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OUTLINE
-The pyramids and what is beyond their misterious and perfect construction
-The sphinx of giza, the guardian of the pyramids
-The gods/godesses of the ancient egypt: Akhenaton and Nefertiti
-Mummification: The afterlife
-Hieroglyphs:writing and books
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ABSTRACT
Egypt is best known for its wonderful, misterious, and ancient constructions
such as the pyramids, the sphinx of Giza, the temple of RA, and many others
that seems tokeep a secret related even to the human kind.Inside of these oldmonuments there are many ancient writings called hieroglyphs.These signs were
meant to leave us a message but, however not many people know how to
translate them.These signs were connected of course with their culture, religion,
and gods.
Keywords:Pyramids, pharaoeh, gods,sphinx,Giza, mummies.
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The pyramids and what is beyond their misterious and perfect construction
During the Old Kingdom, the egyptians decided to build something
great so they could be the most evolved kingdom in relation to construction.Of
course, back then there were lots of different shelters for the dead pharaoes,
beside the pyramids the ancient egyptians built massives tombs, some of themwere carved in rocks and then they were coveredof the on top with mastabas,
and this would be some sort of roof the building of mastabas was well
established by the beginning of 1-st dynasty.(Humphreys,1999)
The pyramids played a religious role in the history of egypt.The
egyptians believed that the pyramids had something to do with the sun, it is said
that throught these two the pharaoe would reach the heaven.
The way in which the egyptians built the pyramids is not completly
clear, there are various opinious, but the main one is that the egyptians did this
amaizing thing.Some say that the pyramids were built by others but its proved
though that the egyptians built them.The workers may have been people from
local villages, there were even people who worked for the king,and another
aspect is that among the men could have been womens who participate to the
process of buiding them but yet theres no prove of it.
Image 1
The priests and the architects had their own contribution, they helped
the workers to choose the place, the right corners in order to respect the customs,
to be all the time in touch with the stars so that the pharaoh could rest properly
in the after life.(
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/pyramids.html ,)
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Like we all know, in egypt were not found not even a small piece of
what the egyptians used to built the pyramids, more likely all those objects were
destroyed during so many years and the archeologists didnt find any type of
writting documents though they found out from where the rock blocks come
from.Many archeologists say that the workers had some kind ramp when they
were building them, and they used wooden sledges to be able to transport the
stones, not to mention that those blocks weight about 2.5 tones so they needed a
great number of people to carry them.In that period the egyptians werent
familiar with the wheel and neither with the fact that they could easily use
animals to make their work easier.(Rose-Marie.Hagen.2005)
According to many ancient discoveries, the era of the pyramids began
around 2700 B.C.E and ended about 1750.This era was dominated by the
custom of the pharaohs in which they were building great pyramids so that they
could simbolize a great power among other civilisations.I could easily say that
this era meant for them a great achievement and also an apogee and a
model.(1997:1)
The sphinx of giza: The Guardian of the pyramids
The Sphinx is located on the Giza plateau next to the pyramids.His dimensions
are unbelievable, the statue measures 73 m long and 20 m height.It is
represented like a lion with human head.It is a mythilogical creature, some parts
of it are missing such as the ceremonial beard and the uraeus on its brow,but,still, it remained the royal head dress which indicates that the sphinx was a
pharaoh.
It is said that the gods covered the sphinx in sand so no one could
damage it, only the head was on the surface and thats why is more damaged
that the rest of the body.Nowadays, the polluation is putting its amprent on it,
during so many centuries the pharaohs gave to the sphinx different names such
as Father of horror.(Rose- Marie.Hagen.2005)
The sphinx and the Great Pyramid woke up the worlds curiosity andimagination,these ancient wonders made us wish to discover their past and
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maybe all these facts are related to us, too.
image 2
The archeologists discovered some evidences called a monumental
text book, which proves that the Sphinx was built before the Flood and not in
the Old Kingdom.(Rose-Marie and Hagen,2005)
It is almost sure that the sphinx was built by the pharaohs face, all
indicates that this is how it was.After it was builted, the statue imposed power,
the power of the pharaoh Khephren..(http://www.readersdigest.com.au/sphinx-of-giza/) .
In the past, the entire statue was painted:its face and body were red
and the head was yellow with blue stripes.
(http://www.unmuseum.org/sphinx.htm.)
Hieroglyphs:writting and books
The hieroglyphs were used by the egyptians to express themselves, it was rather
used as a picture form.The egyptians had this type of writing for about 300 yearsuntil it was introduced another native language.The egyptians used or lets rather
say discovered this art of writing before the Dynastic period.Although, it is said
that Egypt borrowed this type of writing from Mesopotamia.
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I could say that the hieroglyphs are seen in many forms: Hieroglyphic texts
differ widely in amout of detail they incorporate into the signs,ans this partly
depended on the writing surface and method of execution.(2002:1).
The Gods/Godesses of the ancient Egypt
The ancient Egypt had lots of gods, and when it comes to describe them
its a little bit hard.The Gods of Egypt were capable to take different form, they
tended to take the characteristics of the animals.(Humphreys, Andrew,et al.
1999)
Back in the ancient egypt there existed a pharaoh named Akenaton, he
was the 10-th souveran from the 18-th dynasty.He ruled over his people about
17 years, and in all this time he tried to change the religion.he wanted to
eliminate the politeism and replaced it with monoteism.(2003)
However, in same ancient times a beautiful queen ruled the egypt and it is
believed that she was the most beautiful woman in the world,and her name is
Nefertiti. Also suzanne Mubarak described her: the portrait of Nefertiti is
thought by many to represent the most beautiful women the world has ever
known.She managed though to rule Egypt with the strenght of a
pharaoh.(Mubarak,2008)
Furthermore, she ruled Egypt with Akhenaton on her side, they were
married and together did great things for the egyptians.She enjoyed of her
position about 10 years, until she dissapeared without no trace, nobody knows
what happened with her but there are a few divided opinious, and one of them
might be the fact that she didnt give birth to a son, and because of this
Akhenaton left her.(
http://www.studentie.ro/campus/REGINA_NEFERTITI_DEZVALUITA__I_/c-47-a-
22895)
Mummification: the afterlife
When a pharaoh die, his body was mummified so that he could still be
considered as a god.First, his body was embalm with many nice smelling
ingredients, then they had to pull the brain out, the next step was to remove the
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internal organs because these were the first which could decompose.(
http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/story/main.html. ).
But i also have to mention that in some causes some of the organs were
lefted inside of the body.then the body was covered with salt and many others
substances to preserve the body in the afterlife.After the mummification process
was done, the ones who mummified him would left various inscriptions on the
mummified body.(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MQ5dL9cQX0. )
The egyptians believed in magic too.The magic was necesarry because it
was positive for the mummy so, it is connected to religion in a way or
another:(Davy,1999 ).he gave them the magic like weapons to face the fate.As
well as the dreams of the night and day.(Invatatura pentru Merikare,1.136-
137,translated mine)
I like to believed that egyptians were the most evoluated civilisation, they
were the only ancient kingdom who developed the art of building, they
progressed in religion and writings not to mention that they also made a big
progress in cultural traditions.This civilisation will always remain the most
mediatized because it is covered with lots of misteries hard to understand and
interpretate.(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6inbtpf-Elo&feature=related )
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REFFERENCE LIST
Andreu,Guillemette.Egypt in the age of the pyramids.p.1.1997.Cornell
University Press
Davy, Marie-Madeleine.(1999).Enciclopedia Doctrinelor
Mistice.ed.Amacord.vol.III,Timisoara,50-51.
Embalming the body.No author.online.Available at:
http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/story/main.html >[8 January 2012]
Explore the pyramids.Online.Available at:
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/pyramids.html > [8 January
2012]
Getty Paul j.(Prod).(2009).Mummification Process.Dinamic
Diagrams.2:44
Humphreys,Andrew,et al.(1999).Egypt.50-62.Pharaonic Egypt-Tomb and
Temple Architecture,Gods and Godesses.
Image 1:online.available at:http://www.nilebliss.com/itin-full.html> [5
January 2012]
Image 2:online.available at:
http://www.google.ro/imgres?q=the+sphinx+giza&um=1&hl=ro&biw=1366&bi
h=528&tbm=isch&tbnid=RKw5S4ppyDY-
uM:&imgrefurl=http://www.robinwyatt.org/photography/photo-essays/egypt-
pyramids-of-
giza/&docid=So95dqUSic8eJM&imgurl=http://www.robinwyatt.org/photograph
y/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/egypt-giza-pyramids-travel-tourism-archaelogy-
sphinx-carrying-pyramid-blue-sky.jpg&w=885&h=590&ei=SNwMT--
eOMPAtAaYjIWPBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=367&vpy=226&dur=3495&ho
vh=183&hovw=275&tx=111&ty=169&sig=116919758566152779338&page=2
0&tbnh=138&tbnw=183&start=229&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:229> taken:16
april 2011.[10 January 2012]
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Laurant,Sophie.The Sphinx of Giza.2300 B.C.- A colossus constructed in
the image of the pharaoh Khephren.Online.Available at:
.(http://www.readersdigest.com.au/sphinx-of-giza/ >[8 January 2012]
Moazzam, Max,et al. (dir).(2007).The Ancient Egyptians.6:49
No author.(2003).Poeme Mistice Ale
Antichitatii.Akhenaton.Bucuresti:Albatros,p.58
Regina Nefertiti Dezvaluita.Online.Available at:
http://www.studentie.ro/campus/REGINA_NEFERTITI_DEZVALUITA__I_/c-47-a-
22895.> [8 January 2012]
Rose-Marie.Hagen, Rainer.(2005).Egypt.No place.Taschen.p.26,29-
30,34-36
The Riddle of the Sphinx.No author.Online.Available at:
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/pyramids.html > [9 January
2012]
Turner, Jane (ed).(2002).Dictonary of Art.Writing and books.vol.10.Hong
kong:Groove,p.1-5
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UNIVERSITATEA DE NORD
FACULTATEA DE LITERE
THE ANCIENT EGYPT-a misterious civilisation
LIHET ILEANA
I LRE
January2012
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