purpose of this seminar???? · calculate the molad of tishri for a particular year. determine what...

Purpose of this seminar????

First Crescent Calendar

Conjunction Calendar

Traditional C.O.G. Calendar

A system for fixing the of the civil year,arranging days and longer divisions of time (such as weeks and months) beginning, length, and divisionsin a definite order.

SolarLunarLuni-solar

1.

Daily

2.

Weekly

3.

Monthly

Or 365 days, 48 minutes, 46 seconds

One revolution of the earth around the sun equals one year,

Movement of the eartharound the sun,

Solar year exceeds the lunar year by 11 days

One revolutionof the moon around the earth

equals one month.

Movement of the moon around the earth

Movementof the Moon

around the Earth

And the eartharound the sun

and the year according to the sun

The months reckonedaccording to the moon,

365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46 seconds for the earth to go around the sun,

Gregorian calendar

which is an extra 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds every year.

How it is corrected so that the seasons don't move

out of position??

Leap Years!!!

The moon can be 100 percent full as little as 13.8 days after the conjunction to as much as 15.8 days after the conjunction.

Basic Orbit

Actual Orbit

Solar Eclipse

Lunar Eclipse

To keep the Jews together

The rabbinical rules used to verify the accuracy of the witnesses witnessing the first crescent

Was it created?

Did it come from?

…does it work?

Calculate the molad of Tishri for a particular year.

Determine what day of the week Tishri 1 will fall; Monday, Tues., etc.

Count backwards to find the first day of UB.

Intercalation

Apply Postponements

the Molad of Tishri, for a particular year.

What in the world is a

Molad????

The average time from one conjunction to the next, is 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 33 1/3 seconds (or 793 parts (halakim);The molad is a mathematical average of theconjunctions, no more and no less.

What’s this “parts” stuff???instead of minutes and seconds,

The hour was divided into 1080 parts, with each part corresponding to 3 1/3 seconds,

and each part was divided into 76 moments.

The 12 months of the Calculated Jewish calendar

7. Tishri, Ethanim8. Marheshvan, Bul9. Kislev10. Tebeth11. Shebet12. Adar13. Adar II

1. Tammuz2. Nisan,

Abib3. Ab, Av4. Elul, Ellul5. Iyar, Ziv6. Sivan

A Normal Hebrew year is 3 354 days long.

Under the rules, it is also possible for the yearto have only 353 days,called a Defective year,or 355 days called an Excessive year.

Calculate the molad of Tishri for a particular year.

Determine what day of the week Tishri 1 will fall. Monday, Tues., etc

What day of the week Tishri 1 will fall. Monday, Tues., etc

To prevent the Day of Atonement (Tishri 10) from falling on a Friday or a Sunday, or the 7th day of Tabernacles from falling on a Saturday,

XXX

Sunday,

Tishri 1 can never fall

on a….

Tishri 10Atonement

Tabernacles1 2 3 4 5 6 7

XTishri 1,

Trumpets

X

Sunday,

Tishri 1 can never fall

on a….

Wednesday,

Tishri 10Atonement

X

Tishri 1

TrumpetsX

Sunday,

Tishri 1 can never fall

on a….

Wednesday,or Friday

Tishri 10AtonementX

Tishri 1

TrumpetsX

XX XX

If the molad is at noon or later, Tishri 1 is delayed by one day .

or, unless postponement 1 kicks in, two days

Because of the mentioned limits on the number of days in the year, we need another two postponements.

If the molad in an “ordinary”(not leap) year falls on the third day, (Tuesday), at

9 hours, 204 parts, that is 3:11 am and 20 seconds,.

Tishri 1 is put off two days because...

A postponement to Wednesday is not permitted, (as in (1)), so then it is deferred to Thursday. The object is as follows, If the molad of Tishri occurs at that hour, the year would beone day too long.

X

When the molad of Tishri, following immediately after a leap year,occurs on the second day, (Monday) at 15 hours, 589 parts,which means Monday, 9:32 am and 43 1/3 seconds.If the reckoning is made backward by subtracting the 13 moladot, the Tishri of the preceding year would have had its molad on Tuesdayat 12 noon. Having occurred at that time, Tishri 1 of the previous yearWould have been on Thursday since Tuesday’s molad was ”zaken”and two days deferment must take place as Wednesday is impermissible. If Tishri 1 then commenced on Thursday in the previousyear, that year would have consisted of 382 days only which is too short for a leap year. By deferring Tishri 1 of the current year fromMonday to Tuesday, the year, retroactively, lasts for 383 days, whichIs the minimal leap year. leap years are 383, 384, 385 days

When, in a common year succeeding a leap year, the molad Tishri occurs on Monday morning, 589 parts after 9 am,

it is postponed to the nextday. This prevents the previous year from being too short.

Calculate the molad of Tishri for a particular year.

Determine what day of the week Tishri 1 will fall. Monday, Tues., etc.

Count backwards to find the first day of UB.

Apply Postponements

Intercalation

And count forward to find Atonement, and Tabernacles.

Count backwards tofind the 1st day of U.B.

“leap” years are added to 7 years of the19 years in a metonic cycle (19 year time cycle).

They are added to years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, 19.

Calculate the molad of Tishri for a particular year.

Determine what day of the week Tishri 1 will fall. Monday, Tues., etc

Count backward to find the first day of UB, andforward for Atonement and Tabernacles.

Intercalation

Apply Postponements

Lets review:

Any Questions?? on to the next calendar…

and is thus invisible.

The conjunction of the moon with thesun is the point in time at which themoon is directly between the the earth and the sun (but not on the same plane)

The Earth is orbiting the sun in an elliptical orbit and the moon is also orbiting the earth in an elliptical orbit that is not in the same plane as the Earth-Sun system.

How to start the new monthHow to start the new month

--Decisions need to be made as to how to apply the conjunction.

like postponement rule number 2—

“Entirely for an astronomical reason, if the moladis at noon or later, Tishri 1 is delayed by one day…”

6am 6am6pm 6pm 6am 6pm

1. If the conjunction occurs anytime on a given day, the next sundown is the first day of the month.

X x

If the conjunction occurs before that time, the given day is the first day of the month;

But if the conjunction occurs after the given time, the next day is the first day of the month.

Or…Or… 2. Pick a certain time during any given day…

6am 6am6pm 6pm 6am 6pmX6am

6am6pm 6pm 6am 6pm

X

How to start the new yearHow to start the new year

1. Use of equinox.

2. Use of the Abib.

Most people who keepthis calendar use this method

A. Start the year with the conjunction closest to the spring equinox, but where the “spring” holy days fall after the equinox.

Equinox:First day of spring

Passover

Conjunction

Full moon1st UB

Passover

EquinoxEquinox

B. Or pick the first conjunction after the spring equinox.

Equinox:First day of spring

Passover

Conjunction

Full moon 1st UBPassover

When using the equinox method, intercalation happens automatically, and a decision for when to add the extra month is not necessary.

The use of the equinox method results in a luni-solar calendar.

Using the Abib method keeps this calendar a lunar calendar. *

To be explained in the First Crescent Calendarwhere this method is more commonly used

How to start the new month1. Conjunction today, first day tomorrow

2. Conjunction before “6am”, first day today, after 6am, first day tomorrow

How to start the new year1. Use of equinox.

2. Use of the Abib.

Any Questions?????

The month begins when you see the first visible crescent.

The moon’s movement around the earth.

The visible light that we see is reflected light from the sun

off the moon.The first crescent can be visible, as early as16 –20 hours after the conjunction, or about 1% illumination.

The moon will only be 16 hours old, and will most likely not be seen by the Karaite Jews in Jerusalem…. However,

If the conjunction occurs at 2am Jerusalem time,

and their sundown is at 6pm,

…the people in the USA, are 7 – 10 hours after Jerusalem time, therefore the Moon will be 23 –26 hours old, and will mostlikely be visible.

Jerusalem

A decision needs to be made about whether you are to observe

the crescent locally

or a fixed point, like Jerusalem.

1. Use of Equinox.

2. Use of the Abib.Most people who keep this calendar use this method

Intercalation happens automatically, and a decision for when to add the extra month is not necessary.

Or pick the first new moon after the spring equinox.

The use of the equinox results in a luni-solar calendar.

Start the year with the new moon closest to the spring equinox, where the spring holy days fall after the equinox

One of the names for the first monthof the year in the Hebrew calendar.

What is Abib?What is Abib?

It is not just the name of the

month,but an agricultural

event.

It is the occurrence of the abibthat determines the first month of the year

One of the chief early spring grains wasbarley. And ripe barley was used in the Omer ceremony during the days of Unleavened Bread. So we can’t start the New Year until we have ripe barley. Therefore, in the end of the 12th month, we will look for the signs of spring, one of which is barley that will be ripe for the Omer.

Abib indicates a stage in the development of the barley crops.

The Karaite Jews in Israel

go out and observe the barley

to see if it is abib or ripe

The congregation of Yahweh in Arizona, which

has a climate similar to Jerusalem, grows and

cultivates barley for the specific purpose of

declaring the abib.

Because barley is not a common spring crop throughout the world, when it is used as a spring crop in many places other than the Middle East, it may have a significantly different harvest time.

A decision needs to be made

Do you use the Jerusalem harvest

or local???

7. Tishri, Ethanim8. Marheshvan, Bul9. Kislev10. Tebeth11. Shebet12. Adar

If ripe barley isn’t found, then we intercalate a month.

The name of this month is Adar 2 And would be the 13th month.

13. Adar II

1. Tammuz2. Nisan, Abib3. Ab, Av4. Elul, Ellul5. Iyar, Ziv6. Sivan

.

We will know that …

It’s the last day of Adar,or Adar 2.

We see that the barley is abib.

And then when we see the first crescent;

It’s a new month,It’s a new day,

It’s a new year!!!It’s a new year!!!

First Crescent CalendarConjunction Calendar

Traditional C.O.G. Calendar

You have completedDon and Peggy’s

School of Calendar Basics

Thanks to Jim Rudd for his bookThe Calculated Jewish CalendarAnd his patient answers to my Emails full of questions.

Also to Brian ConveryFor pictures and His paper,The Abib Expedition

And to Steve BrunsFor providing severalresources such as Encyclopedia JudaeicaAnd other study papers.

And to Steve BrunsFor providing severalresources such as Encyclopedia JudaeicaAnd other study papers.

This presentationProduced by Don and Peggy Wales,COG, Berean FellowshipAutumn 2002

Jim Rudd’s bookThe Calculated JewishCalendar is available By request at:

www.thinkGod.org

Join us on line, live, and participate in the discussion every week at

Church of God Berean Fellowship

www.thinkGod.org

.