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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
HYBRID SUBCARRIER - OPTICAL SPECTRUM CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM WITH SPECTRAL DIRECT DECODING
DETECTION TECHNIQUE
RATNA KALOS ZAKIAH BT SAHBUDIN
FK 2010 110
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HYBRID SUBCARRIER - OPTICAL SPECTRUM CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM WITH SPECTRAL
DIRECT DECODING DETECTION TECHNIQUE
RATNA KALOS ZAKIAH BT SAHBUDIN
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
2010
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HYBRID SUBCARRIER - OPTICAL SPECTRUM CODE DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM WITH SPECTRAL DIRECT DECODING
DETECTION TECHNIQUE
By
RATNA KALOS ZAKIAH BT SAHBUDIN
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
January 2010
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DEDICATION
To the memory of my father Sahbudin b. Ja‟adil.
5th July 1941-13th Oct 1974
To my mother Ramlah bt. Midun, who had the arduous task of raising four children
by herself after the untimely death of my father.
To my husband Ishak b. Aris, who has supported me in all my endeavors
and all my children
Sarah Irdina, Muhammad Irfan, Muhammad Irham, Muhammad Ridwan
and Safea Irdina.
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Abstract of the thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in
fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
HYBRID SUBCARRIER - OPTICAL SPECTRUM CODE DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM WITH SPECTRAL DIRECT DECODING
DETECTION TECHNIQUE
By
RATNA KALOS ZAKIAH BT SAHBUDIN
January 2010
Chairman: Professor Mohamad Khazani Abdullah, PhD
Faculty: Engineering
Today‟s telecommunication systems are expected to provide a reliable, affordable,
flexible, scalable services and possess substantial information carrying capacity in
order to meet the increasingly high user‟s expectation. There has been tremendous
interest in applying hybrid multiplexing technique to fiber optic communication
systems to enhance network flexibility and scalability. Optical spectrum code
division multiplexing (OSCDM) is one of the multiplexing techniques that is
becoming popular because of the flexibility in the allocation of channels, ability to
operate asynchronously, enhanced privacy and increased capacity in bursty nature
networks. On the other hand, subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) technique is able to
enhance the channel data rate of OSCDM systems. The attractive feature of the
current SCM technology is cost-effective as it provides a way to take advantage of
the multi-gigahertz bandwidth of the fiber optics, using well-established microwave
techniques for which components are commercially available. Hence, this thesis
proposes a hybrid SCM and OSCDM (SCM-OSCDM) system for the purpose of
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combining the advantages of both techniques. This hybrid technique can increase the
number of simultaneous users by increasing the SCM and/or the OSCDM codeword.
The performance of the hybrid system strongly depends on the codes properties and
the detection technique. The system utilizes a new unified code construction named
Khazani-Syed (KS) code based on the Double Weight (DW) and Modified Double
Weight (MDW) codes. KS code possesses an ideal in-phase cross correlation
property, which led to the elimination of multiple access interference (MAI). The
effect of MAI will degrade the system performance. Conventionally, MAI is reduced
by using subtraction detection techniques. In this thesis, a new detection technique
called Spectral Direct Decoding (SDD) is introduced. SDD technique requires less
number of filters for the decoders as compared to the subtraction detection
techniques and only filters out the non-overlapping spectral. Thus, eliminate the
phase induced intensity noise (PIIN). The effectiveness of the new hybrid system
with the proposed SDD technique has been verified and demonstrated through
theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental work. The results show that the
new hybrid system with the proposed SDD technique improves the performance than
that using the conventional subtraction detection techniques. For example in
theoretical analysis, at bit error rate (BER) of 10-9, the SDD technique provides an
improvement in the total number of users over the AND subtraction by a factor of 4.
The system capacity also shows an improvement of 17.734 Gbps for 20 users.
Furthermore, the computer simulation results show that the transmission distance and
bit rate per channel improve by 27% and 100%, respectively.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai
memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Doktor Falsafah
SISTEM HIBRID SUBPEMBAWA - PEMULTIPLEKSAN PEMBAHAGIAN
KOD SPEKTRUM OPTIK DENGAN TEKNIK PENGESANAN
PENYAHKODAN TERUS SPEKTRUM
Oleh
RATNA KALOS ZAKIAH BT SAHBUDIN
Januari 2010
Pengerusi: Profesor Mohamad Khazani Abdullah, PhD
Fakulti: Kejuruteraan
Sistem telekomunikasi pada masa kini dijangka dapat memberi perkhidmatan yang
boleh dipercayai, mampu dimiliki, fleksibel, dapat berkembang dan memiliki
keupayaan untuk membawa maklumat dengan kapasiti yang besar bagi memenuhi
keperluan pelanggan yang semakin meningkat. Penggunaan teknik pemultipleksan
hibrid untuk sistem komunikasi gentian optik telah mendapat perhatian untuk
menambah fleksibiliti dan keupayaan rangkaian untuk berkembang. Salah satu
daripada teknik pemultipleksan yang semakin popular adalah pemultipleksan
pembahagian kod spektrum optik (OSCDM) kerana kesesuaian dalam pembahagian
saluran, keupayaan untuk beroperasi secara tak segerak, peningkatan dari segi
keselamatan dan juga kapasiti dalam rangkaian yang bersifat merebak. Bagi teknik
pemultipleksan subpembawa (SCM), ia berupaya untuk menambah kadar data
saluran untuk sistem OSCDM. Antara ciri-ciri yang menarik bagi teknologi SCM
pada masa kini ialah penggunaan teknik gelombang mikro yang terbukti baik serta
komponen-komponen yang terdapat di pasaran dengan harga yang berpatutan. Ia
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juga memberi jalan untuk menggunakan kelebihan lebar jalur gentian optik yang
berbilang-gigahertz. Oleh itu, tesis ini mencadangkan satu sistem hibrid
pemultipleksan subpembawa dan pemultipleksan pembahagian kod spektrum optik
(SCM-OSCDM) dengan tujuan menggabungkan kelebihan kedua-dua teknik
tersebut. Teknik hibrid ini dapat menambahkan lagi bilangan pengguna serentak
dengan cara menambahkan SCM dan/atau kata kod OSCDM.
Prestasi sistem hibrid bergantung kuat kepada ciri-ciri kod dan teknik pengesanan.
Sistem ini menggunakan pembinaan kod penggabungan baru yang diberi nama kod
Khazani-Syed (KS) berasaskan kepada kod-kod Dwi Pemberat (DW) dan Dwi
Pemberat Terubahsuai (MDW). Kod KS mempunyai ciri-ciri sekaitan silang yang
unggul, yang dapat menghapuskan gangguan akses pelbagai (MAI). Gangguan ini
akan menyebabkan prestasi sistem tersebut menurun. Pada kebiasaannya MAI dapat
dikurangkan dengan menggunakan teknik pengesanan penolakan. Di dalam tesis ini,
satu pendekatan baru yang diberi nama teknik pengesanan penyahkodan terus
spektrum (SDD) diperkenalkan. Teknik SDD memerlukan jumlah penapis untuk
penyahkodan yang kurang berbanding dengan jumlah penapis yang diperlukan oleh
teknik pengesanan penolakan dan hanya menapis spektrum yang tidak bertindih.
Oleh itu, hingar keamatan teraruh fasa (PIIN) dapat dihapuskan. Keberkesanan
sistem hibrid dengan menggunakan teknik pengesanan SDD ini telah diuji dan
dibuktikan dengan menggunakan analisa teori, simulasi dan eksperimen. Hasil
keputusan menunjukkan prestasi sistem hibrid dengan menggunakan teknik
pengesanan SDD lebih baik berbanding dengan menggunakan teknik pengesanan
penolakan. Sebagai contoh, pada kadar ralat bit (BER) 10-9, teknik SDD dapat
memperbaiki jumlah bilangan pengguna sebanyak 4 kali ganda berbanding teknik
penolakan AND. Kapasiti sistem juga menunjukkan peningkatan sebanyak 17.734
Gbps untuk 20 pengguna. Tambahan pula, keputusan simulasi komputer
menunjukkan jarak penghantaran dan kadar bit setiap saluran meningkat sebanyak
27% dan 100%, masing-masing.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to ALLAH Almighty, for
giving me the utmost strength, patience and guidance to have this work completed.
Alhamdulillah.
I would like to express my appreciation and sincere gratitude to my supervisor,
Professor Dr Mohamad Khazani Abdullah for his invaluable contribution, continuous
support, encouragement and endless patience towards completing the research. These
special thanks also dedicated to my supervisory committee member, Professor Dr
Mohd Adzir Mahdi and Professor Dr Mahamod Ismail for their invaluable guidance
and constructive suggestions throughout the success of this project.
My special thanks to Mohd. Dzahiril Abdul Samad, Zuraidah Zan and Dr
Makhfudzah Mokhtar for their comments, help and discussions. I would also like to
thank all my colleagues and friends for their support and encouragement.
Special acknowledgement to Head of Basic Research Division, head and staffs of
Photonic Technology Laboratory, Telekom R&D Sdn Bhd, UPM-MTDC for their
generous loan of equipment and space for the experiment.
Last but not least, I would like to thank UPM for providing the scholarship during
my study at UPM.
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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 26 January 2010 toconduct the final examination
of Ratna Kalos Zakiah bt Sahbudin on her thesis entitled “Hybrid Subcarrier-Optical Spectrum Code Division
Multiplexing System with Spectral Direct Decoding Detection Technique” in accordance with the
Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P. U. (A)
106] 15 March 1998. The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Doctor of Philosophy.
Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:
Adznan Jantan, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Sabira Khatun, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Mohamed Othman, PhD
Professor
Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Faidz Abdul Rahman, PhD
Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Science
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman
Malaysia
(External Examiner)
_ _______________________________
BUJANG KIM HUAT, PhD
Professor and Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date : 12 April 2010
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This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been
accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
The members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:
Mohamad Khazani Abdullah, PhD
Professor
Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Mohd Adzir Mahdi, PhD
Professor
Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
Mahamod Ismail, PhD
Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electric and Electronic and Systems Engineering
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(Member)
__________________
HASANAH MOHD GHAZALI, PhD
Professor and Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: 13 May 2010
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DECLARATION
I declare that the thesis is my original work except for the quotations and citations
which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously,
and is not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia
or at any other institution.
______________________________________
RATNA KALOS ZAKIAH BT SAHBUDIN
Date: 1 May 2010
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION ii
ABSTRACT iii
ABSTRAK v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii
APPROVAL ix
DECLARATION xi
LIST OF TABLESx vi
LIST OF FIGURES xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxii
LIST OF NOTATIONS xxv
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 6
1.3 Motivation of Study 7
1.4 Objectives 8
1.5 Scope of Study 9
1.6Thesis Organization 12
2 MULTIPLEXING AND MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNOLOGIES 14
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Multiplexing and Multiple Access Techniques 14
2.3 Multiplexing Techniques 18
2.3.1 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 18
2.3.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 19
2.3.3 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 20
2.3.4 Subcarrier Multiplexing (SCM) 21
2.3.5 Optical Code Division Multiplexing
(OCDM) 22
2.4 Subcarrier Multiplexing (SCM) System 24
2.4.1 Transmitters 25
2.4.2 Receivers 26
2.4.3 SCM Applications 28
2.5 Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) 28
2.5.1 OCDMA System Using Continuous-Wave 30
(CW) Laser Source
2.5.2 OCDMA System Using Narrow Pulse Laser 31
Source
2.5.3 OCDMA System Using Broadband Source 33
2.5.4 OCDMA Codes 35
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2.5.5 OCDMA Applications 44
2.5.6 Multiple Access Interference (MAI) 45
2.6 Hybrid SCM-CDMA System 47
2.7 Noise Sources Consideration for Theoretical 47
Analysis
2.7.1 Shot Noise 49
2.7.2 Phase Induced Intensity Noise (PIIN) 50
2.7.3 Thermal Noise 51
2.7.4 Inter-modulation Distortion Noise 52
2.7.5 Fiber Nonlinearities 53
2.8 Detection Techniques for OSCDM of the Hybrid 57
System
2.8.1 Complementary Subtraction Detection 58
Technique
2.8.2 AND Subtraction Detection Technique 61
2.9 Summary 63
3 METHODOLOGY 64
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 The System Model 66
3.3Methodology of the Hybrid SCM-OSCDM System 68
3.3.1 Theoretical Analysis 70
3.3.2 Simulation 72
3.3.3 Experiment 75
3.3.4 Design Parameters 78
3.3.5 Performance Parameter 83
3.4 Summary 85
4 THEORETICAL PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID
SCM-OSCDM SYSTEMS 86
4.1 Introduction 86
4.2 Spectral Direct Decoding Detection Technique 86
4.3 Analysis of Hybrid SCM-OSCDM System 88
4.3.1 Hybrid System Based Complementary 89
Subtraction Technique
4.3.2 Hybrid System Based AND Subtraction
Technique 101
4.3.3 Hybrid System Based SDD Technique 105
4.4 Comparison between Hybrid SCM-OCDM using KS
Code and Other Codes 109
4.5 Comparison between Complementary and AND
Subtraction Detection Techniques 111
4.6 Performance Comparison Between the Hybrid 116
System Using AND Subtraction and Spectral Direct
Decoding Detection Techniques
4.6.1 Effect of Nonlinear Effects on the System 116
4.6.2 Effect of Psr on Shot Noise 117
4.6.3 Effect of Psr on System Performance by
Considering only Shot Noise 118
4.6.4 Effect of Psr on System Performance
Considering All Noises 120
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4.6.5 Effect of the Number of Subcarriers on
System Performance Considering All Noises 123
4.6.6 Effect of the Number of Codes on System
Performance Considering All Noises 124
4.6.7 Effect of the Total Number of Users on
System Performance Considering All Noises 126
4.6.8 Effect of the Modulation Index on System
Performance Considering All Noises 128
4.6.9 Effect of the Total Number of Users on
System Capacity Considering All Noises 130
4.7 Summary 131
5 SIMULATION PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID SCMOSCDM
SYSTEM 133
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Simulation Results for the Hybrid System Using the
Laser Light Source 134
5.2.1 Effect of SCM Channel Spacing on System
Performance 134
5.2.2 The Effect of Distance on System
Performance 136
5.2.3 Effect of Distance on Noise Power and
Output Power 139
5.2.4 Effect of Total Number of Users on System
Performance 141
5.2.5 Effect of Input Power on System
Performance 144
5.2.6 Effect of Input Power on Noise Power and
Output Power 146
5.2.7 Effect of Bit Rate on System Performance 147
5.2.8 Effect of Received Optical Power on System
Performance 150
5.3 Simulation Results for the Hybrid System Using the
LED Light Source 152
5.3.1 The Effect of Distance on System
Performance Using LEDs 153
5.3.2 The Effect of Input Power on System 156
Performance Using LEDs 157
Experimental Analysis
5.4.1 Experimental Setup 158
5.4.2 Experimental Results 160
Summary 165
6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 167
6.1 Conclusion 167
6.2 Contribution to Research Field 170
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6.3 Future Work 171
6.3.1 Higher Layers Studies 171
6.3.2 Application to Free Space and Wireless 170
Infrared Transmission
6.3.3 Implementation in Fiber-to-the-Home
(FTTH) 172
REFERENCES 173
APPENDIX A 186
BIODATA OF STUDENT 189
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 190
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