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PROSES
KELOMPOK
Psikologi Sosial II
Pertemuan 5 dan 6
GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL :
THE COSEQUENCES OF BELONGING
GROUPS : A collection of persons who are
perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit
to some degree.
Perceived ENTATIVITY : The extent to which a group is
being perceived as being coherent entity (Campbell,
1958) important because it determined What Makes a
group is (really) a Group.
Exp: People line at a bank (score entativity = 2.40)
People who live in the same neighborhood (4.78)
Sport Team (8,27)
This rating is influenced by: to the degree to which
group members interacted with one another
Type groups usually identified
by their members
Intimacy group (family, relatives)
Task oriented group (committee, work
group)
Weak social relationship or Associations
(RT/RW, Kelompok mancing, dsb).
Groups Function(Roles, Status, Norms, Cohesiveness)
How precisely do groups affect their members ? through mechanism of : Group Roles, Status, Norms & Cohesiveness.
ROLES: Sets of behaviors that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform.
STATUS : Position or rank within a group.
NORMS : Rules within a group indicating how its members should or should not behaves.
COHESIVENESS: All forces (factors) that cause groups members to remain in that groups.
GROUPS AFFECT INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE
(SOCIAL FACILITATION to SOCIAL LOAFING)
Social facilitation: Effects upon
performance resulting from the
presence of others.
Drive theory of social facilitation:
A Theory suggesting that the mere
presence of others is arousing and
increases the tendency to perform
dominant responses.
Performance
is
enhanced
Performance
is
impaired
If dominant responses
are correct in
the present situation
If dominant responses
are incorrect in
the present situation
Enhanced tendency to
perform dominant
responses
Presence of others
(either as an
audience or as
co-actors
Heightened
Arousal
Zajonc’s Drive Theory of
Sosial Facilitation
From Drive to Attentional focusHow does the presence of others influence task performance ?
Evaluation Apprehension: Concern over
being evaluated by others. Such concern
can increase arousal and so contribute to
social facilitation
Distraction-conflict theory: A theory
suggesting that social facilitation stems from
the conflict produced when individuals
attempt, simultaneously, to pay attention to
other persons and to the task being
performed.
Social Loafing(Letting Others Do the Work)
Additive Task: Task for which the group product is the sum or combination of the efforts of individual members.
Social Loafing: Reduction in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively in a group compared to when the work individually or as independent co-actors
Collective effort Model: An explanation of social loafing suggesting that perceived links between individuals effort and their outcomes are weaker when they work together with others in a group. This, in turn, produces tendencies toward social loafing.
Cooperation, Competition &Conflict
Cooperation: Behavior in which groups work together to attain shared goals
Conflict : A process in which individuals or
groups perceive that others have taken or will
soon take actions incompatible with their own interest
Social Dilemmas:
Situation on which each person can increase
his or her individuals gains by acting in one way,
but if all (or most) persons do the same thing,
the outcomes experienced by all are reduced
Factors influencing cooperations(Reciprocity, Personal Orientations & Communication)
Reciprocity :A basic rule of social life suggesting that individuals tend to treat others as these persons have treated them. reciprocal altruism.
Personal orientation : orientation of person toward situation: cooperative, individualistic or competitive orientation ?
Communication; Individuals can use communication to discuss the situation, try to seek best alternative solution through communication.
The Discontinuity Effect : Why Groups are more competitive than Individuals
There is a tendency that group are competitive than individuals, because:
1) People tend to distrust other groups more than other persons
2) Easy to convince people that it is appropriate if a groups was selfish than individuals
3) In individuals setting they are easily identifiable, than if they are in group (anonymity)
Conflict: Its Nature, Causes
and Effects
Conflict
Opposing interest
Between the
two sides
Belief by each side that other
will or has already taken
Actions contrary to their
interest
Recogniton of these
opposing interest
Actions that interfere
With others side’s
interest
Major Causes of Conflict
Faulty attribution errors considering the causes behind other’s behavior
Faulty communication with anger
Bias of Ideology our own group is right, the other is wrong.
Personality traits or characteristic Type A : very competitive
Bargaining (negotiation)
A process in which opposing side exchange offers, counteroffers, and concession, either directly or through representative
Superordinate Goals
Create common goals, Goals that are both sides to a conflict seek and that tie their interest together rather than drive them apart.
Culture & Conflict
Focus on Relation or Outcomes ?
Research finding indicate that individuals
tend to focus more on relational factors in
conflicts within their own cultural or ethnic
group, but more on outcomes in conflict
that occurs across cultural or ethnic
boundaries. These finding have important
implication for efforts to resolve social
conflicts.
Perceived Fairness in Groups
Distributive justice (equity):
refers to individuals judgement about wether they are receiving a fair share of available reawards– a share proportionate to their contributions to the groups ( or to any social relationship)
Procedural Justice :
The fairness of the procedures used to distribute available reawards among group members.
Interactional (interpersonal) justice:
The extent to which persons who distribute reawards explain or justify their decisions and show considerateness and courtesy to those who receive the rawards.
Conflict is LowCouples focus little attention
On perceived unfairness
Conflict is High
Couples focus more attention
On perceived unfairness
Conflict is
Intensified
Decision Making in Group
Decision making:
Processes involved in combing and integrating available information in order to choose one of several possible courses of action
Social Decision Schemes:
Rules relating the initial distribution of member’s views to final group decisions.
Group Polarization:
The tendency of a group members, as a results of group discussion, to shift toward more extreme positions than those they initially held
Groupthink:
The tendency of the members of highly
cohesive groups to assume that their
decisions can’t be wrong, that all members
must support the group’s decision strongly,
and that information contrary to it should be
ignored.
Devil’s advocate technique:
A technique for improving the quality of
group decision in which one group member
is assigned the task of disagreeing with and
criticizing whatever plan or decision is under
consideration
Authentic dissent:
A technique for improving the quality of
group decisions in which one or more group
members actively disagree with the group’s
initial preference without being assigned this
role.
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