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WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
R-152afor Mobile Air Conditioning
Mobile Air Conditioning Summit 2005California Air Resources Board
United States Environmental Protection AgencySacramento, California
March 15-16, 2005
James A. Baker
Delphi Corporation
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
Refrigerant Change Would Reduce Climate Impact by 9 4%(Combined effect of reduced GWP + reduced refrigera nt charge)
[94% Savings Does Not Include Possible Energy Savin gs]
F F
H C C F
H F
Molecular Weight = 102
ASHRAE A1 – Non-Flammable
GWP = 1300
R-134a
Molecular Weight = 66
ASHRAE A2 – Mildly Flammable
Similar Materials Compatibility
GWP = 120
H H
H C C F
H F
R-152a
R-152a - Chemically Very Similar to R-134a,But, Environmentally Very Different
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
Mobile A/C System Types
� Direct System (Primary Loop) (Heat exchanger containing refrigerant in passenger cabin )
– Single Evaporator System – Automobiles– Dual Evaporator System – SUV’s, Vans, etc.
� Indirect System (Secondary Loop) (Refrigerant contained within engine compartment )
– Single Cooler System – Automobiles– Multiple Cooler Systems – All Passenger Vehicles
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
Front CoolerFront Pump
Reservoir
Coolant System
RearCooler
RearPump
Refrigerant System
Condenser
Ex. Device
AccumulatorVariable Displacement
Compressor
System Description
Mobile A/C System Types
Chiller
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
R-152a Mobile A/C with Directed ReliefSafety System
Mahmoud Ghodbane, Ph.D.James A. Baker
Delphi
Stephen O. Andersen, Ph.D.U. S. EPA
Summer 2003
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
OverboardDischarge,
e.g., toWheel Wells
Compressor
Expansion Device
EvaporatorCondenser
R/D
R-152a Sensor in HVAC Case
Relief Device
Relief Device
Direct Expansion R-152a Mobile A/C System
System Description
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
Performance Comparison
Ion A/C Cool Down Performance Comparison @ 100 0F x 40% R.H. Ambient (38 0C x 40% R.H.)
30
50
70
90
110
130
150
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (min.)
Tem
pera
ture
(0 F
)
Average Breath
Average Discharge
R-152a R-134a
Soak Temperature
-1
66
54
43
32
21
10
(0C)
40 kph (Recir. Air)
C.T.(Recir. Air)
40 kph (Recir. Air)
50 kph (Recir. Air)
100 kph (Outside Air) Idle
(Recir. Air)
Direct Expansion R-152a Mobile A/C System
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
Direct Expansion R-152a Mobile A/C SystemEfficiency
Coefficient of Performance Comparison
100 0F x 40% R.H. (38 0C x 40% R.H.)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
30 mph (48 kph) 50 mph (80 kph) 70 mph (113 kph) Idle
Vehicle Speed
CO
P
R134a R152a
+20% +22%
+9%
+7%
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
� R-152a Offers
− Outstanding environmental advantages
− Better cooling performance than R-134a
− Better energy efficiency than R-134a
− Relative ease of industry conversion
R-152a Merits Consideration by VehicleMakers for Future A/C Systems
Conclusions
Direct Expansion R-152a Mobile A/C System
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use.
Secondary Loop R-152a Mobile A/CSystem
Mahmoud Ghodbane, Ph.D.Delphi
Hans FernqvistVolvo
Summer 2003
CARS CARS CARS CARS
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
Test Vehicle
� Sport utility vehicle (SUV) with front and rear A/C system
� Vehicle tested first with O.E. R-134a system, t hen equipped & tested with R-152a Secondary Loop System in the same tunnel
� Same condenser and evaporator air flows for bot h systems
� Refrigerant charge: 2.87 lb (1302 g) for R-134a baseline system versus 1.30 lb (590 g) for R-152a Secondary Loop system
Secondary Loop R-152a Mobile A/C System
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
Secondary Loop R-152a Mobile A/C System
Front CoolerFront Pump
Reservoir
Coolant System
Chiller
RearCooler
RearPump
Refrigerant System
Condenser
Ex. Device
AccumulatorVariable Displacement
Compressor
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
32
42
52
62
72
82
92
102
112
122
132
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
(°F)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
(°C)
XC90 A/C Cool-Down Performance Comparison@ 100°F x 40% R.H. (38°C x 40% R.H.)
40 kph
City Traffic
40 kph
50 kph
100 kph
Idle
Time (min.)
Average Breath
Average A/C Discharge
Soak Temperature
R-134a Baseline R-152a Sec. Loop
Performance ComparisonSecondary Loop R-152a Mobile A/C System
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
32
50
68
86
104
122
140
0 10 20 30 40 50
(°F)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
(°C)
40 kph
City Traffic
40 kph
50 kph
100 kph
Idle
XC90 A/C Cool-Down Performance Comparison@ 86°F x 60% R.H. (30°C x 60% R.H.)
Time (min.)
Soak Temperature
Average Breath
Average A/C Discharge
R-134a Baseline R-152a Sec. Loop
Performance ComparisonSecondary Loop R-152a Mobile A/C System
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
Alternative Refrigerant Systems SAE Phoenix Forum C omfort Evaluation
Comfort Ride Rating Phoenix 2003
(Average of Two Days Ride)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Rat
ing
City Traffic Road Speed
ToyotaCelsior
SaturnIon
AlfaRomeo
JaguarS-Type
2002LibertySport
CadillacCST
VolvoS60
VolvoXC 90
PontiacGrand
Prix
BMW 3Series
HondaCivic
NissanCube
DelphiR152a
DelphiCO2
Comfortable
Delphi R-152a Sec. Loop
Rating Scale: (1) Sweaty (2) Hot (3) Warm (4) Slightly Warm (5) Comfortable (6) Slightly Cool
Comfort Ride Rating Phoenix 2003
(Average of Two Days Ride)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Rat
ing
City Traffic Road Speed
ToyotaCelsior
SaturnIon
AlfaRomeo
JaguarS-Type
2002LibertySport
CadillacCST
VolvoS60
VolvoXC 90
PontiacGrand
Prix
BMW 3Series
HondaCivic
NissanCube
DirectR152a
CO2
Comfortable
Rating Scale: (1) Sweaty (2) Hot (3) Warm (4)Slightly Warm (5) Comfortable (6) Slightly Cool
CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2S. L.R152a
Prod.R134a
Prod.R134a
Prod.R134a
Prod.R134a
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
Environmental
Performance
Energy
Mass
Packaging
Reliability
Cost
Versus R-134a
++0 *
- (5 to 10%)
- - - -0 -
* In city traffic and Idle, the advantage goes to S econdary Loop
Environmental
Performance
Energy
Mass
Packaging
Reliability
Cost
++Versus R-134a
0 * - (5 to 10%)
- -++0/+
Summary of Secondary Loop versus Current R-134a Sy stem
Front System Front & Rear System
Secondary Loop R-152a Mobile A/C System
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
Conclusions
General BenefitsGeneral Benefits
� Comparable Cooling Performance to Direct R-134a Systems
� Improves City Traffic & Idle Cooling Performanc e
� Enables Maintenance of Comfort with Compressor off (Idle-Stop)(Rail & Border Crossing, Compressor De-Stroking at WOT & Idle, Hybrid Vehicles at Stop, etc…) Potential for Energy Savings
� Potential for Targeted Cooling (e.g., Seats)
� Reduces Refrigerant Charge & Leakage
� Refrigerant System Noise Reduction - Front and Rear
� Eliminates refrigerant mal-distribution (Coolant exhibits more uniformtemperature distribution than refrigerant)
Secondary Loop R-152a Mobile A/C System
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
Vehicles with Rear HVAC Systems
� Eliminates Entire Rear Refrigerant System
� Reduces Rear HVAC Case Size (Rear Single Heat Exchanger)
� Cost Savings over Current System !
Challenges
� Chiller / Pump Packaging Underhood
� Small A/C Energy Penalty (5 to 10%)
� Small Mass Penalty (3-4 kg)
Conclusions
Secondary Loop R-152a Mobile A/C System
Note: No technical barriers exist that would prevent the rapid commercialization of R-152a secondary loop sy stems
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
� R-152a Offers
− Outstanding environmental advantages
− At least equal cooling performance to R-134a
− Comparable energy efficiency to R-134a
− Relative ease of industry conversion
R-152a Merits Consideration by VehicleMakers for Future A/C Systems
Conclusions
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
R-152a Secondary Loop Systems Offer
� the best combination of environmental performance, lowest cost, and lowest technical & reliability risk of any alternative to R-134a proposed to date. Cha nge would be transparent to consumers
� the ability to use current R-134a component technologies, allowing smoother, lower cost transition from R-134a
The “Bottom Line”
� the safest alternative to R-134a proposed to date
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
“There is currently no significant differencebetween technically achievable LCCP of
HFC-152a and CO2 systems.”
Summary for Policymakers (SPM) January 11, 2005
IPCC/TEAP Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone Layer andthe Global Climate System: Issues Related to Hydrof luorocarbonsAnd Perfluorocarbons
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
What is Needed for R-152a Success (Those Who Can Make It Happen )
• Regulatory Support� European Union (Retain GWP 150)� California Air Resources Board� US EPA SNAP Program
• Vehicle Makers’ Support
• Chemical Industry Support� Supply of R-152a
WARNING: HFC-152a is a flammable refrigerant and sh ould not be used in systems unless specifically designe d for its use. MAC Summit - 2005
“The Future is
in the Hands of Those
Who Can Make it Happen”
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