime glass is used in most windows and glass bottles.
•
• This mixture is cooled on top of liquid tin.- This is called “float glass”.• The metal oxides in glass are generally
sodium, calcium, magnesium and aluminum.- Specialized glass (colored glass) uses other
metals.• Heat resistant glass uses boron oxide to keep
it from shattering from heat. (chemistry beakers)
• Tempered glass is made by rapidly heating and cooling the glass so it breaks into “dices”
- These are small, cube pieces that break off.- This is used in the rear and side windows of
cars.• Laminated glass is made by putting a layer of
plastic between two layers of glass.- This makes it very strong and resistant to
cracking.- This is used in the front windshields of cars.
top related