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Relationships in Ecosystems
Vocabulary
Relationships in Ecosystems
Big Ideas
Diversity and Evolution of Living Organisms Explore the scientific theory of evolution by relating how the inability of a species to adapt within a changing environment may contribute to the extinction of that species. Discuss distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms.
Relationships in Ecosystems
Big IdeasInterdependence Explain and illustrate the roles of and relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers in the process of energy transfer in a food web. Compare and contrast the relationships among organisms such as mutualism, predation, parasitism, competition, and commensalism. Describe and investigate various limiting factors in the local ecosystem and their impact on native populations, including food, shelter, water, space, disease, parasitism, predation, and nesting sites.
Relationships in Ecosystems
Big Ideas
Interdependence Compare and contrast the relationships among organisms, including predation, parasitism, competition, commensalism, and mutualism. Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers. Explain the pathway of energy transfer through trophic levels and the reduction of available energy at successive trophic levels.
Relationships in Ecosystems
What is an organism? An individual living thing
What is an environment? The place where an organism lives (its habitat)
What does an organism get from its environment? Food Water Shelter Other things it needs to live, grow and reproduce
What is a niche The role an organism plays in its habitat
NichesOrganisms occupy many niches in an environment.
Interactions Among Living Things
Relationships in Ecosystems
What are the two parts of an organisms’ habitat?Biotic factors Living or once livingExamples: Living organisms, decomposing plant
material, owl pelletsAbiotic factorsNonliving factorsExamples: sunlight, temperature, water
Relationships in Ecosystems
Some abiotic factors Air 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen and .04% carbon dioxide Water is a major ingredient of the fluid inside the cells of all
organisms. Soil is a mixture of mineral and rock particles, the remains of
dead organisms, water, and air. The decaying matter found in soil is called humus.
Sunlight is the energy source for almost all life on Earth. Temperature of a region depends in part on the amount of
sunlight it receives, as well as the latitude and elevation
Climate refers to an area’s average weather conditions over time, including temperature, rainfall or other precipitation, and wind
Wind –motion of air from its heating by the Sun creates air currents that are called wind.
Living Things and the Environment
Factors in a Prairie HabitatA prairie dog interacts with many biotic and abiotic factors in the prairie habitat.
Relationships in Ecosystems
How is an ecosystem organized? Organisms – living things Species – organisms that can mate with each other and
produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce Population – All members of one species in a particular
area Community – All the different populations in a particular
area Ecosystem – All of the communities in a particular area Biosphere – All of the ecosystems on Earth
Draw concentric circles showing the organization of the biosphere
Ecological OrganizationThe smallest level of organization is the organism. The largest is the entire ecosystem.
Living Things and the Environment
Relationships in Ecosystems
What is ecology? The study of how organisms interact with each other and
with their environment
Energy Flow in Living Organisms
A food chain shows a sequence of organisms that eat other organisms.
Energy Flow in Living Organisms
As you can see, organisms that make their own food are called autotrophs or producers
Organisms that eat other organisms are called heterotrophs or consumers. Three types: Herbivores – eat only producers Omnivores – eat producers and other consumers Carnivores – eat only other consumers
The first heterotroph in a food chain is called the primary consumer, the second, secondary; the third, tertiary
Organisms that break down dead organisms are called decomposers (detrivores)
Energy Flow in Living Organisms
On a page in your notes, draw a food chain. Include a producer, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers and a decomposer. Remember that decomposers return nutrients to producers
Energy Flow in Living Organisms
For the purposes of energy flow, a food chain (web) involves the transfer of energy from one organism to another through the cycling of matter (food)
Energy Flow in Living Organisms
As you move up a food chain, energy is converted when organisms higher up eat organisms lower down.
Some energy is lost during each conversion (Second Law of Thermodynamics); organisms higher in the food chain receive only part of the energy from the organisms they eat.
The energy efficiency of each new level in the food chain is 10% of the level below it.
Energy Flow in Living Organisms
Because of this loss of energy as organisms eat other organisms, as you move up a food chain, there are fewer and fewer organisms
Relationships in Ecosystems
Energy Flow in Ecosystems Energy Pyramid
Trophic levels Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Energy PyramidsSuppose that the producers at the base of an energy pyramid contain 330,000 kilocalories. How much energy would be available at each level of the pyramid?
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Food WebA food web consists of many interconnected food chains.
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Energy Flow in Living Organisms
In a food web, lines with arrows are drawn between the organisms being eaten and the organism eating it
The arrow always points from the predator toward the prey, because this is the direction of the energy flow
Relationships in Ecosystems
Common relationships exist between organisms Predator/prey
One organism (predator) eats another (prey) Predator adaptations
Running fast Hunting at night
Prey adaptations Mimicry Camouflage
Predator/prey populations An increase in predators may lead to a decrease in prey, which leads
to a decrease in predators and an increase in prey Adaptations may cause escalation
Faster cheetah selects for faster gembock
Adaptations can cause special relationships to occur between different species
Predator-Prey InteractionsOn Isle Royale, an island in Lake Superior, the populations of wolves (the predator) and moose (the prey) rise and fall in cycles.
Interactions Among Living Things
Relationships in Ecosystems
Common relationships exist between organisms Competition
organisms compete for food or other resources in the same habitat
Adaptations may reduce competitionLiving in different parts of a treeFeeding at different times of day
Adaptations can cause special relationships to occur between different species
Relationships in Ecosystems
Symbiotic relationships exist between organismsAt least one organism must benefit Parasitism
Parasites live on (head louse)/in (tapeworm) another animal (host) and feeds on it (parasite benefits at expense of host)
Commensalism animals benefit from each other (hermit crabs with sea anemones on
its shell)
Mutualism animals depend on each other (termites and protozoans that live in
their intestines, coral polyps and zooanthellae)
Adaptations can cause special relationships to occur between different species
Populations
Populations change in size Births and deaths
Birth rate – number of births in a certain time period Death rate – number of deaths in a certain time period If birth rate > death rate, population size increases If birth rate < death rate, population size decreases
Growth rate = birth rate – death rate
Populations
Immigration and emigration Immigration – organisms moving into an area Emigration - organisms moving out of an area
Population density Number of individuals / unit area Example: 20 butterflies in a 10 m2 garden 20/10 = 2 butterflies / m2
Immigration/Emigration in a Rabbit PopulationThis graph shows how the size of a rabbit population changed over ten years.
Populations
Population Density of the Flamingos in the PondIn the pond on the top, there are 10 flamingos in 8 square meters. The population density is 1.25 flamingos per square meter.
Populations
Populations
Limiting factor Environmental factor that causes a population to stop growing or
decrease in size Largest population an area can support is its carrying capacity
Factors that limit population growth Food Shelter Water Space Disease Predation and Parasitism Nesting sites
Populations
Factors that limit population growth in the Everglades
Water Flow Pesticides and Herbicides Invasive species (example: Burmese python) Urbanization Water and air quality Food
Classwork 1
1. Name three things an organism gets from its environment
2. ___ factors are living or were once living; ___ factors are non-living
3. Place these in order from smallest to largest:
Population Organisms Ecosystem Community Species
1. Name the type of relationship:a. animals benefit from each other b. animals depend on each other c. organisms compete for food or other resources in same
niched. One organism eats another e. One organism lives on/in another
5. List four factors that limit population growth
Copy the questions into your notebook and answer them
Classwork 1
1. Identify the type of organism
a. break down dead organisms
b. eat only other consumers
c. eat only producers
d. make their own food
e. eat producers and other consumers
2. Part of a food chain: Organism A Organism B
Which is the predator?
1. In a population, the birth rate is less than the death rate. Is the population increasing or decreasing?
2. As you move up a food chain, energy is converted when organisms higher up eat organisms lower down, but the energy efficiency of each new level in the food chain is 10% of the level below it. How does this affect the number of organisms as you move along?
Copy the questions into your notebook and answer them
Classwork 1
10. Name three factors that limit populations in the Everglades
Copy the questions into your notebook and answer them
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