quarks three families standard - theory iii ii i

STRONG FORCES

QUANTUM CHROMODYNA

MICS

bsd

tcu

NATURE: 6 QUARKS

quarks

three families

I

Standard - Theory

III

II

I

THREE FAMILIES

LEPTONS+

QUARKS

quarks only 45% of total momentum !

momentum

s s

s

electromagnetic decay neutral pion

triangle diagram - good agreement with experiment

0

factor 9 too small in decay rate

0

Electron-positron-annihilation Electron – positron - annihilation

3/2)3/1()3/1()3/2( 222 R

20

proton

quark model

23

color factor 3 in amplitude => experiment

0

23/23

))3/1()3/1()3/2((3 222

R

25

exact symmetry

SU(3)

lkiikl qqqbaryon

)( bbggrr qqqqqqmeson

color singlets

three dimensions

three colors

three families???????????????

Johannes Paul II

1985vatikan

QCDFritzsch / Gell-Mann

1972

8 massless gauge bosons

gluons

electrodynamics

q q

gluon

chromodynamics

Q E D

35

q

q

qq

q

QCD

g g

gluons: 55% of total momentum !

gluons

FFqmieAiqL

4

1)(

aa

a

a

GGqmAigiqL4

1)

2(

e

137

1

4

2

e

quark

QCDgluon

4

2gs

cbabc

aaa AAgfAAG

aa

a

a

GGqmAigiqL4

1)

2(

2)( cbabc AAgf

46

222 /ln/2 QbQ os

fnb3

2110

MeV3835213

2

2

2

ln

4.1)(

QQs

0007.01184.0 Zs M

today:

q q

rkr

rrV s

)(

3

4)(

2/),( cquarksgluonsEM p

MeVconstM c _860.

elmssdduup cmcmcmccM

60

61

Feynman

e(-)e(+)

Elektron

Positron

Quark Antiquark

Meson Meson

e(-)e(+)

66

DESY - Hamburg

68

antibaryonqqq

baryonqqq

mesonqq

)(

)(

)(

...1)()(

...1)33()33(

33

33

qqqq

cuucge ..

RHIC

LHC

Large Hadron Collider LHC

Alice -Detektor

quark – gluon plasma

Big bang

electromagnetic interaction

Van-der-Waals force

atoms

molecules

strong interaction

nuclear force

mesons baryons

atomic nuclei