public management quantitative method in hrm monday, october 05, 2015 hun myoung park, ph.d. public...
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Public Management
Quantitative Method in HRM Wednesday, April 19, 2023
Hun Myoung Park, Ph.D.
Public Management & Policy Analysis ProgramGraduate School of International Relations
2
Histogram for Variables
3
Summary Statistics
Central tendencyMean (average)Median Mode
DispersionVariance Standard deviation 1st Quantile, 2nd Quantile (Median), 3rd
Quantile
4
Histogram and Box Plot 1
5
Histogram and Box Plot
6
7
8
Public versus Private 1
Park and Perry (2013)Analyze General Social Survey data Public employees in government and for-
profit organizations are alike in many respects
Nonprofit organizations (e.g., welfare, health, education) are growing and have employees whose characteristics are different from government employees.
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Public versus Private 2
10
Public versus Private 3
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Public versus Private 4
Exit, Voice, Loyalty, Neglect 1
• Based on Hirscheman (1970) and Farrell (1983)
• Classify employees’ status into four groups and analyze its transition
• Here Markov chain is employed for five statuses (i.e., loyalty, voice, neglect, exit, and lay off) even though some assumptions may be violated.
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Markov Chain Diagram 1
Loyalty
Lay-off
NeglectVoice
.25 .25
.10.15
.05
.40 .45 .55
1.0
.05
Exit
1.0
.20
.10 .15
.10
.20
Exit, Voice, Loyalty, Neglect 2
• Loyalty is to stick with the firm before reacting to the problem
• Voice is any attempt to change rather than to escape from an objectionable state
• Neglect is to lax, disregardful, and inattentive behavior (e.g., absenteeism, lateness, low commitment)
• Exit is to quit or leave the job (turnover) • Lay-off is kicked out of the organization
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Exit, Voice, Loyalty, Neglect 3
• Suppose that the average number of employees in loyalty is 100
• 300 in voice, 600 in neglect
• The cost of loyalty is $0 per employee per year, $10K for voice, and $50K for neglect
• Ignore the cost of exit (turnover)
• Then what is the total cost that the organization has to pay?
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Transition Matrix
Q and R matrices
Fundamental Matrix
• Period during which an employee will stay in non-absorbing state before being absorbed in one of two absorbing states
Calculating the Total Cost
• Cost of voice: $10M = (1.04*100 + 2.13*300 + .47*600) * 10K
• Cost of neglect: $101M = (1.36*100 + 1.26*300 + 2.50*600) * 50K
• Total cost: $111M = $10M + $101M
Absorption Probability Matrix
• Probabilities that an employee in each state will exit or being laid off (absorbing states) eventually.
Impact of New Leadership
• What if a new democratic leadership change the organization?
• How does transition matrix (employees’ status) look like?
• What are the portion of loyalty, voice, and neglect?
• What is the total cost that the organization have to pay?
• Does the new leadership work?
Markov Chain Diagram 2
Loyalty
Lay-off
NeglectVoice
.25 .05
.05.15
.02
.60 .50 .20
1.0
.30
Exit
1.0
.05
.08 .10
.30
.10
.25
Calculating the Total Cost
• Cost of voice: $28M = (2.68*100 + 3.84*300 + 2.28*600) * 10K
• Cost of neglect: $56M = (.47*100 +.44*300 + 1.56*600) * 50K
• Total cost: $84M = $28M + $56M
• Impact of the new leadership: $27M = $111M - $84M
• Voice is costly but productive!
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