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Baseline Study for the Integration of Renewable Energy to
Livelihood Projects in Selected Municipalities in Sultan Kudarat,
SOCCSKSARGEN Region, Philippines
Prepared for Oxfam-Philippines
By
Center for Renewable Energy and Appropriate Technologies
Ateneo de Davao University
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction 6
2. Methodology 7
2.1. Data-gathering 7
2.1.1. Household Survey 7
2.1.2. Livelihood Survey 9
2.1.3. Key Informant Interview 9
2.1.4. Focus Group Discussion 9
2.1.5. Ocular Survey of Potential RE Sources 10
2.2. Locale of the Study 10
2.2.1. Columbio 10
2.2.2. Esperanza 11
3. Findings and Discussions 13
3.1. Respondents 13
3.2. Commodities and Livelihood 14
3.3. Secondary Crops 163.4. Organic Production 17
3.5. Energy Requirements in the Rice and Corn Value Chain 18
3.5.1. Petroluem Fuels 21
3.5.2. Land Preparation 23
3.5.3. Post-Harvest 25
3.5.4. Drying 28
3.5.5. Milling 28
3.6. Other Power Requirements in the Community 30
3.7. Renewable Energy Aspirations 34
3.8. Women and Renewable Energy 34
3.9. Renewable Energy Potentials 35
3.9.1. Solar Energy 35
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3.9.2. Hydro-electric Energy 37
3.9.3. Wind Energy 40
3.10. Bio-fuels 40
4. Conclusions and Recommendations 41
4.1. Natural Fuels for Mobile Machineries 41
4.2. Solar and Hydro-electric for Stationary Facilities 44
4.3. Multi-Crop Renewable Energy Facilities 45
BIBLIOGRAPHY 46
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Figure 1. Location Map of Region 12 (SOCCSKSARGEN)
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Figure 2. Map of Sultan Kudarat
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
This baseline study is undertaken by the Center for Renewable Energy
and Appropriate Technologies (CREATE), a unit of the Ateneo de Davao
University that advocates for and develop technologies that promote renewable
energy, with the support of Oxfam International.
Oxfams partner communities in the Municipalities of Esperanza and
Columbio are mainly farming communities producing Rice and Corn as the main
crops. Oxfam and its partner NGO, the Rural Development Institute of Sultan
Kudarat (RDISK) is working with these communities to build resilient farming
communities in the light of many threats posed by changes in global and local
climatic conditions.
Oxfam has identified the use of renewable energy as one of the
adaptation and mitigating measures in the bid to combat the threats that comewith climate change. Along this line, this particular study aims to:
1. Determine the energy requirements of the community to sustain their
livelihood projects;
2. Identify existing and potential sources of renewable energy as alternative
to conventional source of energy; and
3. Formulate recommendations on appropriate renewable energy technology
that could be installed to enhance productivity and sustainability of the
livelihood projects.
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Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY
The study will seek to answer the question: What is the livelihood best
fit for renewable energy support?
2.1. Data Gathering
To answer this question, the following activities were conducted to help
answer the inquiries presented by the study:
2.1.1. Household Survey
The household survey is conducted to determine the energy use and
requirements of the general populace in the selected barangays. Information
gathered from this survey backs up the information that was derived from the
livelihood survey conducted.
A combination of purposive and random sampling technique is used in this
study. The first step undertaken was to get the names of the barangays covered
in the BINDS project of Oxfam in the province of Sultan Kudarat. From the list,
the barangays were grouped according to the primary commodity that is
produced by partners in the said barangays. There were two major crops
identified, Rice and Corn. Five (5) barangays from the rice group and 5
barangays from the corn group were selected randomly. Since there are only
three barangays in Esperanza, all three were automatically included in the list.
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Secondly, the population of households in the selected barangays was
gathered. From this information, a sample group was derived using the Slovins
Formula, with an error margin of 0.15.
()
Table 1. Respondents, Population vs. Sample, Esperanza
Barangay Ni ni
Ilian 707 42
Numo 518 41
Pamantingan 881 42
Total 2,106 125
Table 2. Number of Respondents, Population vs. Sample, Columbio
Barangay Ni ni
Bantangan 360 40
Eday 187 36
Libertad 453 40
Maligaya 292 39
Natividad 199 36
Sinapulan 486 41
Telafas 756 42
Total 2,733 274
A total of 181 households were interviewed for the municipality of
Esperanza and 274 for the Municipality of Columbio in the actual survey
conducted.
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2.1.2. Livelihood Survey
A livelihood survey was conducted to determine the major livelihood that
supports the communities under the BINDS project.
The purposive sampling technique was used to determine the
respondents for the livelihood survey. Subjects of the survey are chosen from
among the partner households of Oxfam in the community
There are a total of 159 respondents in Columbio and 41 respondents in
Esperanza for the livelihood survey.
2.1.3. Key Informant Interview
Key Informant interviews were conducted to verify secondary information
gathered, data gathered from the surveys, as well as identify potential sources of
renewable energy in the area. Key informants were selected from the pool ofleaders in each barangay.
2.1.4. Focus-Group Discussion
Commodity-based FGDs were conducted for the following commodities:
Esperanza Colombio
Rice X X
Corn X X
Coffee X
Cassava X
Coconut X X
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During the FGDs, the activities in the commodity value chains as well as
the potentials and challenges relating to the use of energy were discussed. An
FGD for women participants were also conducted for each municipality to surface
gender-specific concerns.
2.1.5. Ocular Survey of Potential Renewable Energy Sources
A site visit was conducted by a technical team to gather the following
information: (i) potential solar field area, (ii) river water flows, gross head and
river cross-sectional area, and (iii) wind speed.
2.2. Locale of the Study
2.2.1. Columbio
Columbio is located in the southernmost part of the province of Sultan
Kudarat, bordering the provinces of South Cotabato, Maguindanao and Davao
del Sur. A big portion of the populace is of Maguindanao ethnic origin, thoughLumads and Christian Settlers also make up a portion of the total population.
Projected population for 2013 is 27,848, mostly concentrated at Barangay
Poblacion, followed by Barangay Telafas and Datalblao (Municipality of
Columbio, 2010). Major products include Rice, Corn and the recently introduced
Oil Palm. Partners of Oxfam in this municipality are scattered in all of its 16
barangays.
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The study is conducted in seven (7) of the 16 barangays of Columbio. The
table below shows the research areas and their household populations:
Table 3: Population, Household Population and Area per Barangay,
Columbio, Year 2012
Barangay Population Household
Population
Area, (has)
Bantangan 1,486 360 4,601.91
Eday 989 187 1,397.08
Libertad 2,066 453 2,148.94
Maligaya 2,360 292 3,592.71
Natividad 895 199 2,056.47
Sinapulan 2,864 486 20,345.10
Telafas 2,966 756 3,367.94
RDISK, Oxfams local partner has projects in all barangays in the
municipality. However, since demographic characteristics and livelihood profiles
of the barangays are deemed similar, the seven barangays that were purposely
selected because of the big number of Oxfam partners in the area to be the
subject of the study, is deemed sufficient to give a clear picture on the livelihood
and renewable energy situation in the locale.
2.2.2. Esperanza
The municipality of Esperanza is a first-class municipality in the provinceof Sultan Kudarat with a total land area of 35,620 hectares. Total population
stands at 57,247 in 2012 and is a mix of the tri-peoples of Mindanao: the Moros,
the IPs and the Christian Settlers. Oxfam partners are concentrated in three
barangays namely Ilian, Pamantingan and Numo. Barangay Numo has a majority
population of Christian Settlers. Pamantingan is predominantly an IP community.
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However, partners of Oxfam in this barangay come from the Christian settler
segment of the population. Barangay Ilian is a predominantly Moro community
and most of the Oxfam partners in the area are Moro. All three of these
barangays are part of this baseline study.
Table 4: Population, Household Population and Area per Barangay,
Esperanza, Year 2012
Barangay Population Household
Population
Area (Has.)
Ilian 3,065 707 515
Numo 2,558 518 No data available
Pamantingan 4,407 881 3,384
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Chapter 3
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Respondents
There are a total of 181 respondents for the household survey in the
municipality of Esperanza, as shown in the table below:
Table 5. Household Survey Respondents, Esperanza
Bargangays Numo Ilian Pamantingan
No. of respondents 70 64 47
% Men 45.7 90.6 36.2
% Women 54.3 9.4 63.8
% IPs 11.4 1.6 72.1
Tribe(s) Blaan Tiruray Tiruray
Tiruray Tboli
Both women and men members of the household were considered for the
interview. Indigenous Peoples were also among of the respondents. In Barangay
Pamantingan, where majority of the residents are Indigenous Peoples (IP), 72%
of the respondents are IPs of the Tiruray and Tboli tribes.
In Columbio, there are 274 respondents which is a mix of Moro, Settler
and IP households.
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Table 6. Household Survey Respondents, Columbio
Barangays Eday Maligaya Telafas Bantangan Libertad Natividad Sinapulan
No. of
respondents
40 40 40 35 41 38 40
% Men 30.0 88.9 35.0 17.1 62.5 71.1 80.0
% Women 70.0 11.1 65.0 82.9 37.5 28.9 20.0
% IPs 97.5 48.1 10.0 42.9 32.5 92.1 72.5
Tribe(s) Blaan Blaan Blaan
Tboli
Blaan Blaan Blaan Blaan
3.2. Commodities and Livelihood
In all ten barangays subject to the study, 80 100 percent of the
households are dependent on farming as their main livelihood, with barangays
Eday and Maligaya in Columbio registering a 100% dependence on farming. In
the rest of the barangays, non-farming households are involved in employment to
government and private organizations, carpentry and masonry, and micro-scale
businesses, among others.
The total land area planted to agricultural crops for the whole municipality
of Columbio is around 8,946.75 hectares. Corn production has the largest area
which is approximately 4,442 hectares, producing approximately 26,650 metric
tons of corn per annum, according to the local government unit data. Rice comes
a close second with 3,762 hectares devoted to rice production with an annual
production of 15,049 metric tons (Municipality of Columbio, 2010).
In the barangays that are subject of the study, corn and rice are the main
crops produced by the farming households. The table below shows that rice and
corn farms in Columbio produce an average of 4.0 MT per cropping, in
consonance with the national average. Currently, farmers who participated in the
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focus group discussions reported harvests of approximately 5.0 MT per hectare.
The improvements are attributed to the increased coverage of irrigated areas,
better access to technologies and improved knowledge on farming.
Table 7: Palay and Corn, Area and Production Volume, Columbio, Year
2009
Barangay Palay Corn
Area (Has.) Produce (MT
per cropping)
Area (Has.) Produce (MT
per cropping)
Bantangan 117 468 200 980
Eday 70.5 276.75 156 764
Libertad 525 2,100 325 1,595
Maligaya 332 1,326.5 181 886
Natividad 289 1,041 358 1,754.2
Sinapulan 52.75 175 259 1,269
Telafas 537 2,148 150 735
Total 2,102.25 Has. 7,780.75 MT 1,680 Has. 8,233.1 MT
Source: Municipal Agriculture Office
In Esperanza, rice production is also the main source of livelihood of the
farming community. The municipality has a 6,303 hectares devoted to rice
production accounting for 47% of the agricultural lands. Corn production is also
considerably widespread with 2,455 hectares of farm lands, or 20% of the total
agricultural area in the municipality.
In the three barangays that are subject to the study, rice is the main crop
produced by farmers. Numo has 353 hectares of ricelands and is the major
source of livelihood for most of the populace. Pamantingan has 145 hectares,
while Ilian has 90 hectares. Oxfam partners in these three barangays are all rice
farmers tilling a total of 221 hectares.
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Table 8: Rice Area and Production, Esperanza, Year 2012
Barangay Area (Hectares) Production (MT per
cropping)
Ilian 90 297.5
Numo 353 1,200
Pamantingan 145 487
Total 588 Has. 1,984.5 MT
Source: Municipal Agriculture Office
3.3. Secondary Crops
Because of the intervention of many development organizations, among
them, the Rural Development Institute of Sultan Kudarat (RDISK), many farmers
have turned to diversification by planting other crops such as cassava, banana,
coconut and abaca. These crops provide a second source of income for corn and
rice farmers in Columbio. They also serve as buffer crops in the event of failure inthe production of the main crop. However, it can be noted that planting of most of
these crops began only in 2009 and most are not yet ripe for production. These
are also grown on a small scale and are considered only as secondary source of
family income locally termed as sideline, with the exception of cassava.
However, these crops have the potential for large-scale production.
Table 9: Main Crops and Secondary Crops per Barangay
Barangay Main Crop Secondary Crops
Columbio
Bantangan Rice, Corn Coconut, Rubber
Eday Corn, Rice Banana, Coconut
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Libertad Rice Banana, Coconut
Makat Corn Banana, Coconut
Maligaya Rice Corn, Rubber
Natividad Rice, Cassava Banana
Sinapulan Corn Banana
Telafas Corn, Rice Banana, Cassava
Esperanza
Ilian Rice, Corn Coconut
Numo Rice, Corn Banana, Coconut
Pamantingan Rice, Corn Banana, Coconut
*Main Cropproduced as the primary source of family income
**Secondary Cropsplanted as buffer crops alongside the main crop
The expansion of areas planted to oil palm is also noted in the municipality
of Columbio in the recent years. However, the potential is only location-specific in
two barangays unlike Rice and Corn where production is suitable in all areas
within the municipality.
3.4. Organic Production
The Local Government Unit of Columbios current thrust is towards the
production of chemical free and organic products in the municipality. It has also
identified Rice as the flagship for organic production. To date, there are no
available data on the production of oganic rice in the municipality. RDISK, one of
the service providers assisting farmers in the production of organic rice reported
56.5 has. planted to organic rice, with an annual yield of 226 MT. These farming
households are all partners of RDISK and Oxfam.
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The municipality of Esperanza also has a Healthy Lifestyle program that
encourages the consumption of, among many, organic products among its
populace. This gives local farmers in the area the motivation to shift to organic
production of rice. In the three barangays that are subject of the study, RDISK
partners have a total of 221 hectares of land planted to rice. However, at this
point, as farmers are still learning about organic rice farming, only 4.5 hectares is
able to produce organic rice for the year 2013. RDISK claims that the current
demand for organic rice in the country far exceeds production and therefore,
incentives for expansion abound.
Corn is also produced in vast quantities in the two municipalities. These
farms feed the mills in the nearby province of South Cotabato that process them
to animal feeds. Being primarily produced not for human consumption, current
local and international demand does not specify that corn has to be chemical
free. Thus, organic production of corn is not undertaken in the area.
3.5. Energy Requirements in the Rice and Corn Value Chain
The stages in production of Rice and Corn are categorized by farmers
according to:
1. Land preparation
2. Planting
3. Maintenance
4. Harvest
5. Post-harvest
Both women and men take an active role in the whole production process
and decision-making is shared by the male and female heads of each household.
Children also take part in certain activities as additional workers.
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Farmers in the two municipalities sell their produce as dried/semi-dried
palay and/or shelled corn. Thus, the participation of the farming communities in
the value chain ends after drying of these commodities, or after harvest in areas
where no drying facilities are available. Post-harvest and other value-adding
activities are carried on at the commercial and industrial centers kilometers away
from the farm lands. They are being operated by micro and small scale
enterprises owned by local traders.
In Columbio, there are fifteen (15) rice mills in the municipality and are
mostly situated in the the town center. Farmers sell wet/semi-dried/dried palay at
the buying stations in the barangay centers operated by consolidators. These are
then sold to palay traders who process these to produce rice. Corn, on the other
hand, is sold to traders in the municipality who consolidate and deliver the
produce to feed mills.
Table 10: Production Activities and Machineries Requiring Energy
Activities Machineries, type and fuel
used
Access and Control
Land
Preparation
Tractor with
Disc Plow
Diesel,
Gasoline
Rented, Privately owned by
enterprising
farmers/traders/business
entities
Hand tractors
with plow
(Turtle)
Diesel,
Gasoline
Rented, Privately owned by
enterprising
farmers/traders/business
entities
Maintenance Sprayer Manual
Harvest None Manual
Post-harvest Thresher Diesel, Rented, Privately owned by
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Gasoline enterprising
farmers/traders/business
entities
Sheller Diesel,
Gasoline
Rented, Privately owned by
enterprising
farmers/traders/business
entities
Dryer Solar heat Public facility (free) and/or
rented, Privately owned by
enterprising
farmers/traders/business
entities
Mill Diesel, Grid-
supplied
electricity
Privately owned by enterprising
farmers/traders/business
entities
Others Dryer
(Mechanical)
Diesel, Grid-
supplied
electricity
Not available in the locality
Harvester Diesel Not available in the locality
Shredder (for
organic fertilizer
production)
Diesel, Grid-
supplied
electricity
Not available in the locality
Owing to high cost in purchasing these equipments, majority of the
farmers themselves do not own these and have to rent from local businessowners and enterprising farmers during the planting and harvest seasons.
Stationary facilities such as rice and corn mills are also owned by traders
and businessman that usually operate in the town center.
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3.5.1. Petroleum Fuels
Petroleum fuel engines have replaced the Carabao and other farm
animals as the main prime mover for land preparation activities. Tractors with
disc plows are used to prepare corn farms for planting and hand tractors are
used in the rice farms. These machineries are fuelled by petroleum that have to
be brought in from outside of the farms.
The mechanization of the agriculture production processes has been
brought largely by the desire to achieve better efficiencies in farming. A 1980
study by Maranan showed that the use of mechanized plows reduces family
labor time by 76% and hired labor time by 85% (Maranan, 1985). This
encourages farmers to shift to the use of machines for their farm activities. This
reduces the number of workforce needed to be involved in the farms thus freeing
other members of th ehousehold to pursue other activities. In the same study, it
was concluded that mechanization of land tilling activities increase the economic
viability of lowland rice farming as compared to using draft animals.
Today, the time factor is very important in irrigated rice areas where
synchronous planting is practiced. Farmers need to finish land preparation in
time to catch-up with the availability of irrigation water needed for the
transplanting phase. Mechanizing the land preparation activities is already a
necessity in the area, lest you get left behind and bereft of needed water for the
early stages of plant development.
These factors combine to the obsolesence of the carabao and other draft
animals for land preparation. Although it can be noted that some farmers still
maintain at least one carabao or horse for other activities in the farm, especially
hauling.
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The introduction of organic farming in the project areas may pave the way
for the resurgence of the use of Carabao for farm activities. A study by
Bachmann, Cruzada and Wright, quotes an organic farmer saying:
Ownership of a Carabao is a symbol of being an MASIPAG1farmer. It is
a source of manure. The uses are also economic: gasoline is expensive. A
carabao is the cheapest energy in town, and carabaos reproduce. It is a
source of income when hired by others for farm work and becomes a
reserve fund in case of emergency.(Bachman, Cruzada, & Wright, 2009)
Aside from being a work animal, farmers also see the carabao as a source
of manure, which can be used as natural fertilizer, as a source of secondary
income and an asset that can be used in the event of emergencies.
However, getting back to the golden age of carabao use for an array of
farm activities migh tbe a long shot. There is even the possibility that this will
never materialize.
In the meantime, petroleum fuels reign and are the first link of the
business of rice and corn farming in Columbio and Esperanza to the global
production system. Fuels have to be imported from outside the country,
deposited in depots in the City of General Santos, which is approximately 89 and
108 kms. away from the town centers of the municipalities of Columbio and
Esperanza, respectively, and transported to gasoline retail stations in the
municipalities. To get to the farms, the fuel is usually transported using plastic
containers and carried aboard motorbikes locally known as habal-habal. The
very long supply chain to get these energy resources to the farms impacts on its
1MASIPAG is an acronym for Magsasaka at Siyentipiko Para sa Ikauunlad ng Agrikultura (Farmers and
Scientists for the Advancement of Agriculture). It is a group that espouses organic farming along with
beneficial traditional and cultural practices in agriculture.
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cost. The amount spent on petroleum fuels alone for the different farm activities
in the production process is in fact, staggering.
3.5.2. Land Preparation
Farmers estimate that a tractor attached with a disc plow consumes 28
liters of diesel or gasoline fuel for every hectare prepared for preparing the corn
farm for planting. Thus, for the whole municipality of Columbio having a total corn
area of 4,442 hectares, and producing twice every year, total petroleum fuel
consumption per year can be estimated at 248,752 liters or Php 11,193,840.00
worth of fuel assuming a Php 45/liter average cost. And with the ever-increasing
cost of fuel, this amount could double in two years time.
Table 11: Fuel Consumption for Land Preparation per cropping per
barangay, Corn
Barangay Corn
Area (Has.) Fuel Consumption
(Liters)
Amount (at Php
45/liter)Bantangan 200 5,600 252,000.00
Datalblao 1,000 28,000 1,260,000.00
Eday 156 4,368 196,560.00
Elbebe/Bunawan 200 5,600 252,000.00
Lasak 529 14,812 666,540.00
Libertad 325 9,100 409,500.00
Lomoyan 155 4,340 195,300.00Makat 51 1,428 64,260.00
Maligaya 181 5,068 228,060.00
Mayo 344 9,632 433,440.00
Natividad 358 10,024 451,080.00
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Poblacion 85 2,380 107,100.00
Polomolok 194 5,432 244,440.00
Sinapulan 259 7,252 326,340.00
Sucob 255 7,140 321,300.00
Telafas 150 4,200 189,000.00
Total 4,442 124,376 Php 5,596,920.00
@ 2 times per
year
4,442 248,752 Php 11,193,840.00
For rice lands preparation, farmers estimate that a triple pass plowing
activity will consume around 24 liters of fuel for every hectare. The 3,761
hectares of rice lands in Columbio require 180,528 liters per year and is
equivalent to Php 8,123,760.00. Whereas, in the three barangays of Esperanza,
the 588 hectares of rice lands would need around 28,224 liters of fuel per year
amounting to Php 1,270,080.00. In some instances, when economic restrictions
are present, farmers would opt to undertake only one to two passes, thereby
affecting the quality of land where the rice can grow from, and eventually
decreasing productivity.
Table 12: Fuel Consumption for Land Preparation per cropping per barangay, Rice
Barangay Rice
Area (Has.) Fuel Consumption
(Liters)
Amount (Php)
Columbio
Bantangan 117 2,808 126,360.00Datalblao 150 3,600 162,000.00
Eday 70 1,680 75,600.00
Elbebe/Bunawan 25 600 27,000.00
Lasak 101 2,424 109,080.00
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Libertad 525 12,600 567,000.00
Lomoyan 67 1,608 72,360.00
Makat 174 4,176 187,920.00
Maligaya 329 7,896 355,320.00
Mayo 235 5,640 253,800.00
Natividad 259 6,216 279,720.00
Poblacion 942 22,608 1,017,360.00
Polomolok 26 624 28,080.00
Sinapulan 52.75 1,266 56,970.00
Sucob 64 1,536 69,120.00
Telafas 537 12,888 579,960.00
Esperanza
Ilian 90 2,160 97,200.00
Numo 353 8,472 381,240.00
Pamantingan 145 3,480 156,600.00
Total 4,261.75 102,282 Php 4,602,690.00
@2 croppings per
year
4,261.75 204,546 Php 9,205,380.00
3.5.3. PostHarvest Activities
The next stage that requires mechanized tools are the post-harvest
activities. At the farm level, this involves the thresher for palay and sheller for
corn. Currently, these machineries are designed as mobile equipments that can
be brought to each farm during harvest and is powered by a diesel or gasoline
engine. Use of this post-harvest equipments add to the petroluem fuel
consumption in the locality.
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Threshers are used to separate palay from the stalks. For every ton of
palay, thresher operators estimate that 0.50 liter of petroleum is consumed.
Using the same assumptions to petroleum price as above, this stage of
production is expected to consume 17,049 liters or Php 767,160.00 amount of
fuel in Columbio and Esperanza each year.
Table 13: Fuel Consumption for Threshing per cropping per barangay, Rice
Barangay Rice
Yield (Kgs.) Fuel
Consumption
(Liters)
Amount (Php)
Columbio
Bantangan 468 234 10,530.00
Datalblao 600 300 13,500.00
Eday 280 140 6,300.00
Elbebe/Bunawan 100 50 2,250.00
Lasak 404 202 9,090.00
Libertad 2,100 1,050 47,250.00
Lomoyan 268 134 6,030.00
Makat 696 348 15,660.00
Maligaya 1,316 658 29,610.00
Mayo 940 470 21,150.00
Natividad 1,036 518 23,310.00
Poblacion 3,768 1,884 84,780.00
Polomolok 104 52 2,340.00
Sinapulan 211 106 4,747.50
Sucob 256 128 5,760.00
Telafas 2,148 1,074 48,330.00
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Esperanza
Ilian 360 180 8,100.00
Numo 1,412 706 31,770.00
Pamantingan 580 290 13,050.00
Total 17,047 8,524 383,580.00
@2
croppings/year
17,047 767,160.00
Its counterpart in Corn production is the Corn sheller. This is used to
separate the corn grains from the cob. Similar to palay, a sheller also consumes
0.50 liter for every ton of produce. Total fuel consumption in Columbio for corn
processing at this stage is approximately 17,768 liters or Php 799,560.00.
Table 14: Fuel Consumption for Shelling per cropping per barangay, Corn
Barangay Corn
Yield (MT Per
Cropping)
Fuel Consumption
(Liters)
Amount (Php)
Bantangan 800 400 18,000.00
Datalblao 4,000 2,000 90,000.00
Eday 624 312 14,040.00
Elbebe/Bunawan 800 400 18,000.00
Lasak 2,116 1,058 47,610.00
Libertad 1,300 650 29,250.00
Lomoyan 620 310 13,950.00
Makat 204 102 4,590.00Maligaya 724 362 16,290.00
Mayo 1,376 688 30,960.00
Natividad 1,432 716 32,220.00
Poblacion 340 170 7,650.00
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Polomolok 776 388 17,460.00
Sinapulan 1,036 518 23,310.00
Sucob 1,020 510 22,950.00
Telafas 600 300 13,500.00
Total 17,768 8,884 399,780.00
@ 2 croppings
per year
17,768 799,560.00
3.5.4. Drying
Farmers in the municipality utilizes heat from the sun for drying their palay
and corn produce. The process involves drying of rice and corn under direct
sunlight in an open concrete field built for such purpose known as solar dryer.
Drying requires at least 8 hours of direct exposure during sunny days. However,
during the rainy season, farmers often encounter problems in drying. The delays
caused by rains affect the quality and selling price of the product. Big farmers
and traders resort to mechanical drying whenever rains are heavy. However, in
the farms, there are no mechanical drying facilities available. A mechanical dryer
is quite expensive and is beyond the reach of the farmers. Nevertheless, farmers
in the area has expressed that the availaibility of such facility would be a big help
to them.
3.5.5. Milling
Next to drying, palay and corn are milled to produce rice or animal feeds.
This involves small to medium milling facilities for rice, and big, industrial facilities
in the case of feed mills. A rice mill with a medium-scale efficiency (60%) and
runs on a 24 HP Diesel Engine is estimated to consume 4.6 Liters for every ton
of palay processed.
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Table 15: Fuel Consumption for Milling per cropping per barangay, Rice
Barangay Rice
Yield (MT per
cropping)
Fuel
Consumption
(Liters)
Amount (Php)
Columbio
Bantangan 468 2,153 96,876.00
Datalblao 600 2,760 124,200.00
Eday 280 1,288 57,960.00
Elbebe/Bunawan 100 460 20,700.00
Lasak 404 1,858 83,628.00
Libertad 2,100 9,660 434,700.00
Lomoyan 268 1,233 55,476.00
Makat 696 3,202 144,072.00
Maligaya 1,316 6,054 272,412.00
Mayo 940 4,324 194,580.00
Natividad 1,036 4,766 214,452.00
Poblacion 3,768 17,333 779,976.00
Polomolok 104 478 21,528.00
Sinapulan 211 971 43,677.00
Sucob 256 1,178 52,992.00
Telafas 2,148 9,881 444,636.00
Esperanza
Ilian 360 1,656 74,520.00
Numo 1,412 6,495 292,284.00
Pamantingan 580 2,668 120,060.00
Total 17,047 78,416 3,528,729.00
@2 croppings/yr 156,832 7,057,458.00
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As with the other stages of production, the associated cost is very high.
The fuel requirement is 16,832 liters or Php 7,057,458.00 per year.
On the whole, the conventional sources of energy fuel the rice and corn
production system in the area. And a big amount of financial resources is poured
into these mostly-petroleum-fuelled processes. Given the computations above, a
staggering amount of Php 11,993,400.00 and Php 17,029,998.00 is involved in
the whole production process for corn and rice, respectively.
To date, except for the electric grid that is powered by a combination of
conventional and renewable energy sources, there are no renewable energy
facilities that serve the rice and corn production chain.
3.6. Other Power Requirements in the Community
Households in the area rely on various sources of energy for their daily
activities. Among those that require energy are cooking and night lighting. In bothmunicipalities, cooking is the top, household activity that involves the use of
fuels.
Table 16. Ranking of Household Activities Involving Energy, Esperanza
Rank Brgy. Numo Brgy. Ilian Brgy. Pamantingan
1 Cooking Cooking Cooking
2 Home Cooling
(electric fan)
Recreation (TV) n/a
3 Ironing Clothes Home Cooling n/a
4 Food & Beverage
Preservation
Food & Beverage
Preservation
n/a
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(Refrigerator) (Refrigerator)
5 Recreation (TV) Studying, Reading,
etc.
n/a
Table 17. Ranking of Household Activities Involving Energy, Columbio
Rank Eday Maligay
a
Telafas Bantangan Libertad Natividad Sinapu
lan
1 Cooking Cooking Cooking Cooking Cooking Cooking Cookin
g
2Recreatio
n (TV)
Recreatio
n (TV)
Recreation/TV Recreation/
TV
Recreation/
TV
3 Studying/Rea
ding
Electric Fan
4 Refrigerator
5 Reading/
Studying
Most households use firewood that are gathered free from the forest.
Some use charcoal that is bought at 150-155 per kilo which is quite expensive for
them.
Even for households with access to electricity, firewood remains to be the
main fuel used. This is due to the fact that many of them have easy access to
firewood, which can be gathered without cost in the woodlands and forests within
their communities. In the focus-group discussions, it was noted that whilecooking is a primarily female task, the responsibility for gathering firewood falls
on the male members of each household.
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Table 18. Household Activities and Energy Source, Esperanza
Household
Activities
Brgy. Numo Brgy. Ilian Brgy.
Pamantingan
Cooking Firewood Firewood Firewood
Refrigeration Electricity Electricity n/a
Comfort cooling Electricity Electricity n/a
Ironing Clothes n/a charcoal n/a
Recreation (TV) Electricity Electricity n/a
Studying,
Reading
n/a Electricity n/a
Table 19. Household Activities and Energy Source, Columbio
HH
Activities
Eday Maligaya Telafas Bantangan Libertad Natividad Sinapulan
Cooking Firewood Firewood Firewood Firewood Firewood Firewood Firewood
Refrigeration Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity
Electric Fan Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity
Ironing
Clothes
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Recreation Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity
Studying &
Reading
Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity
This study is constrained from quanitifying the amount of firewood and
charcoal used in the households per period. However, in an experimental study
conducted by the the US- Environmental Protection Agency together with localscientists from China and India, where small scale combustion devices are
largely used, it was shown that Carbon Emission Factors range from 15 85
g/kg, depending on the type and quality of firewood/charcoal used and the
combustion device (Smith, 2000). Emission factors refer to the amount of
pollutants produced for every unit of fuel burned.
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Home cooking using firewood and charcoal do contribute to green house
gases emission aside from the fact that it also impacts on forests where these
materials are collected.
For lighting, the communities depend on grid-supplied system for the
source which appears to be sufficient. A big portion of the barangays in the study
are energized to a sufficient level, except for Barangays Eday and Sinapulan in
Columbio, which has only 5% and 40% coverage, respectively. In Esperanza,
Barangay Ilian only has 30% coverage.
The topography of the area and the low density in terms of clustered
communities contribute to the low coverage in these barangays. Distributing
electricity in these areas, where the terrain and distance from main gridlines is a
challenge, thereby making it more costly than standard installations, is not found
to be feasible.
Moreover, despite the high level of coverage in the rest of the barangays,
only very few of the farming households are registered consumers. In somecases, their is only one registered consumer for a cluster of 5 - 10 households as
the others will just tap from the connection for their lighting needs. This is illegal
but is a common practice in these communities. Installation cost plus the
minimum monthly subscription cost, which can reach more than P100.00 per
month are the main factors that hinder most households from availing of their
own line. This is despite the fact that majority, if not all, of the households see
having access to electricity as an important need to be fulfilled in their respective
households.
Respondents in the FGD often cite the need for lighting, especially at
night, as the main reason why they seek access to electricity. This is especially
true for those with children who are at school.
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3.7. Renewable Energy Aspirations
Renewable energy generation is no longer new to the communities, solar
power being the most popular among them. There had been several projects that
provide households with solar panels that are able to support household lighting
and a few recreational facilities in the adjacent barangays and municipalities.
Sadly, a number of these projects have not been succesful in sustaining the
initial gains, and some facilities had been decommissioned due to absence of
repair services. In some cases, the solar panels and batterries were sold by
beneficiaries, earning them some money they could use for other needs.
However, the indomitable spirit of the Filipino farmer still dreams of access
to renewable energy, not just for domestic use but for their farming needs as
well. There were discussions on the possibility of solar-powered tractors and
rotary weeders during the focus-group discussions. They also expressed that
owning post-harvest facilities, now being operated by traders and some wealthy
individuals, would be a big help for them and their communities. Using renewableenergy sources to operate these facilities would be an ideal complement to their
efforts in organic farming, they said.
3.8. Women and Renewable Energy
Renewable energy needs in livelihood activities is more pronounced in the
post-harvest part of the production chain. More often than not, these is to power
farm machineries and facilities that are traditionally operated and controlled by
men.
However, in the communities with RDISK and Oxfam presence, the
women are very familiar with and actively takes part in the activities and decision-
making processes when it comes to farming. In the FGD, women tend to be more
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vocal and precise on the renewable energy needs in their areas. These needs
concerns the provision of alternatives that will lessen the cost of production,
improve productivity, and the possibility of taking part in the whole value-chain,
that is, producing rice instead of semi-dried palay.
3.9. Renewable Energy Potentials
3.9.1. Solar Energy
The areas under study appears to have a very high potential for solar
energy generation. Number of days with sunshine ranges from 13 24 days per
month, and with an average of 7 hours per day of sunshine, it can be said that
the sun shines brightly over the province of Sultan Kudarat.
Table 20: Selected Data on Climate History, Historical Averages, Sultan
Kudarat
Month # of days with
sunshine/month
# of hours
withsunshine/day
Temperature
Average High Low
January 17 7 30 40 13
February 21 8 30 38 16
March 22 9 31 38 11
April 24 8 32 37 14
May 18 7 33 39 14
June 13 7 29 38 13
July 13 7 32 36 20
August 15 7 32 38 19
September 14 7 30 37 20
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October 16 7 31 39 14
November 18 7 31 40 13
December 19 8 29 39 18
Source:www.myweather2.com (Nov. 15, 2013)
Harvesting solar energy at the farmlands of Columbio and Esperanza can
be made possible by utilizing the community warehouse facilities that are present
in all barangays in Columbio and in the three barangays in Esperanza. Each
warehouse has an estimated area of 60 sqm. When fitted with solar panels with
an optimal coverage, it can harvest up 56 kWh per day. This is enough to support
the operating requirement of a small to medium mechanical palay/corn dryer with
an average energy consumption of 10 kWh to 40 kWh per day. This type of dryer
is able to process an approximate volume of at most 40 sacks2of palay per batch
(Ulit, Casil, Castro, Gagelonia, & Bautista, 2005).
Rice and corn mills that can run at less than 56 kWh per day can also be
operated in conjunction with this power generation facility.
This can also be used to substitute for the petroleum fuel used for
threshers and corn shellers. However, the technical challenges of converting
these diesel engine-driven machines to ones that are powered by electricity, and
the mechanism to store power for these mobile facilities need to be addressed.
21 sack = 50 kilograms
http://www.myweather2.com/http://www.myweather2.com/ -
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Figure 3. Solar Dryers in Esperanza
Excess energy generated may also be distributed to nearby households tosupply their lighting and cooking energy requirements, especially during periods
of inactivity in between harvest seasons.
Another option would be to establish a grid-tied system where excess
power generated may be fed to the grid at a fee. In peak times, the grid may also
be used to ensure continuous drying or milling activity.
3.9.2. Hydro-electric
Areas with potentials for mini-hydro power generation can benefit from the
bigger amount of power that can be generated from this system. Barangays
Sinapulan, Maligaya and Telafas in Columbio can tap from the Alil and Dalol
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River systems to generate as much as 190 kW of electric power. This in turn can
be used in a variety of value-adding activities to include threshing, shelling,
drying and milling. This will also be capable of providing power for night lighting
of at most 1,200 households in these communities.
Table 21. Parameters and Values for Computation of Power Potential,
Columbio
Columbio, Hydro Brgy. Maligaya,
Alip River
Brgy. Sinapulan,
Alip River
Brgy. Telafas,
Dalol River
Flow Rate (m/s) 125 0.90 1.14
Cross-sectional Area,
m2
5.17 7.00 2.30
Gross Head, m 5.00 5.00 5.00
Potential, kW 190.21 185.41 77.17
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Figure 4. Hydro Power Potential Map, Columbio
In Barangay Numo in Esperanza, an irrigation jump canal is capable of
producing an average of 26kW hydropower. Rice farmers whose farms are within
the 500 meter radius from the power generation facility, may tap power from such
facility for threshing of palay. Households within 1 km radius from the facility may
also tap power for their household energy needs.
As with the generation facility for solar, these mini-hydropower facilities
may also be grid-tied and the excess power sold to the electric local distribution
cooperative.
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Table 22. Parameters and Values for Computation of Power Potential, Brgy.
Numo, Esperanza
Average flow rate, m/s 7.00
Cross-sectional Area, m 0.12
Gross Head, m 6.00
Power Potential, kW 29.00
3.9.3. Wind Energy
The average wind speed for the province of Sultan Kudarat is at 6 km/h,
reaching maximum gusts of up to 80 km/h, in specific areas (SK, 2010). The
potential for power generation at this speed is very low and therefore not
feasible. In the project areas, the researchers did not find suitable evidence of
feasibility of a power generation facility utilizing wind power.
3.10. Bio-fuels
A number of barangays in the area have grasslands and idle lands that
can be utilized for the production of bio-fuel crops. When produced and
processed locally, this can be used for the mobile machineries used in land
preparation that currently run on diesel and gasoline engines.
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Chapter 4
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Rice and Corn farming is the major livelihood in the municipalities of
Esperanza and Columbio. For the population of Oxfam partners in the area, rice
farming is the major source of income. Renewable energy projects that will
support the rice and corn production chains will be of great benefit to the farming
households.
It has been observed that activities requiring fuel and energy are
concentrated in the land preparation and post-harvest stages of the production
chain. In many cases, participation of the farmers/producers end at the harvest
stage. It has been a common practice to sell semi-dried palay or corn to traders
and operators of mills in their locality. Thus, value-addition activities is effectively
passed from the farmers to traders and businesses after the harvest. This
explains the low popularity of renewable energy as a resource in farming
activities among rice and corn farmers.
4.1. Natural Fuels for Mobile Machineries
In the land preparation stage, most machineries requiring fuel are mobile
and require a large amount of power to operate. The study has identified two
major barriers to full integration to renewable energy utilization for this part of the
value chain. These are:
1. Absence of appropriate technologies such as a battery that is capable
of storing a large amount of energy and are able to produce sufficient
power for land tilling as an alternative the diesel and gasoline engines
that is largely used in machineries in the land preparation stage. Bio-
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fuels are not yet available in many rural areas in the country, aside
from the fact that there is an on-going discourse of its legitimacy as a
climate-mitigating alternative and its environmental soundness.
2. Renewable energy technologies that is capable of generating energy
and at the same time power a machine akin to that of solar-powered
automobiles are still in its infancy stage. In fact, it has not been
established if such is entirely feasible technically and economically.
There are two alternatives to veer away from the petroleum-fuelled mode
of production. One is to revert back to the use of farm animals in tilling the land.
For rice farmers, where synchronous planting has been the mode already,
catching up with the irrigation schedule will be a challenge, especially with the
dwindling number of draft animals available in the area. However, mechanisms to
increase the availability of draft animals, and to optimize its utilization can be
arranged by the community. Thus, this should not be entirely discounted outright.
Moreover, continuing research and development activities for alternatives is
always an option.
Another one would be the utilization of bio-fuels for these machineries.
The potential for production of Moringa fuel in the area is promising with its wide
area of idle lands and grasslands. This can be tapped to enable the community
to grow and produce their own bio-fuel for their needs.
Given the big amount of resources involved in using imported petroleum
fuel for production, as shown in the table below, the possibility of domestic
production of bio-fuel using the Moringa, which is easily grown in the area is a
very attractive proposal. Small-scale biodiesel production has been tested and
even currently on-going in some areas in the country. This can also be replicated
in Esperanza and Columbio.
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Table 23. Annual Fuel Consumption for Rice and Corn Production and Processing
Activity Rice Corn
Liters Amount Liters Amount
Land Preparation 204,546 9,205,380.00 248,752 11,193,840.00
Threshing/Shelling 17,047 767,160.00 17,768 767,160.00
Totals 221,593 9,972,540.00
Add: Milling 156,832 7,057,458.00
Totals 378,425 17,029,998 266,520 11,993,840.00
Combined Total 644,945 29,023,838.00
Bio-diesel, which can be readily used in existing engines driving most
automobiles and farm equipments. It has been tested to reduce greenhouse
gases emission to a certain extent (US-EPA, 2002). However, a study using a
global business model found out that emissions from land use change to grow
bio-fuel crops are seen to increase GHG emission instead (Searchinger, et al.,
2008). It has seen to compete with the demand for food as food stocks such ascorn and soybean are utilized for bio-fuel. The increase in the demand also led to
the increase in the production thereby leading to land use conversion for
agricultural production.
Thus, biodiesel production, if pursued in the area should be limited to the
use of idle lands and land-use conversion or clearing of forests to make way for
bio-fuel crops production should be avioded at all costs. Moringa, which is easily
grown under poor soil conditions and is not a staple food crop can be a good
alternative.
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4.2. Solar Energy and Hydro-electric for Stationary Facilities
The stage where integration of renewable energy is very feasible is the
post-harvest stage. This includes stationary facilities such as driers and mills.
The ocular survey yielded a number of sites that can be tapped for renewable
energy generation and support these activities. Of very high potential is the Alip
and Dalol river systems in the municipality of Columbio. In all areas, solar power
harvesting is also possible by utilizing spaces in community-owned dryer and
warehouse complex and facilities.
A big part of the area is already supported by the grid. Thus, a grid-tied
system is highly recommended. This ensures continuous supply of needed
power should the facility fall short of the requirement or will have to shut-down for
repairs or other circumstances. Since post-harvest activities are largely seasonal,
the energy generated can be sold and fed to the grid.
Drying of produce in the area is largely done manually and has beenproven to be reliable most of the time. A mechanical drier will serve as a back-up
mechanism to ensure optimal production for the farmers. This can be powered by
renewable energy. On the other hand, mechanisms to optimize and concentrate
thermal heat can be employed in drying palay and corn. This can help in
shortening drying time and save time for the farmers while decreasing
possibilities of spoilage.
Currently, control and ownership of post-harvest facilities lie largely on
traders and business individuals. Oxfam partners in the area have expresed their
desire to someday own and operate such facilities. This can only be possible if
they raise enough funds to cover the cost of acquisition of these machineries,
which is quite expensive.
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A facility that will produce renewable energy might just benefit the
operators of drying and milling facilities more than the farming households. This
will somehow benefit farmers by pulling down the cost of drying and milling
services should the energy generated be less costly than the tariff rate of the
local electric cooperative. However, it is unlikely that this will have a big impact
on the livelihoods of many farming households since most of them sell their
produce devoid of value-addition.
The ideal would be to set-up a renewable energy powered value-
addition facility that will process the organic produce of the farming
households. Aside from being free of chemicals, their products can also be
labelled as green and with minimum carbon footprint. This will boost
marketability and value.
4.3. Multi-Crop Renewable Energy Facilities
Other crops with potentials for upscaling in production and are alsoproduced by the farming households are also identified. These are Coconut,
Banana, Rubber and Vegetables. Activities in the value chain for the said
products can also be supported by renewable energy in the same fashion as with
Rice and Corn. Given the limited volume produced, renewable energy integration
for these products should be further studied to investigate if scale and market
value will be able to cover the costs associated with renewable energy facility
establishment and operations.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bachman, L., Cruzada, E., & Wright, S. (2009). Food Security and Farmer Empowerment: A Study
of the Impacts of Farmer-led Sustainable Agriculture in the Philippines. Magsasaka at
Syentipiko Para sa Pag-unlad ng Agricultura (Masipag).
Maranan, C. (1985). Comparative Evaluation of Tractor and Carabao Use in Rice Lan Preparation.
Journal of Philippine Development Number Twenty One, Volume XII, No. 1.
Municipality of Columbio. (2010). Municipal Profile.Columbio.
Searchinger, T., Heimlich, R., Houghton, R., Fengxia, D., Amani, E., Jacinto, F., . . . Yu, T.-H.
(2008). Use of US Croplands for Biofuels Increase Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions
from Land Use Change.
Smith, K. (2000). Greenhouse Gases from Small Scale Combustion Devices in Developing
Countries. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Ulit, M., Casil, F., Castro, R., Gagelonia, E., & Bautista, E. (2005). Technical and Socio-economic
Evaluation in Ilocos Norte of a Low-Cost Grain Dryer from Vietnam. Man Philippine
Journal of Crop Science.
US-EPA. (2002).A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts and Exhaust Emissions, Technical
Report.USA.
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