protecting public health with zeeweed membranes kilfoil.pdfsan joaquin, ca, usa 36 mgd modesto, ca...

GE Water & Process Technologies

Protecting Public Health with ZeeWeed Membranes

2 /Connelly /

More Communities are Turning to Membrane Technology

Increasing regulatory standardsespecially regardingdisinfectant by-products and waterborne pathogens

Limited and deteriorating supplies require the use of alternative water sources

Growing demand due to population growth

Technological innovation leading todevelopment of low cost, high quality water treatment solutions

Retrofit of old technologyto protect the public from aging or underperforming systems

ZeeWeed Membranes offer cost effective solutions

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Clean, Safe Drinking Water is a Basic Right

Increasingly stringent regulatory requirements to provide pathogen free drinking water 100% of time

Inadequate turbidity removal is directly correlated to increased gastro-intestinal illness. UF provides <0.1 NTU, 99% of time.

Gastro-intestinal Illness

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Membrane Technology Provides the Ultimate Level of SecurityPositive barrier - Parasites are removedby size exclusion (>0.1 um), not inactivation

Superior treated water quality• California Department of Health

Services Testing– > 9 log removal of Giardia– > 9 log removal of

Cryptosporidium– > 2 / 3.5 log removal of MS2 virus

Reliable, non-chemical treatment

Cost effective for small, medium and large communities

Cryptosporidium Parvum (4-7 µm)

Giardia Lamblia (6-16 µm)

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ZeeWeed is the Trusted Membrane PlatformIntroduced in 1993

Immersed hollow fiber membrane configuration

Outside-in mode of operation

PVDF chemistry that is resistant to chlorine, oxidants and wide pH range

Compatible with coagulants/PAC

NSF 61 Certified ultrafilter

Over 1.8 BGD* of treatment capacity makes ZeeWeed the world’s most trusted and experienced immersed membrane platform!

* Installed or under design as of December, 2006

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Membranes are the Key to Superior Drinking Water Quality

Hollow strands of porous plastic fibers with billions of microscopic pores on the surface

The pores are thousands of times smaller in diameter than a human hair

Pores form a physical barrier to impurities but allow pure water to pass

Clean water is drawn to the inside of fiber by a gentle suction

MembraneFiber Membrane

Module

7 ft

3 ft

Electron microscope view of membrane surface

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Ultrafiltration Pathogen Removal

• Parasites are removed by size exclusion (>0.1 µm), not inactivation

• Automated membrane integrity monitoring confirms LRV > 4.0 log (99.99%) on a daily basis Cryptosporidium Parvum (4-7µm)

Giardia Lamblia(10-12 µm)

7 - 15Giardia

3 - 7Cryptosporidium

1 - 4Fecal Coliform

0.03 – 1.0Enteric Viruses

Size Range (mm)Typical Microorganism

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Achievable ZeeWeed Treated Water Quality

100% of the time> 4 logCryptosporidium removal

100% of the time> 2-3.5 logVirus removal

100% of the time> 4 logGiardia removal

95% of the time100% of the time

< 0.1 NTU< 0.3 NTU

Turbidity

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Treated Water Quality Exceeds the World’s Toughest Standards – Current and Future

United States:– CDHS, LT2,

USEPA

United Kingdom: – Drinking Water

Inspector (DWi)

US EPA Turbidity Limit for Drinking Water is 0.15 NTU

Treated water from a ZeeWeed system is <0.1 NTU

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LT2 Key Provisions

Source water monitoring

Additional Cryptosporidium treatment for filtered systems based on source water concentrations

Inactivation of Cryptosporidium for unfiltered systems

Disinfection profiling and benchmarking

Covering of filtered water reservoirs

Criteria for treatment and management options, i.e., “Microbial Toolbox”

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Source Water Cryptosporidium Bins

2.5-log, with at least 1-log from advanced filtration/disinfection

> 34

2-log, with at least 1-log from advanced filtration/disinfection

1 to <33

1-log, using any combination of technologies

0.075 to <12

No Action< 0.0751

Additional treatment beyond conventional

filtration

Average Cryptosporidium

Concentration (per L)

Bin Number

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LT2 Technology Toolbox

>>>XXXUV

XWatershed control program

XPeer Review Program

XXXOzoneXXChlorine Dioxide

XCartridge Filters>>>XXXMembranes (MF, UF, NF, RO)

XRoughing filtersXSlow sand filters

XFilter effluent turbidity <0.15 NTU 95%XXIn-bank filtration

XLime SofteningXPre-settling basin with coagulant

XXOff-stream raw water storage

>2.52.01.00.5Additional Log CreditToolbox Technologies

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LT2 New Plant Example

4.04.0UF

LRV Values

5.04.04.5Total LRV

0.0Residual Disinfection

1.01.5UV

2.5Dual Media Filtration

0.5Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation

UF filtration and UV disinfection

Bin 3 (1 to <3 cysts/L)

5.0 LRV required

UF filtration

Bin 2 (0.75 to <1 cyst/L)

4.0 LRV required

Conventional filtration with UV

Bin 2 (0.75 to <1 cyst/L)

4.0 LRV required

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LT1FBR - <10,000 people, EPA, 1999

Reliable Turbidity Removal

ZeeWeed Plants – 100%

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Smaller FootprintUF is uniquely suited for spatially constrained facility sites

• High tank intensity• Smaller flocculation zones

• Elimination of clarification• Minimization of treatment

chemicals

Minimization or elimination of treatment processes reduces cost

Additional Minimum Footprint of ConventionalPretreatment

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Existing rapid sand filter

4.75 MGD (18,000 m3/d)existing plant

Simple, Cost Effective Media Filter Retrofits

ZeeWeed 1000 Retrofit

17.2 MGD (65,000 m3/d)retrofit

~ 2-3x Capacity Increase in the Existing Footprint !!

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Columbine WTP, Denver, CO

28 MGD (106 MLD) Before 50 MGD (189 MLD) After

Simple, Cost Effective Media Filter Retrofits

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Drinking Water Installations

>30> 10

>255-10

>501 – 5

>60< 1

# of Plants *MGD

*Based on peak flows** Includes all plant under construction or in design as of December 2006

ZeeWeed for Drinking Water

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Proven Solutions for Plants of All Sizes

GE has the proven experience to deliver drinking water plants of any size, from small pre-engineered, quick delivery systems to the world’s largest operating plants.

< 40,000 GPD

> 50 MGD

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Total Installed ZeeWeed Drinking Water Capacity*

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

MG

D (

Cum

ulat

ive)

Installed Plant Capacity Plants in Design or Construction Phase

*Average Day Flow (ADF) As of December 4, 2006

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Total Installed ZeeWeed Capacity*

0200400600800

100012001400160018002000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

MG

D (

Cum

ulat

ive)

Installed Plant Capacity Plants in Design or Construction Phase

*Average Day Flow (ADF). As of December 4, 2006

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Twin Oaks, CA, USA 100 mgdLakeview, ON, Canada 95 mgdFridley, MN, USA – P 90 mgdMoscow, Russia - A 73 mgdChestnut Avenue, Singapore 72 mgdColumbia Hts, MN, USA - N 70 mgdRacine, WI, USA 50 mgdThornton, CO, USA 50 mgdCCK, Singapore 48 mgdClay Lane, UK - N 42.8 mgdKamloops, BC, Canada 42.3 mgdForest Park, PA, USA – USF 40 mgdRoetgen, Germany - N 38 mgdEscombreras, Spain 37 mgdSan Joaquin, CA, USA 36 mgdModesto, CA – USF 36 mgdOlivenhain, CA, USA 34 mgdColiban, Bendigo, AU – USF 33 mgdSweetwater, CA 30 mgdScottsdale, AZ 30 mgdThunder Bay Bare Point 30 mgd

Largest Awarded* DW Installations use ZeeWeed

Lakeview, ON, Canada

Racine, WI, USA

*As of January 2007

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Largest Operating UF/MF for DW use ZeeWeed

Chestnut Avenue, Singapore

Thornton, CO, USA

*As of January 2007, in order of peak daily flow

Chestnut Avenue, Singapore 72 mgd

Columbia Hts., MN, USA - N 70 mgdRacine, WI, USA 50 mgdThornton, CO, USA 50 mgdClay Lane, UK - N 42.8 mgdKamloops, BC, Canada 42.3 mgd

Roetgen, Germany - N 38 mgdSan Joaquin, CA, USA 36 mgdOlivenhain, CA, USA 34 mgdScottsdale AZ 30 mgdColiban Water, Australia - USF 33 mgdAppleton, WI - K 24 mgdKeldgate, UK - N 23.8 mgd

Membranes – The Basics

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What is a membrane?Membranes are engineered thin barriers or films of material that allow certain substances to pass by a size exclusion mechanism related to the size of the pores on the membrane surface

Rejected Matter

Permeate Permeate

Membrane

Permeable Matter

SupportMaterial

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Membranes for Water Treatment

Conventional Pretreatment

0.035 µm

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Membrane Configurations

Spiral wound/tubular: best suited to NF/RO

Hollow fiber: best suited for MF/UF

Sand filtrationSand filtration

MicrofiltrationMicrofiltration

UltrafiltrationUltrafiltration

NanofiltrationNanofiltration

Reverse OsmosisReverse Osmosis

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100mm

Flat plate

Reverse Osmosis

ZeeWeed membrane range

Increasing pressure requirements

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Hollow Fiber Configurations

More difficult to remove solids from confined pressure vessels, tightly packed fibersUse higher pressures as membranes become fouledExpensive pressure vessel required for each unitExtensive interconnecting piping

Inability to see fiber condition and detect a problem

Open tank configuration, loosely packed fibers for easier solids removalLow pressure, vacuum-driven operation Simpler scale-up for larger systems

PressurizedImmersed

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Hollow Fiber Configurations

Prescreening is required

Risk of fiber plugging

Higher cleaning frequency

Harsher cleaning to keep inside of fibers clean

Requires less pretreatment

Less frequent cleaning

Milder cleaning required to keep fiber exterior clean

Inside-Out Outside-In

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ZeeWeed Permeation•The membrane is immersed directly into the water to be treated•Light suction draws water through the membrane pores•Concentrate stream is drained periodically

Treated Water

Membrane

Process pump

Backpulse tank

Backpulse Valves

Permeate discharge

valve

Permeate suction valve

Valve Open

Valve Closed

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ZeeWeed Mode of Operation

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Automatic Backpulse•Permeate flow periodically reversed through the membrane, removing solids from fiber surface•Can backpulse with or without chemicals

Treated Effluent

Valve Closed

Valve Open

Membrane

Process pump

Backpulse tank

BackpulseValves

Permeate discharge

valve

Permeate suction valve

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Periodic Chemical Cleaning

Air

PermeatePump

Feed

C.I.P Cleaning

Cleaning Chemical

Reject

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ZeeWeed Membrane Cleaning

Maintenance clean

Membranes contacted with either 50 - 100 mg/L sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or citric acid at pH 2.2-2.5

Cleaning interval: Daily-Weekly

Duration : Approx. 25 minutes & scheduled through the PLC

Recovery Clean

High strength chemical clean to return membranes back to full efficiency with 500 mg/L NaOCl or 2 g/L citric acid

Initiated when a train reaches maximum TMP (typically 12-13 psig or 83-90 kPa)

Typical frequency: 1-6 months

Typical duration: 6 hours

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Evolution of ZeeWeed

1993 2004

ZW 145 ZW 150 ZW 500a ZW 500c ZW 500dZW 1000 ZW 1000V3

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The ZeeWeed Hollow Fibres

ZeeWeed 500 Large diameter, Extremely strong

ZeeWeed 1000 Small diameter, High packing density

37 /Connelly /

ZeeWeed Family of Immersed Membranes

ZeeWeed 1000 Series

� Surface water direct filtration

� Enhanced coagulation/PAC addition

� Settled water � Fe & Mn removal� Sea water pretreatment to

RO� Secondary effluent� GUDI

ZeeWeed 500 Series

� Enhanced coagulation/PAC addition

� Fe & Mn removal � Conventional plant

residuals concentration� Second stage/high

recovery applications� Membrane bioreactor

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ZeeWeed 500 Membranes

39 /Connelly /

ZeeWeed 500 - The Most Robust Membrane on the Market

Reinforced inner structure ensures a long and trouble free membrane life

ZeeWeed membranes have the highest solids tolerance of any HF membrane system, offering more reliability over the plant’s lifecycle

Produces a high quality water at all timesregardless of water quality change or upset

Does not require pre-clarification thereby reducing capital/operating costs and simplifying the system

Conservative design and the unique operator tools ensure that the system works through any unexpected situation

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ZeeWeed 500: Precise Fiber PlacementHigh solids tolerance• Routine operation in drinking

water up to 5,000 mg/L • Process flexibility

Proven design details• Efficient aeration minimizes

resistance of cake layer• Shell-less design and spacing

between modules and fibers eliminates solids accumulation

• Optimum fiber slack prevents solids build-up Defined spatial

distribution of fibers

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Compact• High packing density

= smaller footprint

Accessible• Easy to remove modules and

cassettes

Simple to Operate• Fewer connections,

valves = higher reliability

Easy to Maintain• Larger building block design with

less equipment and fewer connections

Fully Integrated Cassettes Simplify Plant Design & Operation

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ZeeWeed 1000 – Setting the Standards for High Efficiency MembranesUltrafiltration membrane – high quality

permeate with provides extra public health protection

Extremely compact design – smaller plant footprint reduces capital costs

Operator friendly – streamlined design makes it simple to operate and maintain

Conservative design and the unique operator tools ensure that the system works through any unexpected situation

Open tank operations provide a more robust system and is ideal for large scale plants and retrofits

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ZeeWeed 1000Immersed Membranes for Low Solids Water

• Horizontally vs. vertically oriented fibers

• Easily removable modules

• Easy cassette isolation and removal

• “Bookshelf” cassette configuration

• Ideal solution for retrofitting sand filters and existing tanks

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ZeeWeed 1000 Membranes

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Reduced FootprintComparison for a 50 MGD DW plant

Compare size to

2 football fields

(each 360 ft long)

High Rate

35,000 ft2

Membrane

12,000 ft2

HDT: 10 min

Conventional

120,000 ft2

Filtration

Sedimentation

Flocculation

HDT: 45 min

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ZeeWeed 1000:Virus Rejection

Superior virus removal

Better removal of colloidal particles

Improved protection against emerging pathogens

0.20.10.10.02OthersZeeWeedOthersZeeWeed

MaximumNominalPore Size (microns)

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ZeeWeed 1000: Setting the Industry Standard

Cost effective

Modular platform• 60 or 96 module cassettes• 2 or 3 stack configurations• 8 or 10 in. permeate headers

Suitable for different module areas and water quality and applications• 450 ft2, 500 ft2, and 600 ft2 modules

•Large system configuration typically employed for large drinking water plants

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� Gravity feed, parallel trains, each an independent production unit� Shared ancillaries for backwash, cleaning, integrity monitoring� Above: capacity 60 MGD, total footprint 13,000 ft2

Typical ZeeWeed Plant Layout

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Membranes for Drinking Water Supply

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Drinking Water Treatment OptionsNorth American Distribution

DF

EC

Fe/Mn

Other

EC + Fe/Mn

Settled Water

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Membrane Integrity MonitoringIndirect monitoring:• Turbidity monitoring on each train• Optional particle counting on each train

Direct monitoring: Pressure decay testing• Typically automated offline test• Detects 3 micron leaks (69 kPa test

pressure)• Decay can be correlated to a log removal

value across the membranes (ASTM, LT2ESWTR)

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Treatment Options

UF

Turbidity and Pathogen Removal

Organics Removal

UF

UF

Coagulant

Oxidant

Fe & MnRemoval

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Turbidity Removal –ZeeWeed UF vs. Conventional Treatment

ZeeWeed UF

CostCost

CLARIFIER

DISINFECTION

FILTRATION

PRE-TREATMENT

TWRW

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

UF

TWRW

DISINFECTION

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Feed & Permeate Turbidity

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

100.00

21-Jul 28-Jul 4-Aug 11-Aug 18-Aug 25-Aug 1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep

Turb

idity

(N

TU

)

Raw Permeate

Typical Guarantee: <0.1 NTU 95%

55 /Connelly /

Treatment Options

UF

Turbidity and Pathogen Removal

Organics Removal

UF

UF

Coagulant

Oxidant

Fe & MnRemoval

56 /Connelly /

Organics Removal –ZeeWeed UF vs. Conventional Treatment

CLARIFICATION

FILTRATION

FLOCCULATION

Treated Water

Raw Water

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

ULTRAFILTRATION

FLOCCULATION

FLASH MIX

FLASH MIX

Treated Water

Raw Water

IMMERSED MEMBRANE ULTRAFILTRATION WITH

ENHANCED COAGULATION

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Organics Removal

Color and DOC removal & DBP reduction• Up to 95% color removal

possible• Up to 75% TOC removal

possibleMinimize colloidal and organic

foulingEffective pre-treatment required

• coagulant mixing and dosing• pH control

– minimize membrane fouling

– reduce dissolved metals• PAC if taste and odor control

also required

Pin sized floc sufficient• Lower coagulant dose• Shorter HRT in flocculation tank• Reduced sludge formation

Footprint for a membrane plant is smaller since:• Clarification not required• Lower HRT needed for

flocculation allows for smaller tank

58 /Connelly /

Color Removal Example –Anthony Henday WTP

Mountain View Regional Water - Anthony Henday WTP Raw Water and Permeate Colour

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

31-Dec-02 1-Mar-03 30-Apr-03 29-Jun-03 28-Aug-03 27-Oct-03 26-Dec-03

Date

Col

our (

PC

U)

Raw Water Permeate

Target value per Canadian

guidelines

59 /Connelly /

Feed and Permeate TOC

50.0606.21.73.4January 7, 2004

58.1606.21.553.7December 17, 2003

23.3306.82.33December 4, 2003

TOC Removal

%

CoagulantDosemg/L

pH Set Point

PermeateTOCmg/L

Raw WaterTOCmg/L

Typical removal rates:

30-70% TOC removal & up to 95% color removal

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Treatment Options

UF

Turbidity and Pathogen Removal

Organics Removal

UF

UF

Coagulant

Oxidant

Fe & MnRemoval

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Iron and Manganese Removal

Air

PermeatePump

Reject

Contact Chamber(optional)

Flash Mixer

Mn 2+

Fe2+

ClO2, HOCl,KMnO4

Feed

pH Adjustment(optional)

Air

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0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

26-Mar 31-Mar 5-Apr 10-Apr 15-Apr 20-Apr 25-Apr 30-Apr 5-May

Tot

al M

anga

nese

(m

g/L)

Raw Water Permeate

Removal Objective: 0.03 mg/L

Manganese Removal – Seekonk WTP

63 /Connelly /

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

26-Mar 31-Mar 5-Apr 10-Apr 15-Apr 20-Apr 25-Apr 30-Apr 5-May

Tot

al I

ron

(mg/

L)

Raw Water Permeate

Removal Objective: 0.1 mg/L

Iron Removal – Seekonk WTP

Drinking Water Installations

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Rothesay Water Treatment Plant

ZeeWeed 500 for the removal of Iron and ManganeseLocation: Rothesay, New Brunswick, Canada

Peak Capacity: 600,000 gpd (2,300 m3/d)

Commissioned: June 1996

< 1> 10Coliform(cfu/100mL)

< 0.055Mn (mg/L)

< 0.10.5Fe (mg/L)

Treated Water Quality

Raw Water

Quality

66 /Connelly /

Collingwood Water Treatment Plant

Emergency treatment required after suspected Cryptosporidium outbreak

Location: Collingwood, Ontario, Canada

Peak Capacity: 8.6 MGD (32,500 m3/d)

Commissioned: December 1998

> 4 log removal

N/AGiardia

> 4 log removal

N/ACryptosporidium

< 0.0520Turbidity (NTU)

Treated Water Quality

Raw Water

Quality

67 /Connelly /

Olivenhain, CA

Large Capacity plant on a smallfootprint

Peak capacity: 130,000 m3/dStartup: May 2002

Removal > 4 logN/AGiardia

Removal > 4 logN/ACryptosporidium

< 0.12Turbidity (NTU)

Treated waterRawwater

68 /Connelly /

Kamloops Treatment Plant

ZeeWeed 500d for the treatment of a declining raw water sourceLocation: Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada

Capacity: 42.3 MGD (160,000 m3/d)

Commissioned: November 2004

< 0.1Avg. 5

Max. 510

Turbidity (NTU)

> 4 log removal

N/AGiardia

> 4 log removal

N/ACryptosporidium

Treated Water Quality

Raw Water Quality

69 /Connelly /

Chestnut Avenue Water Works

Largest UF based drinking water plant in the worldLocation: Chestnut, Singapore

Peak Capacity: 72 MGD (273,000 m3/d)

Commissioned: December 2003

< 0.45.4Turbidity (NTU)

< 0.050.1Aluminium(mg/L)

< 522Color (HU)

Treated Water Quality

Raw Water Quality

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Lakeview Water Treatment Plant

When commissioned, will be the largest UF drinking water plant in the world Location: Mississauga, Ontario, Canada

Peak Capacity: 96 MGD (363,000 m3/d)

Commissioning: June 2006

< 0.15Turbidity (NTU)

> 4 log removal

N/AGiardia

> 4 log removal

N/ACryptosporidium

Treated Water Quality

Raw Water Quality

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Burloak Water Purification PlantZeeWeed 1000 system expandable in four phases

Location: Oakville, Ontario, Canada

Peak Capacity: 58 MGD (220,000 m3/d)

Commissioning: Summer 2007

40 to 70% Removal

4DOC (mg/l)

> 4 log removalN/AGiardia

> 4 log removalN/ACryptosporidium

< 0.05<2Turbidity (NTU)

Treated Water Quality

Raw Water Quality

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Hamlet of Smith Water Treatment Plant

Emergency treatment required after suspected Cryptosporidium outbreak Location: Hamlet of Smith, Alberta, Canada

Peak Capacity: 0.19 MGD (8.5 l/s)Commissioned: June 2003

50-60% Removal

3 – 3.7 mg/l

TOC

> 4 log removal

N/AGiardia

> 4 log removal

N/ACryptosporidium

Treated Water Quality

Raw Water Quality

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Sudbury Treatment Plant

ZeeWeed 1000 system with a ZeeWeed 500 second stage for 99% plant recovery

Location: Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

Peak Capacity: 13 MGD (49,400 m3/d)

Commissioned: May 2004

> 4 log removal

N/AGiardia

> 4 log removal

N/ACryptosporidium

Treated Water Quality

Raw Water Quality

74 /Connelly /

Drinking Water Retrofit Installations

ZW 100014,990Aug 06Southampton WTPMar 04

Aug 04Feb 01Feb 04Jul 04Jun 05Jul 05Oct 00Nov 01Feb 05

Ph1: Feb 02

Ph2: Nov 02

Operational

ZW 100014,990Saugeen Shores, ON, Canada

ZW 100010,200Osan Air Base, KoreaZW 10001,200Marmagen, GermanyZW 100025,000Draper, UT, USAZW 100035,960Duck River, TN, USA

ZW 5004,500Picture Butte, AB, Canada

ZW 500 / RO136,260Thornton, CO, USA

ZW 500

ZW 500

ZW 1000

ZW 500

Membrane

9,463Cold Lake, AB, Canada

4,100Fenelon Falls, ON, Canada

Ph1: 11,000

Ph2: 21,200

Anthony Henday, AB, Canada

14St Saviours, Guernsey, UK

Size (m3/d)Location

75 /Connelly /

Anthony HendayMembrane Cassette Layout

76 /Connelly /

Cold Lake Water Treatment Plant

Retrofit of existing media filters doubles plant capacity in the same plant footprintLocation: Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada

Peak Capacity: 22-33 MLD

Commissioned: April 2005

< 202,000-6,000Particle Counts (counts/mL)

< 0.050.2-1.0Turbidity (NTU)

Treated Water Quality

Raw Water Quality

77 /Connelly /

WaterPro Water Treatment PlantDraper, UT, United States

• The configuration of the ZeeWeed 1000 modular cassettes provided the best fit into the plant’s existing granular filter media basins

• Expanded treatment capacity from 2.8 MGD to 6.0 MGD

• Compact footprint, high quality water, resistance to turbidity and cost were the main factors for the selection

Before

After