real-time no3 and po4 sensors for chesapeake bay...water in site analyzer system (wiz): real-time...
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Real-Time NO3 and PO4 Sensors for Chesapeake Bay
Lora HarrisJeremy Testa
Amanda Moore
UMCES Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
Mark TriceRebecca Burrell
Kristin HeyerJohn ZimmerelliBruce Michael
Ben ColeBrian Smith
Maryland Department of Natural Resources
Why do we need these sensors?
(1) There is a vast amount of nutrient concentration measurements in Chesapeake Bay, but most of these have been measured at a bi-weekly or monthly scales
(2) Event-scale dynamics (floods, wind events) are poorly understood
(3) Nutrient conditions leading to phytoplankton blooms poorly understood
(4) Model simulations made at short time scales that could be better validated
Growing use of in-situ nutrient systems
Pellerin et al. 2016, JAWRA
The WIZ system
• Miniaturized wet chemistry• Won EPA Nutrient Sensor Challenge• Relatively affordable
(10-15k; SUNA=30k+)
Reagentcanister
Internal electronics,colorimetric components
filter
Internal electronics
pump
Reagent canister
Deploying The WIZ system
Solar Panel and Data Logger
Waste and rinse water
WIZ(submerged)
Arundel on the Bay
Deploying The WIZ system
Solar Panel and Data Logger
WIZ(submerged)
Dares Beach
Existing Nitrate Sensor
Solar Panel and Data Logger
WIZ(submerged)
Darlington, MD
Water In site AnalyZer System (WIZ): Real-Time NO3 and PO4 measurements
Miniaturized wet chemistryLong-term deployments, but labor-intensive
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Oct Nov Dec Jan
NO3m
gL
AOB Nutrient Sensor
DAB Nutrient Sensor
SUNA Sensor
0
20
40
60
Oct Nov Dec Jan2018 - 2019
PO4u
gL
AOB Nutrient Sensor
DAB Nutrient Sensor
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Oct Nov Dec Jan
NO3m
gL
AOB
Grab
Arundel on the Bay
0
20
40
60
Oct Nov Dec Jan2018 - 2019
PO4u
gL
AOB
Grab
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Dec 17 Dec 24 Dec 31
NO3m
gL
DAB
Grab
Dare's Beach
0
20
40
60
Dec 17 Dec 24 Dec 312018 - 2019
PO4u
gL
DAB
Grab
Arundel
RMSE = 0.24106
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
LABNO3mg L
WIZN
O3m
gL
Original
Replacement
Arundel on the Bay
RMSE = 22.38322
0
20
40
60
0 20 40 60
LABPO4ug L
WIZP
O4u
gL
Original
Replacement
2018
Susquehanna Flow
Black = Long Term Mean Yellow = IQR Red = 2018
USGS SUNA Nitrate Sensor
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
NO
3 C
onc
(mg/
l)
Arundel on the Bay
IQR
Long-Term Monthly Median (1984-2017)
2018 WIZ Data
NASL Data
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
NO
3 C
onc
(mg/
l)
Dare's Beach
IQR
Long-Term Monthly Median (1984-2017)
2018 WIZ Data
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
PO4
Con
c (m
g/l)
Arundel on the Bay
IQR
Long-Term Monthly Median (1984-2017)
2018 WIZ Data
Susquehanna
NASL Data
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
PO4
Con
c (m
g/l)
Dare's Beach
IQR
Long-Term Monthly Median (1984-2017)
2018 WIZ Data
NASL Data
Wiz Sensors
0
2000
4000
6000
0
2000
4000
6000
Oct Nov Dec Jan
SUS
Flow
m3
sSUS
Flowm
3s
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0
20
40
60
Oct Nov Dec Jan
NO3m
gL
PO4 ug
L
AOB NO3 AOB PO4
Arundel on the Bay
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
0
10
20
30
40
Oct Nov Dec Jan2018 - 2019
Salin
ity (p
pt)
Chl (ug/L) / Tem
p (C
Chl Salinity WTemp
Arundel on the Bay – Ecological Insights?
Dares Beach– Ecological Insights?
0
2000
4000
6000
0
2000
4000
6000
Dec 17 Dec 24 Dec 31
SUS
Flow
m3
s
SUSFlow
m3
s
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0
20
40
60
Dec 17 Dec 24 Dec 31
NO3m
gL PO4 ug
L
DAB NO3 DAB PO4
Dare's Beach
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
0
10
20
30
40
Dec 17 Dec 24 Dec 312018 - 2019
Salin
ity (p
pt)
Chl (ug/L) / Tem
p (C
Chl Salinity WTemp
Dares Beach– Ecological Insights?
0
2000
4000
6000
0
2000
4000
6000
Dec 17 Dec 24 Dec 31
SUS
Flow
m3
s
SUSFlow
m3
s
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0
20
40
60
Dec 17 Dec 24 Dec 31
NO3m
gL PO4 ug
L
DAB NO3 DAB PO4
Dare's Beach
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
0
10
20
30
40
Dec 17 Dec 24 Dec 312018 - 2019
Salin
ity (p
pt)
Chl (ug/L) / Tem
p (C
Chl Salinity WTemp
0
500,000
1,000,000
Jan 2018 Apr 2018 Jul 2018 Oct 2018 Jan 20
Dai
ly L
oad
(kg/
day)
Based on SUNA dataNitrate Loading
flo
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Oct Nov Dec Jan
NO3m
gL
AOB Nutrient Sensor
DAB Nutrient Sensor
SUNA Sensor
SUNA shifted 8 days
0
1
2
3
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
Oct Nov Dec Jan2018 - 2019
NO3m
gL
Salinity (ppt)AOB NO3 Salinity
Arundel on the Bay
0
1
2
3
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
Oct Nov Dec Jan2018 - 2019
NO3m
gL
Salinity (ppt)
DAB NO3 Salinity
Dare's Beach
Maintenance Insights:CostsChemicals : $445 (for chemicals we didn’t have)Data plan : ? / month (for data transmission)
Site VisitsPlanned Maintenance : 4 based on sampling frequencyMalfunction Response: 9 additional
HoursChemical Prep : 4 hours for initial reagent mixingMaintenance day prep : 3 hours to fill canister and gather equipment/standardsMaintenance Day : 1.5 hours travel each way (75 miles)
2 hours on site for cleanup and calibration checkPost Maintenance Day : 3 hours to empty/clean used canister and waste bagMalfunction Trouble Shooting : 14 (total) additional to normal maintenance on siteTotal hours dedicated : 250 for everything involved
0
50
100
150
200
250
Maintenance MalfunctionReason for Missed Sample
Num
ber o
f Mis
sed
Sam
ples
Ecological Insights:
• Sensors useful for tracking temporal shifts in response to flow events
• Documented variability will be useful for understanding estuarine responses on time scale better suited to modeling and continuous sensor data
• Maintenance is a challenge and calibration data still indicates “proceed with some caution”
• Susquehanna inputs impacted main stem of bay on short time scales this summer (~8 days) – how does this compare to other years with lower flow?
Thank you!
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