protestant reformation protestant reformation. “reformers“, known as protestants- objected to...

PROTESTANT REFORMATION

“Reformers“, known as Protestants- objected to ("protested") the doctrines, rituals, leadership and structure of the Roman Catholic Church

Effort to “reform” (change) the Catholic Church Led to the creation of new Protestant churches

What was the Reformation?

MANY REASONS INCLUDING:*RENAISSANCE*NATIONALISM*CHURCH ISSUES*INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS*BLACK DEATH (BUBONIC PLAGUE)

Reasons For Reformation

*Paying Taxes that went to Rome*Church involved in too many non-religious matters*Church Officials leading life of luxury{elaborate palaces, extravagant clothing, etc…}*Priests acting immoral – womanizing, drinking*Some Priests lacking education*Selling of Indulgences

UNHAPPY WITH CHURCH

WARTBURG CASTLE

*Luther taken to WARTBURG CASTLE by Frederick III of Saxony for his own protection

*While there Luther translated the New Testament into German

*His translation of the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible – especially with the invention of the printing press

LUTHERANISM

*LUTHER eventually returned to Wittenberg

*His ideas spread and he gained many followers

*He would start a new church – Christian but not Catholic – Lutheran

*Helped the development of a standard version of the German language *Influenced the writing of an English translation of the Bible *His hymns influenced the development of singing in churches

*His marriage set a model for the practice of allowing Protestant priests to marry

Others followed Luther and established their own religions

They became known as Protestants – Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches

Examples: Anglican, Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian, Wesleyan

CALVINISM

*Another influential reformer, a Frenchman who wanted to reform the Church

*1530 – Breaks away from the Catholic Church*1536 – flees to Switzerland*1541 – Protestants in Geneva ask Calvin to become their religious leader

*PREDESTINATION - belief that God appointed the eternal destiny of some to salvation by grace, while leaving the remainder to receive eternal damnation for all their sins

Calvin believed the ideal government was a Theocracy rule by religious leader

When Protestants began being persecuted he fled to France

In 1541 protestants in Geneva, Switzerland asked Calvin to lead their city

There he ran a strict society of highly moral citizens

King Henry VIII of England Political struggle between

Henry VIII and the Pope Similar to Roman Catholic

church except the King of England is the leader of the church , not the pope.

Priests can marry in the Anglican church

The Anglican Church

England- John WycliffeCzech- Jan HusNetherlands- Desiderius Erasmus

Switzerland- Ulrich ZwingliScotland- John Know

Other Protestant Reformers

CATHOLIC REFORMATION

*Response to the Protestant Reformation – in order to stop the spread of Protestantism, the Catholic church began their own counter reformation

*Council of Trent – meeting of Cardinals to reform the Catholic

Changes made to the church at the Council of Trent:• Banned the selling of indulgences• Church’s interpretation of Bible

was final• Drew up the Index - Made up a list

of prohibited books• Christians needed faith and good

works for salvation

Goal – keep Catholics from converting to protestant churches

EFFECTS of REFORMATION

*ENDED CHRISTIAN UNITY OF EUROPE

*RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS

*MONARCHS/NATIONS GAINED POWER

*OVERALL STRENGTH OF CATHOLIC CHURCH DECLINED

*PROGRESS IN EDUCATION & LITERACY

*MANY JEWS FLED TO EASTERN EUROPE