protected areas, 2012 · 2013. 9. 24. · roopa krithivasan & mike mascia wwf conservation...

Protected areas, 2012

Protected area Downgrade Downsize Degazette

Global trends in protected area

downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement

(PADDD)

Roopa Krithivasan & Mike Mascia

WWF Conservation Science Program

Enacted PADDD

Proposed PADDD

All PADDD, 1900-present

When?

Enacted PADDD, 1900-2010

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Downgrade

Downsize

Degazette

Total

All PADDD, 2000-2012

Ru

ssia

, 20

12

Tan

zan

ia, 2

01

2

Cam

bo

dia

, 20

13

Bo

tsw

ana,

20

10

Why?

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Industrial Local Consplanning

Other Unknown

Nu

mb

er

of

PAD

DD

eve

nts

proposed

enacted

So what?

Implications for CBD 2020

A Africa Asia LAC

(Mascia et al, in review)

Implications for REDD

(Forrest et al., in prep.)

2000-2010: 2.9 million MgC; $9M - $132M

2010-2100: 89-631 million MgC; $76M - $7.95B

PADDDtracker.org

Conclusions

PADDD widespread but overlooked

Historic & contemporary

PADDD is not “good” or “bad”

Driven by global & local forces

Implications for: • Conservation

• Human well-being

Acknowledgements (I)

Moore Foundation

MacArthur Foundation

BlueRaster

UNEP-WCMC

WWF Staff – Nasser Olwero (WWF-US CSP)

– Charles Huang

– Leo Bottrill

– Surin Suksuwan (Malaysia)

– Kinley Gyeltshen (Bhutan)

– Vijay Moktan (Bhutan)

– Rebecca Ng (Asia)

– Fathi Hanif (Indonesia)

– Yulia Kalashnikova (Russia)

– Leo Bottrill (Asia, E. Africa)

– Shubash Lohani (Asia)

– Jon Miceler (Asia)

– Matthew Lewis (Asia)

– Jonathan Cook (Mekong)

– Nirmal Bhagabati (India)

– Dipankar Ghose (India)

– Vishaish Uppal (India)

– Santosh Nepal (Nepal)

– Andrea Santy (LAC)

– Gina DeFerrari (Belize)

– Adolfo Moreno (Bolivia)

– Paul Siegel (Senegal)

– Chris Weaver (Namibia, Southern Africa)

– Greg Stuart-Hill (Namibia, Southern Africa)

– Nanie Ratsifandrihamanana (Madagascar)

– Neil Burgess (Eastern Africa)

– Lisa Steel (Central Africa, Namibia, Madagascar)

– Allard Blom (Central Africa)

– Robin Naidoo (Namibia)

– Michael Wright (Eastern Africa)

– Caroline Simmonds (Eastern Africa)

– Keya Chatterjee (Morocco)

– Barney Long (Africa)

– Jessica Forrest (Africa)

Acknowledgements (II)

Others Richard Cowling (NMMU, S. Africa) Steven Holness (S. Africa National Parks) John Mason (Nature Conservation

Research Centre, Ghana) Jordan Kimball (USFS, Guinea & Sierra

Leone) Sita Zougouri (Burkina Faso) Art Blundell (West Africa) Delali Dovie (U. of Ghana, Ghana) Julia Baker (Imperial College London,

Uganda) EJ Milner-Gulland (Imperial College

London, Uganda) Natalie Walker (NWF, Brazil) Bruno Monteferri (Peru) Craig Mills (WCMC)

World Resources Institute (WRI)

Peter Veit (Eastern Africa)

Lalanath DeSilva (Sri Lanka)

Augustine Njamnshi (Cameroon)

UNDP

Nik Sekhran (Zambia)

Johan Robinson (Zambia)

Midori Paxton (Namibia)

Linda Baker (Namibia)

Jonathan Smith (Namibia)

Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)

Fiona (Boo) Maisels (Central Africa)

Michelle Wieland (Sudan, Congo, Malawi, DRC)

Industrial scale extraction and production

Cause: Oil & gas

Cause: Mining

Cause: Industrial agriculture

Cause: Infrastructure

Local land claims and land pressures

Cause: Land claims

Cause: Rural settlements

Cause: Subsistence

Can PADDD improve PA management?

Cause: Conservation Planning

USA

, 20

12

Nature Vol 467|16 September 2010

Downgrades

Downsizes

Degazettes

Proposed Downgrades

Proposed Downsizes

Proposed Degazettes

Case study: India

Implications for connectivity

Copyright:© 2009 ESRI

1905

Copyright:© 2009 ESRI

Offset

Offset

Offset

Downsize Downsize

Copyright:© 2009 ESRI

Roads and “Parcels”

• Metrics: Length of roads, Road Density, Number of Parcels/Area, Parcel “edginess” (perimeter:area)

Parcel

Roads

PADDDtracker.org

Use it

Share it

Provide feedback

Collaborate

Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, Dec 26, 2009 (AFP)

“Zimbabwe's main power plant says it needs to dig for new coal reserves under a river inside a national park to keep running.”

• Wilpattu National Park, Sri Lanka, October 2011 (The Sunday Times)

“Wilpattu National Park to cut two 60 foot roads, one close to its unique villu system and the other hugging the coastline.”

“The Cambodian Prime Minister has approved a 9,000ha rubber plantation in Virachey National Park despite its status as a protected area”

Virachay NP, Cambodia, March 2011 (Phnom Penh Post)

Hainan NP, China, April 2010 (The Guardian)

“The golf course is

inside the core

conservation zone,

which is supposed

to be off-limits to

human activity.”

• Venezuela, April 2010 (ParkWire)

“Venezuela is planning to reorganize its national system of protected areas, covering over 50 percent of the territory… Some national parks and reserves will be extended and some others will be reduced”

Funtionality

• browsing – Map view – List view – Country profile – Event profile

• Search

– PADDD type & status – country, – year, – Cause – Etc.

• Add events * • edit existing events * • Discuss events & rate accuracy*

• Download dataset* * member-only

What PADDDtracker will (and will not) do

• The focus of PADDDtracker is on documenting legal changes to PAs that reduce the size or status of a PA.

• PADDDtracker does not document

– Illegal activities

– Upgrades, upsizing, or expansion

– PA management

– Biodiversity

Implications

PADDD not necessarily bad… – Alternate forms of governance may conserve better

(Nepstad, et al.)

– More efficient allocation of conservation resources (Fuller, et al.)

– Address historic injustice

– Balance development needs

In many cases PADDD events likely bad for biodiversity

Conservation tool not working as intended

Conclusions

PADDD widespread but overlooked

Historic & contemporary phenomenon

Driven by global & local forces Conservation impacts unclear Social science for evidence-based policy