quiz four (2:00 to 2:05 pm) - southalabama.edu · hotspot . pluton . isotherm . active, extinct,...

Quiz Four (2:00 to 2:05 PM)

GY 111: Lecture test preparation Tuesday September 20th

GY 111 "Word/Concept List" For Lecture Test One (2016) Be familiar with these 30 terms, multiple terms and/or concepts. You will see some of them in the definition and compare and contrast components of the up-coming Lecture test. They are not the only things that you are responsible for on the exam. Multiple answer, fill-in-the-blanks and essay questions will require comprehensive study of your lecture notes and web lecture notes. Use of a text book (hardcopy or electronic) during studying is not required, but may prove valuable for some students.

Word List for Lecture Test 1

hotspot pluton isotherm active, extinct, dormant volcano viscosity cinder cone, composite, shield volcano pyroclastic caldera nueé ardent mineral classes lahar fractionation dike, sill bonding (metallic, ionic, covalent, hydrogen)

magma, lava crust, mantle, core (inner and outer)

convergent, divergent, transform plate boundaries

island arc Paleomagnetism lithosphere, asthenosphere subduction protons, neutrons, electrons atomic number, atomic weight cations, anions polymorph Rocks, Minerals rock cycle extrusive (volcanic) rocks intrusive (plutonic) rocks pyroclastic igneous rocks

Word List for Lecture Test 1

GY 111 "Word/Concept List" For Lecture Test One Be familiar with these 30 terms, multiple terms and/or concepts. You will see some of them in the definition and compare and contrast components of the up-coming Lecture test. They are not the only things that you are responsible for on the exam. Multiple answer, fill-in-the-blanks and essay questions will require comprehensive study of your lecture notes and web lecture notes. Use of a text book (hardcopy or electronic) during studying is not required, but may prove valuable for some students.

Word List for Lecture Test 1

GY 111 "Word/Concept List" For Lecture Test One Be familiar with these 30 terms, multiple terms and/or concepts. You will see some of them in the definition and compare and contrast components of the up-coming Lecture test. They are not the only things that you are responsible for on the exam. Multiple answer, fill-in-the-blanks and essay questions will require comprehensive study of your lecture notes and web lecture notes. Use of a text book (hardcopy or electronic) during studying is not required, but may prove valuable for some students.

Word List for Lecture Test 1

Word List for Lecture Test 1 GY 111 Essay Question For Lecture Test One

In addition to this word list, I present you with one of the 3 essay questions that will appear on Lecture test 1. 1) There are a lot of different silicate mineral subclasses. What are they, how do they differ and why are they so prevalent in the earth’s’ crust?. Use sketches to augment your answer.

GY 111: Physical Geology

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA

Lecture 8: Crystallization of Magma

Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick

Last Time 1. Volcanic Landforms

2. Volcanic eruptions (case studies) 3. Measurements of activity

Web notes 7

Cross-section of an Active Composite

Volcano

Landforms of Extinct Volcanoes

Calderas: Can form via collapse (boring) or explosion (exciting). When filled with water they are called crater lakes. http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/GRAPHIC0/ROCKMIN/Ig-Rocks/CALDERA.GIF

Shield Volcanoes, fissure eruptions, oceanic hot spots: The lava flows come in two main “flavors”

Volcanic Eruptions (Rocks)

Pahoehoe (AKA ropey) Aa (AKA jagged)

Composite Volcanoes and continental hot spots: are dangerous

Volcanic Eruptions (Rocks)

Mt. Pinatubo David H. Harlow/U.S.Geological Survey

1) Kilauea, Hawaii

Volcanic Eruptions (Case Studies)

Today’s Agenda 1. Volcanic Landforms

2. Volcanic eruptions (case studies) 3. Measurements of activity

Web notes 7

Cross-section of an Active Composite

Volcano

Chalk board time

Volcanic Islands (Island Arcs)

Island Arcs: chains of composite volcanic islands that pop up on the overriding plate along an oceanic-oceanic plate boundary

Shield Volcanoes, fissure eruptions, oceanic hot spots: all produce low viscosity lava flows that when cooled, form rocks like basalt

Volcanic Eruptions (Rocks)

Shield Volcanoes, fissure eruptions, oceanic hot spots: The lava flows come in two main “flavors”

Volcanic Eruptions (Rocks)

Pahoehoe (AKA ropey) Aa (AKA jagged)

Composite Volcanoes and continental hot spots: produce high viscosity lava flows that might flow and form rocks like rhyolite…

Volcanic Eruptions (Rocks)

Composite Volcanoes and continental hot spots: are dangerous

Volcanic Eruptions (Rocks)

Mt. Pinatubo David H. Harlow/U.S.Geological Survey

1) Kilauea, Hawaii

Volcanic Eruptions (Case Studies)

2) Lake Nyos, Africa

Volcanic Eruptions (Case Studies)

3) Mt Pelée, Martinique

Volcanic Eruptions (Case Studies)

Volcanic Activity (recap)

Three states of activity are recognized: 1) Active - the volcano is either erupting now, or there is a

historical record of it erupting in the past 2) Dormant - no record of recent activity (i.e., no historical

observations), but the volcano looks “fresh” and may show some signs of thermal activity

3) Extinct - it may be a volcano, but it is badly eroded, tree encrusted and shows no signs of thermal activity

Today’s Agenda 1) The chemical composition of the crust

2) Crystallization of molten rock 3) Bowen's Reaction Series

Web notes 8

Chemical Composition of the Crust

Chemical Composition of the Crust

Element Wt% % of atoms

Chemical Composition of the Crust

Element Wt% % of atoms

Oxygen 46.6 60.5

Chemical Composition of the Crust

Element Wt% % of atoms

Oxygen 46.6 60.5

Silicon 27.7 20.5

Chemical Composition of the Crust

Element Wt% % of atoms

Oxygen 46.6 60.5

Silicon 27.7 20.5

Aluminum 8.1 6.2

Chemical Composition of the Crust

Element Wt% % of atoms

Oxygen 46.6 60.5

Silicon 27.7 20.5

Aluminum 8.1 6.2

Iron 5.0 1.9

Chemical Composition of the Crust

Element Wt% % of atoms

Oxygen 46.6 60.5

Silicon 27.7 20.5

Aluminum 8.1 6.2

Iron 5.0 1.9

Calcium 3.6 1.9

Chemical Composition of the Crust

Element Wt% % of atoms

Oxygen 46.6 60.5

Silicon 27.7 20.5

Aluminum 8.1 6.2

Iron 5.0 1.9

Calcium 3.6 1.9

Sodium 2.8 2.5

Chemical Composition of the Crust

Element Wt% % of atoms

Oxygen 46.6 60.5

Silicon 27.7 20.5

Aluminum 8.1 6.2

Iron 5.0 1.9

Calcium 3.6 1.9

Sodium 2.8 2.5

Potassium 2.6 1.8

Chemical Composition of the Crust

Element Wt% % of atoms

Oxygen 46.6 60.5

Silicon 27.7 20.5

Aluminum 8.1 6.2

Iron 5.0 1.9

Calcium 3.6 1.9

Sodium 2.8 2.5

Potassium 2.6 1.8

Magnesium 2.1 1.4

Chemical Composition of the Crust

Element Wt% % of atoms

Oxygen 46.6 60.5

Silicon 27.7 20.5

Aluminum 8.1 6.2

Iron 5.0 1.9

Calcium 3.6 1.9

Sodium 2.8 2.5

Potassium 2.6 1.8

Magnesium 2.1 1.4

All other elements 1.5 3.3

Chemical Composition of the Crust

SiO2

Element Wt% % of atoms

Oxygen 46.6 60.5

Silicon 27.7 20.5

Aluminum 8.1 6.2

Iron 5.0 1.9

Calcium 3.6 1.9

Sodium 2.8 2.5

Potassium 2.6 1.8

Magnesium 2.1 1.4

All other elements 1.5 3.3

Crystallization of Magma

http://myweb.cwpost.liu.edu/vdivener/notes/igneous.htm

Crystallization of Magma

http://myweb.cwpost.liu.edu/vdivener/notes/igneous.htm

crystallization (seed crystals)

Crystallization of Magma

http://myweb.cwpost.liu.edu/vdivener/notes/igneous.htm

crystallization (seed crystals)

Crystallization of Magma

http://myweb.cwpost.liu.edu/vdivener/notes/igneous.htm

Crystallization of Magma

There is a specific order of crystallization in a typical magma

The Bowen’s Reaction Series

(Chalkboard)

Source http://www.ltcconline.net/julian

Bowen’s Reaction Series

Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

Igneous Rock Composition

Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

Chalk Board

Igneous Rock Composition

Igneous Rock Composition

Composition Formation Temperature

Dominant Minerals

Silica content

Ultramafic Very high Olivine, pyroxene Very low (<45%)

Mafic High Olivine, pyroxene, Ca-plagioclase

low

Intermediate Medium Na-Plagioclase, amphibole, biotite

moderate

Felsic Medium-low Orthoclase, quartz, muscovite, biotite

high (>65%)

Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

Igneous Rock Texture

Extrusive Rocks (Rapid Cooling; non visible* crystals) Intrusive Rocks (slow cooling; 100 % visible crystals) *with a hand lens

Igneous Rock Texture

Today’s Homework 1. Check out sample exam & word list 1

2. Study; Lecture test 1 is coming up (Sept 20)

Next Time Extrusive igneous rocks

GY 111: Physical Geology

Lecture 8: Crystallization of Magma

Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick

dhaywick@southalabama.edu

This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.