publicly funded agricultural biotechnology research
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Randy WoodsonAssociate Dean and Director
Publicly Funded Publicly Funded Agricultural Agricultural Biotechnology Biotechnology ResearchResearch
Challenges in bringing Ag Biotech to marketChallenges in bringing Ag Biotech to market
• Cost of regulatory approval• Market valuation (minor crops; niche markets)• Public funding of agricultural research• Access to IP• Sharing of information• Changing research university agenda
Cost of RegulationsCost of Regulations• Challenge
– $10 to $100MM (or greater) to bring single product to market– Limits this to the private sector and to high value, high
impact Ag products• Approach
– University-industry (private and not-for-profit) partnerships– Public funding of Ag biotech research– IR-4 organization to develop data for biotech applications in
the “public good”
Market Value and Ag BiotechMarket Value and Ag Biotech• Challenges
– Commercial focus is on commodities and market share– Niche market, minor crops and developing country
opportunities can be ignored in this environment– Fragmented industry tends to limit influence (strawberry
growers vs. soybean growers)– IP ownership (enabling technologies) can limit use of biotech
traits– Limited industry and public support
Missed Opportunities in Ag BiotechnologyMissed Opportunities in Ag Biotechnology
• Low-value crops Low-value crops • Low value traits – human nutritional amplificationLow value traits – human nutritional amplification• Public sector (university) breedersPublic sector (university) breeders• Developing country agricultureDeveloping country agriculture
IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATIONTECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
(genes)(genes)
ENABLINGENABLINGTECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
GERMPLASMGERMPLASM
All major ag-biotechnology companies have assembledAll major ag-biotechnology companies have assembledtechnology platforms through mergers and strategic cross-licensingtechnology platforms through mergers and strategic cross-licensing
Integrated Technology Platform is RequiredIntegrated Technology Platform is Required
Can Public Research Organizations Can Public Research Organizations Take a Similar Approach?Take a Similar Approach?
• IP management strategies (PIPRA) – IP pooling– Sharing licensing information– Educating research scientists– Non-exclusive licensing
QuestionsQuestions• What is the total existing stock of IP covering
agricultural biotechnologies?• Who holds that agbiotech IP?
– What proportion is held by public sector institutions?• What characterizes public sector agbiotech IP?
– Supply side: how to move the public inventory?– Demand side: can public sector meet user needs?
Growth in Ag Biotech PatentsGrowth in Ag Biotech Patents
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99
PrivateAcademic/Government
Source: Graff et al., 2003
Second Tier (51 organizations with
more than 40 patents each)
30%
Top Tier (5 organizations)
29%Third Tier
(1470 organizationswith fewer than 40
patents each)
41%
DupontMonsantoSyngentaAventisDow
Source: Aurigin Systems
Concentration of ownership of agbio patentsConcentration of ownership of agbio patents
Number of IP documents Number of IP documents worldwide: US, EU, JP, WOworldwide: US, EU, JP, WO
Source: Graff et al., 2003
Largest public sector agbiotech IP holders: Largest public sector agbiotech IP holders: Second tier (>40 documents each) Second tier (>40 documents each)
• University of CaliforniaUniversity of California• Cornell UniversityCornell University• USDA-ARSUSDA-ARS• Rutgers UniversityRutgers University• Massachusetts General Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital • University of FloridaUniversity of Florida• Salk InstituteSalk Institute • North Carolina State UniversityNorth Carolina State University• University of WisconsinUniversity of Wisconsin• Purdue UniversityPurdue University• Washington State UniversityWashington State University• Michigan State UniversityMichigan State University• Iowa State UniversityIowa State University
• Max Plank Gesellschaft Max Plank Gesellschaft (Germany)
• Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, & Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, & Fisheries Fisheries (Japan)
• CSIRO CSIRO (Australia)
• Institut National de la Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Agronomique (France)
• Institut fur Genbiologische Forschung Institut fur Genbiologische Forschung Berlin Berlin (Germany)
• Plant Bioscience Ltd Plant Bioscience Ltd (UK)
• Ministry of Agriculture and Agri-Ministry of Agriculture and Agri-food food (Canada)
Trait analysis:Trait analysis:environmental stress resistanceenvironmental stress resistance
TTeecchhnnoollooggyy PPuubblliicc PPrriivvaatteeCommon enabling technologies for stress 1 7General stress resistance(methods, genes, proteins, plants) 9 10
Stress induced promoters 5 5
Temperature and dehydration resistance 16 10
Metal, salt, pH resistance 12 9
What characterizes public sector What characterizes public sector agbiotech IP?agbiotech IP?
• Broad variety of technologiesBroad variety of technologies– Enabling technologies (“engineering tools”)– Trait technologies (the “software”)– Germplasm (the “hardware”)– Agronomic complements (“accessories”)
• Highly scatteredHighly scattered– Across technology systems– Across institutions
Public Funding of Ag ResearchPublic Funding of Ag Research• Public Ag research funding is down• Increased support for Genomics
– Focus is on major crops, animals and pests• Support for Biotechnology Risk Assessment
– Helps to establish production quidelines such as refugia for pest-resistance management
• Need for IR-4 type system for regulatory data– Provides public funding to support the registration package
for minor-use pesticides
Access to IPAccess to IP• Exchange of information and material is more
tightly controlled through MTA, even between academic scientists
• Academic Scientists often seek industry support and/or collaborations to gain access to IP, technology and to bring products to market– This can “tie up” discoveries by first rights of refusal
agreements and publication limitations
The Transition of the Public Research The Transition of the Public Research UniversityUniversity
Uplifting the Masses Creators of Knowledge Economic Development
State funding of public universities often tied to economic development agendas and promote partnerships with the private sector.
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