question of the day feb 28 a farmer’s use of the best livestock for breeding is called a. natural...

Question of the DAY Feb 28 A farmer’s use of the best livestock for

breeding is called A. natural selection B. artificial selection C. fitness D. common descent E. extinction

DO NOW Feb 28 Complete the timeline activity.

Arrange the events you have received with the correct time in the evolutionary history of Earth

Refer to the handout for directions.

DO NOW TIMELINE Mankind – 1.8 million years to present Extinction of Dinosaurs – 78 million years ago First Primates – 90 million years ago First Birds – 150 million years ago First Mammals – 250 to 200 million years ago First Dinosaurs – 250 to 200 million years ago First Upright Growing Trees – 320 million years ago First Vascular Land Plants – 430 millions years ago First Fish – 500 to 490 million years ago (Cambrian

Explosion)

Evolutionary Timeline

AGENDA Feb 28 BIG Question: What patterns did Darwin

observe among organisms of the Galapagos Islands?

1. Question and DO NOW 2. Trimester 2 Exams 3. Chapter 15 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 4. Review and Homework

Timeline Activity T2 Project – DUE TUESDAY MARCH 4

Chapter 15Darwin’s Theory of

Evolution

Question of the DAY Mar 3 What two factors were most important to

sustaining the first life on the surface of Earth?

A. Sunlight and oxygen B. Carbon dioxide and oxygen C. Sunlight and carbon dioxide D. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide

AGENDA Mar 3 BIG Question: What patterns did Darwin

observe among organisms of the Galapagos Islands?

1. Question and DO NOW 2. Trimester 2 Exams

Trimester 2 Ends on Friday Mar 7 3. Chapter 15 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 4. Review and Homework

Timeline Activity – Due Tues Mar 4 HONORS T2 Project – DUE TUES MAR 4

15-1: Puzzle of Life’s Diversity evolution: process by

which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

What is a theory? Well supported

testable explanation of phenomena occurring in the natural world

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

set sail on HMS Beagle for a cruise around the world

collected animal and plant specimens Evidence explained how life

changes over time

How many species of life ever to live are now extinct?

of all species that have ever lived, 99.9 percent are now extinct

Darwin’s Observations Darwin collected plant and animal specimens at every stop.

How many species are currently on the planet? Approximately 10 million species have been identified Research suggests that 80% of total species remain undiscovered

Used his curiosity and analytical nature to develop a scientific explanation of life

Most plants and animals well suited to life in the environments they were observed living in.

Dissimilar plants/animals observed living in very similar environments. Argentina and Australia Similar grassland ecosystems Why were the organisms living there very different?

The Fossil Record Fossils are preserved remains

of ancient organisms

most fossils are found in sedimentary rock: formed when exposure to rain, heat, and cold breaks down existing rocks into small particles

pressure of the layers turn them into rock

fossils form by chance Some organisms die without

leaving a trace.

Galapagos Islands Group of small islands 1000 km

west of South America Very different climates

Smallest, lowest islands – hot, dry, no vegetation Higher islands – more rainfall, rich vegetation, diverse

plants and animals

Different characteristics

dependent upon the island Giant tortoises, iguanas, and birds

AGENDA Mar 4 BIG Question: What factors shaped Darwin’s

thinking? 1. Question of the Day 2. Hand in Timeline Activities 3. Begin 15-2 Influences on Darwin’s Thinking 4. T2 Projects – VOLUNTEERS!!! 5. Review and Homework

Section 15-1 Guided Reading Due Tomorrow

Question of the Day Mar 4 Which of the following are most likely

inherited traits of an animal living in a desert environment?

A. Ability to find water from cacti and other plant life

B. Burrowing underground for shelter C. Ability to camouflage itself to evade

predators D. Square, flat teeth for consuming plants

15-2: Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking At the time of Darwin, most

Europeans believed the Earth and all life on the planet was only a few thousand years old.

Life remained unchanged from the point of creation. A deer was always a deer Same traits and characteristics

Fossil evidence discovered in the early 1800s began to change this line of thought

15-2: Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking

James Hutton (1788) supported the idea that the Earth

was very old land has been changed gradually

by natural forces Charles Lyell (1830)

Earth changed slowly and gradually

was an important influence on Darwin

other scientists discovered fossils: preserved remains of ancient organisms

15-2: Geological Change Earth is many millions of years old.

Processes that have changed Earth in the past still operate in the present.

HUTTON – proposed layers of rock form very slowly Lower layers of rock moved upward by forces beneath Earth

Some layers buried or pushed upward from sea floor

Rain, wind, heat, and cold all helped to shape Earth

CONCLUSION – Earth must be much older than a few thousand years

15-2: Geological Change LYELL – His book Principles of Geology

Past events must be explained by processes that can be observed

Volcanoes and erosion have same effects past and present Influenced and explained natural phenomena that Darwin

observed on his voyage

Two Major Influences to Darwin’s Thinking1. If Earth could change, why couldn’t life also change

2. Life would take many, many years to change the way he suggested it had

15-2: Evolution Hypothesis Jean-Baptiste Lemarck (1809) – also recognized that

life changed over time All species were descendant from other species Organisms were adapted to their environments

Lemarck proposed organisms… 1. Tendency toward Perfection – constantly change to live

successfully

2. Use and Disuse – alter size and shape of body parts

3. Inheritance of Acquired Traits – changes passed on

He did not know how traits were passed on to offspring Behavior has no effect on inherited traits

Question of the Day Mar 5 Which of Lemarck’s principles does the

following statement support? “Upright walking mammals see a

shortening of their tails.” A. Tendency toward Perfection B. Use and Disuse C. Inheritance of Acquired Traits D. Learned Behavior

DO NOW Mar 5 How can you tell the difference between an

ape and a monkey?

http://video.pbs.org/video/2365146143/

AGENDA Mar 5 BIG Question: What patterns did Darwin

observe among organisms of the Galapagos Islands?

1. Question and DO NOW 2. Introduce 15-3 3. Lab Investigation 4. Review and Homework

HONORS T2 Projects VOLUNTEERS

15-2: Population Growth Thomas Malthus (1798) - babies born faster than people dying Reasoned that if human population grew unchecked there would

be insufficient living space and food Opposing forces were war, famine, and disease

Darwin reasoned that this also affected plants and animals Some organisms could produce thousands or millions of seeds or eggs If every offspring survived the Earth would be overpopulated after a few

generations

15-3 Darwin Presents his Case Darwin returned to England in 1836

Brought many of the specimens he collected Led to the discovery of new species found nowhere else in the world

Publishes On the Origin of Species in 1859.

Darwin realizes that humans breed plants and animals for their own benefit.

Artificial selection benefits humans but often is harmful to the plant or animal being bred.

These desirable traits are produced through natural selection.

Question of the DAY Mar 6 Which of the following ideas proposed by

Lemarck is incorrect?

A. Acquired traits can be inherited B. All species were descended from other species C. Living things change over time D. Organisms are adapted to their environments

AGENDA Mar 6 BIG Question: How is the struggle for

existence central to the theory of evolution? 1. Question of the Day 2. Lab Discussion Questions 3. Begin 15-3

15-1 Homework Check 4. HONORS T2 Projects – VOLUNTEERS!!! 5. Review and Homework

Fitness the physical traits and

behaviors organisms survive and

reproduce in their environment

explained evolution

fitness arises through adaptations: any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s survival

15-3: Evolution by Natural Selection

natural selection: process in nature that results in the most fit organisms producing offspring

happens because of their inherited variation and their struggle for survival

individuals whose characteristics are well suited for the environment survive and reproduce

called survival of the fittest

Examples of FitnessFuschia excorticata

Descent with Modification Darwin proposed that

species living today can look different from their ancestors.

Different structures Different niche Different habitats

Evidence of Evolution 1. The Fossil Record

2. Geographical distribution of living species

3. Homologous structures of living organisms

4. Similarities in early development

All living and extinct species were derived from common ancestors – common descent

Evidence of Evolution All of the different finches found on

the Galapagos islands were very similar to one another Slight differences Different than finches found on

mainlands of South America

Similar organisms were not always found in similar environments.

Similar conditions for survival = similar characteristics in very different animals

Similarities in Body Structure homologous structures: parts of different organisms, often

quite dissimilar, that developed from the same ancestral body parts Bird wings share their structure more with the bones of reptiles

(dinosaurs). Bat wings share their structure more with front limbs of humans

and mammals

Vestigial Organs organs that have no apparent function in an organism Why would an organism possess an organ with

little or no function? The organ may not affect its ability to survive Natural selection would not eliminate it.

Evidence from Living Organisms

animals of different organisms have similar looking embryos: organisms at early stages

of development show similar genes are at

work show the sharing of a

common ancestor as development occurs,

organisms become dissimilar shows the genes that changed

due to evolution

Common Descent

principle that species have descended from a common ancestor

Evolution Review Modern organisms

descended from ancient ones.

Fitness enables organisms to survive and reproduce.

Evidence of evolution from the Earth, fossils, and similarities in body structures.

All animals descended from a common ancestor (Different species are the branches of a tree.)

River Monsters http://msnvideo.msn.com/?channelindex=8

&from=en-us_msnhpvidmod#/video/1b8e95c3-63ea-444b-b64d-df7db764f315