renewable biofuel from microalgae: potential and prospects defence institute of bio-energy research...
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Renewable Biofuel from Microalgae: Potential and Prospects
Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research Field station, Pithoragarh
Dr. M. Arumugamaasaimugam@gmail.co
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Sector wise energy production and consumption: India
Out of the total Oil 70 % is being imported: Dependence of OPEC countries
If the governments around the world stick to current policies, the world will need almost 60% more energy 60% more energy in 2030 than today
At the present staggering rates of At the present staggering rates of consumption, the world consumption, the world fossilfossil oil reserve will oil reserve will be exhausted in less than 45 years (IEA, be exhausted in less than 45 years (IEA, 2007).2007).
What is an alternative?What is an alternative?
Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy
Renewable Energy Sources:
Geothermal, Solar Energy, Hydropower, Wind, Waves & Tides
Renewable energy obtained from various forms of Biomass
Biofuel
www.climate-policy-map.econsense.de
National Policy on Biofuel (8th September 2008) was set up to look exclusively into issues pertaining to biodiesel and the development of Jatropha curcas as feedstock for biodiesel production.
Blending target of Ethanol (10%) and Biodiesel (20%) with petro-diesel were proposed by 2011-12.
DRDO-ARMY BIO-DIESEL PROGRAMME
(SL-P1-2007/DAR-71)
Micro AlgaeJatropha curcas Camelina sativa
Biodiesel from algae: Biological concepts
Algae is an photosynthetic microorganism converts solar energy to fixed neutral lipids in the presence of CO2 and light.
Optimum Growth ConditionTemp-25-30ºC, CO2: 1 to 2%; pH: 6.5-7.5 and light 1.2 Klux
(Arumugam et al., 2010)
Crop Oil yield (L/ha)
Corn 172
Soybean 446
Canola 1190
Jatropha 1892
Coconut 2689
Oil palm 5950
Microalgae (30%) 58,700
Microalgae (70%) 136,900
Potential of Microalgae
(Chisti, 2007)
Advantages over other feed stock
Synthesis and accumulate large quantities of neutral lipids (20 to 50 % of Dry Cell Weight)
Multiply at higher rate (1-3 doubling time in a day)
Utilize nutrients from variety of waste water, provide an additional benefit of waste water bioremediation
Sequester CO2 from flue gases, thereby reducing emission of major
green house gas
Algae biofuel contains no sulfur, is non-toxic and highly biodegradable
Produce as a value added by-products (Proteins, Polysaccrides, pigments animal, feed, manure, Hydrogen and biopolymers)
Grow in suitable culture vessels (Photo-bioreactors) throughout the year with an annual biomass productivity, on an area basis exceeding that of terrestrial plants by approximately tenfold
DIBER Initiatives in Second generation biofuel
(i) Collection, Screening of ideal algal strain Two algal strains exhibited more promising potential
Scenedesmus bijugatus (Turpin)
Chlorococcum humicolo (Naegeli)
Oil percent: 16 to 40%
Biomass Yield (Dry weight): 450 kg/ha/day
Oil percent: 14 to 22 %
Biomass Yield (Dry weight): 210 kg/ha/day(Arumugam et al., 2010)
Mass culturing of selected algal strains
Open race way pond at DIBER, Fd stn, Pithoragarh
Plastic tray to optimize culturing technique
(ii) Standardization growth medium for open pond
Effect of nutrient on algal biomass grow th
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 8 Day 12 Day 15
Gro
wth
(OD
540
nm
)
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T7
T1: CHU13; T2: Tap Water (Control); T3: Urea@ 0.5% ; T4: Urea@ 0.1% T5: 50 % FYM extract ; T6:100 % FYM extract ; T7: 50 % FYM extract +Urea@ 0.1%
Algal culturing in laboratory: synthetic growth medium such as modified CHU-13, BBM, BG11 etc
However culturing algae in large scale is limited because of non-availability of appropriate affordable growth medium
(Arumugam et al., 2010)
(iii) Algal Harvesting and Processing
Gravity settling Natural Sun drying of algal bio-mass
It accounts for 20-30% of total production cost
Find out the economically viable harvesting method
(v) Extraction of Algal oil
Organic Solvent extraction• Polar Solvents• Non polar solvents
Proposed Methods:Mechanical extraction (algae Milling )Electroporation Supercritical CO2 fluid extraction Ultrasonic and micro waves
Oil extraction using Organic solvent
Principle: Polar Organic solvents will dissolve all the total lipids/fats present in the cell.
Organic Solvent: n-Hexane and Petroleum ether
Extraction method: Soxhlet Apparatus
Procedure:
Heating at 65ºC for 6-8 hrs
Fixed oil collected after evaporating the residual solvents using Rota-vapor
(vi) Processing of Algal oil
Microalgal oil contains fatty acid and triglycerid compounds can be converted in to Methyl esters (i.e., Biodiesel) using conventional transesterification technology.
• IS : 15607
• ASTM : 6751
• EN : 14214
Bio-diesel Specifications (B-100)
Technical bottlenecks….
High Production cost
Algal cell harvesting and drying
Oil extraction and processing
An ideal algal strain
Suitable culturing infrastructure
Biodiesel: For a better future
"The term Peak Oil refers to the maximum rate of the production of oil in any area under consideration, recognising that it is a finite natural resource, subject to depletion."
-Colin Campbell
“The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But such oils may become, in the course of time, as important as the petroleum and coal tar products of the present time.”
-Rudolf Diesel, 1912.
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