reproductive performance of crossbreed goats …

1DepartmentofAnimalProduction,FacultyofAnimalScience,UniversitasGadjahMada,Yogyakarta552812DepartmentofAnimalBreedingandReproduction,FacultyofAnimalScience,UniversitasGadjahMada,Yogyakarta55281

1 1 2Triswanto ,NonoNgadiyono ,danSumadi

*Corresponding Authors:triswanto@mail.ugm.ac.id

ThepurposeofthisresearchistoknowtheeffectofageonreproductiveperformanceofCrossbreedgoatetawahinKulonProgoregencyinaproductiveage.TheobjectofthisresearchistherespondentsandtheirGoatsastheresearchmaterialthatistheDoeCrossbreedgoatEtawahwhich is 1.5 until 3 years old (poel2 to 3 pairs). Themethod used in this research is a survey through aninterviewusingaquestionnaire.Locationisdeterminedbypopulationlevelthatispopulationhigh,middleandlow in Sub Girimulyo and Samigaluh. The observedreproduction performancewas litter size, postpartumestrus,postpartummating,serviceperconceptionandlambing interval. The research data is conducted byIndependent T-test. The results showed that the littersize,postpartumestrus,postpartummating,serviceperconceptionandlambingintervalwerenotsigni�icantlydifferentbetweentheageofpoel2andpoel3.Thelittersizepoel2 and 3 were 1.65+0, 54 and 1.72±0.55.Postpartum estrus goatpoel2 is 4.37±1.23 andgoatpoel3is4.46±1.19.Postpartummatinggoatspoel2and 3 are 4.38±1.23 and 4.46±1.19. The number oflambingintervalsofcrossbreedgoatetawahpoel2and3respectivelywere9.54±1.35and9.60±1.28.Serviceperconception of crossbreed goat etawahpoel2 equal to1.28±0.65,poel3equalto1.22±0.55.Itcanbeconcludedthat the reproductive performance of crossbreed goatetawah at the productive age of 1.5 to 3 years is notaffectedbyage.

Keywords: Crossbreed Goats Etawah, ReproductivePerformance

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Crossbreed Goat Etawah (PE) is one of thepotential goat to be developed in Indonesia. PEgoatsaredualpurposegoats,whichproducemeatandmilk.DoePEgoatscanproduceanaverageof2to3litersofmilkperdaywithalactationperiodofmorethan150days.Atpresent,effortstodevelopPE goats as milk producers continue to beimproved both through research and assistance

togroupsofPEgoatbreeders.KulonProgoRegencyisoneofthedistrictsin

SpecialRegionofYogyakartaProvincewhichisthesource of Crossbreed Goat Etawah seeds. ThepopulationofPEgoatsinGirimulyois13.173tails,Samigaluhis9.451tails,Kokapis4.926tailsandPengasihis1.858tails.ThepotentialofPEgoatsinKulonProgoisexpectedtobeexploredasamajorproducer of seeds, meat, and milk which isre�lected in its productivity. Productivity is a

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REPRODUCTIVEPERFORMANCEOFCROSSBREEDGOATSETAWAHINKULONPROGOREGENCY

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combination of production and reproductiondisplayed by livestock. Production can bemeasuredonquantitativevariables(bodyweightand body measurements) and qualitativecharacteristics (exterior) on PE goats, whilereproductivesuccesswillgreatlysupportlivestockproductivity improvement besides feed andmanagement factors . Good reproductiveperformance of livestock accompanied by goodlivestock management will result in highreproductiveef�iciencyfollowedbyhighlivestockproductivity.Highand lowef�iciencyof livestockreproductionisin�luencedbytheconceptionrate,the lambing interval, the time interval betweenlambingtopregnantagain(daysopen),thematingrateperpregnancy(serviceperconception),andthelambingrate.Thisstudyaimstodeterminetheeffect of parent age on the reproductiveperformanceofPEgoatsatproductiveageinKulonProgoRegency,tosupporttheimprovementofthequality andquantity of PE goats inKulonProgoRegency.

MaterialsAndMethods

ThisresearchwasconductedinKulonProgoRegency, namely Girimulyo and Samigaluh Sub-Districts,whichweredividedinto3categories.Theselection of research sites is based on thepopulation,namelyhigh(T),medium(S)andlow(R) populations. Selected locations are inJatimulyo Village (T), Purwosari Village (S) andGiripurwo Village (R) in Girimulyo District,Banjarsari Village (T), Gerbosari (S), andPurwoharjo (R) Village in Samigaluh District.Material used in this study were farmers asrespondentsandtheirgoatsasresearchmaterial,namely Doe PE goats aged 1.5 years to 3 years(poel2to3pairs)(Tomazsweskaetal.,1993).Themethod used in this study is a survey throughinterviewsusingquestionnaires.

Reproductive variables observed includedlittersize,postpartumestrus,postpartummating,serviceperconceptionandlambinginterval.Thenumber of litter size, postpartum estrus,postpartummatingandserviceperconceptionareobtainedbasedoninterviewswithfarmers,whilethe lambing interval is obtained based oncalculationsusingthefollowingformula:

Which:IKislambingintervalLBisLenghtofPregnancySEisEstrusCycleS/CisServiceperconception

Data obtained from the results of the studywere tabulated and analyzedusing IndependentSampleT-test.

RESULTANDDISCUSSION

TheconditionofGoatsatthestudysiteThis research was conducted in Girimulyo

andSamigaluhSubdistricts,KulonProgoRegencywith a total of 6 villages with enclosures withground�loorandmostofthemaredominatedbystage �loors. Breeders do not have a completerecordingofPEgoatsthatarekeptandgenerallydonotdomilking.

Goats used as samples generally havedroopingear features, convex facialpro�ile, longearsandfeathersdominatedbywhiteandblack.BuckshavelongerfurthanDoes,especiallyinthehindlegsofthemane.Thesecharacteristicsareinaccordance with those mentioned by Heriyadi(2004),thatPEgoatshavecharacteristicsbetweentheKacangGoatandtheEtawahGoat,thatisthecurveduppernose,earlengthbetween15to30cmand hang down and slightly stiff, color varyingbetweenblack,whiteandbrown,buckshavethick,ratherlongfeathersundertheneckandshoulders,whereas does feathers are rather long at thebottomofthetailtowardsthefootline.Besides,thebodysize isrelativelyhigh,65to86cm,slenderandrelativelylargecomparedtotheKacanggoat.Hartatik (2014)added thePEgoatwhiskersarequitelarge,inthebackofthethighs,tail,andlonghairychin.Buckshavethickandratherlonghairundertheneckandshoulders,whereasDoeshairisratherlongunderthetailinthedirectionofthefootline.Shortandsmallhorns,thelowerjawismoreprominentthantheupperjaw.

ReproductionPerformanceReproductive performance is all aspects

concerning animal reproduction. Reproductiveappearancecanbeintheformofageatthe�irsttimeoflust,ageat�irstmatingandlambingforthe�irst time,onsetof lustafter lambing,numberofmatingperpregnancy,lambingintervalanddaysopen (Hardjosubroto, 1994). The reproductiveperformanceof adoes isdeterminedbyvarious

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factorssuchasthelengthofthematingseasons,thelust cycle, the ovulation rate, the fertility rate, thepostpartumanestrusperiod,thegrowthandabilitytoliveforthelambduringthepreweaningperiod.Thelevelofreproductiveperformancecanbemeasuredandexpressedasalittersizeatlambingandweaning,lambingintervalandthelengthofthereproductivecycle(Elieseretal.,2012).

LitterSizeLitter size is the number of lambs born at

lambing. Litter sizes are crucial for the rate ofincrease of goat populations. High litter size willaffectpopulationincrease(Sudewoetal.,2012).TheaverageresearchresultsofthelittersizecanbeseeninTable1.Table1.LittersizeofPEgoatsaged1.5to3years

Based on the table, it can be seen that thenumber of litter size for PE goats in Kulon ProgoRegencyisnotsigni�icantlydifferentbetweentheageofPoel2andPoel3.Thenumberoflittersizerangesfrom1.65to1.72tail.The�igureobtainedinthestudyis higher when compared to Davendra and Burns(1994)whichstatesthatthelittersizeforPEgoatsis1.5tailsperlambing.Thisisin�luencedbytheparityfactorofthegoat,wheretheDoePEinKulonProgoisinparity2and3.Sudewoetal.,(2012),statesthatthelittersizetendstoincreasefromthe�irsttothesixthparity,withapeakinthelittersizethesixthis1.96±0.32. Litter size starts to decrease at the seventhparity.

Thenumberof litter sizeof goat agepoel 3 ishigherthanofpoel2.KostamanandSutama(2005)state that the litter size of a doe is determined bythreefactors,thenumberofeggsproducedperlustand ovulation, fertilization and conditions duringpregnancy and embryo death. These three factorsdependontheageofthedoe,bodyweight,buckformating, ambient temperature and genetic of theparent.Ahighlittersizewillbefollowedbyahighrateofdeathoflambandalsobyadecreaseinthelambingweightofthelamb.Susilowati(2007)explainedthatdoePEisaproli�ic(fertile)goatandproduces1to3lambperlambingandbodyweightbetween35to45kgindoes,whereasinbucksrangingfrom40to60kgdepending on quality seeds and maintenancemanagement.

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PostpartumEstrusBased on research, the postpartum

estrusratecanbeseeninTable2.

Theresultsshowedthatagedidnotaffectthe postpartum mating rate. This result ishigherwhen comparedwith Rasminati andSetyo (2012) , which states that thepostpartumestrusofPEgoatsis3.5months.Thepostpartumestrusratereaches4months,thisisin�luencedbythebreastfeedingfactor.Lamb that isbornwill be allowed to suckleuntilweaning,whichis3to4months.ThisisconsistentwithwhatwasstatedbyMurdjitoetal.,(2011),statingthatpostpartumestruswas i n � l u enced by one o f t h em bybreastfeeding. Does who are breastfeedingwillanestrustwotothreetimeslongerthanthosewhoarenotbreastfeeding.Inaddition,while breastfeeding, ovarian and estrousactivitymaynotbeobservedformorethan2or 3 months, especially if the energyconsumptionislow.AlsoaddedbyHafezandHafez (2008),which states that postpartumestrusisin�luencedbythelustofdoe.Severalfactorsthatin�luencetheemergenceofestrusafterbreedingincludegenetic,environmentaland metabolic factors. Parasmawati et al.,(2013)statesthatdoesafterlambingcanbemated again after 90 days or afterweaningtheir offspring because by that time thereproductivetissuehasrecovered.

PostpartumMatingPostpartum mating is the distance

betweenthetimeofarrangingthe�irstmatingafter lambing to the implementation ofarti�icial insemination or natural mating.Postpartummatingoccursafter4to5monthsafter lambing (Sutama, 2009). PostpartummatingPEgoatsinKulonProgoRegencyarepresentedinTable3.Table3.PostpartummatingofPEgoatsaged1.5to3years

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Age N LitterSize(tails)

Poel2 373 1,65+0,54ns

Poel3 373 1,72+0,55ns

Aged N PPE(month)

Poel2 373 4,37+1,23ns

Poel3 373 4,46+1,19ns

NS=Nonsignificant

Age N PPM(Month)

Poel2 373 4,38+1,23ns

Poel3 373 4,46+1,19ns

NS=Nonsignificant

Based on the table, age does not affectpostpartummatingrates.TheresultsshowedthatthemaintenanceofPEgoats inKulonProgohaspostpartummatingof4.38and4.46months.ThisresultisinaccordancewiththatstatedbySutama(2009) which states that postpartum matingoccursafter4to5monthsafter lambing,Utomo(2013)of4.6monthsinmountainousareas.Thisresult can occur because it is in�luenced by thepostpartumestrusrate.HafezandHafez(2008),stated that the mating period after lambing isin�luenced by the onset of the �irst estrus afterlambing.Severalfactorsthatin�luencetheonsetofe s t r u s a f t e r l amb ing i n c l ude g ene t i c ,e nv i ronmen t a l and me t abo l i c f a c to r s .Parasmawatietal., (2013)addedthatdoesafterlambingcanbematedagainafter90daysorafterweaning their offspring, because by then thereproductivetissuehasrecovered.

LambingIntervalBasedonresearch,PEgoat lambing interval

numbersarepresentedinTable4.Table4.LambingintervalofPEgoatsaged1.5to3years.

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thehighervalueoftheserviceperconceptionmeansthelowerthevalueofthegoatfertility.Serviceperconceptiondependsonthelevelofbuckanddoefertility, inseminationtimeandinseminationtechniqueused(Feradis,2010).Serviceperconception�igurescanbeseeninTable5.Table5.ServiceperconceptionofPEgoataged1.5to3years

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Age N IK(Month)

Poel2 373 9,54+1,35ns

Poel3 373 9,60+1,28ns

NS=Nonsignificant

Basedonthetable,thelambingintervalisnotaffectedbytheageofthedoe.Thelambingintervalinthestudywas9.54to9.60months.ThisresultishigherthanUtomo'sstudy(2013)of240days(8months),whereas the researchresultsare lowerwhencomparedwithresearchbySuranindyahetal.,(2009),statingthatthelambingintervalofPEgoatsintheTuriareais10.0+3.3months.Thisisbecauseitisin�luencedbypostpartummatingandpostpartumestrus.Tambingetal.,(2001),sooneror later doe for estrus return after lambingwillaffectthelambinginterval.Thelongerof lambinginterval will reduce the reproduction ef�iciency.Susilowati (2007) also added that the lambingintervalisalsoin�luencedbythetypeoflambingoflivestock, where the type of single lambing isshorterthanthetypeoftwinlambings.Spacingisthe most important character for assessingproductivity and is the best index for evaluatingreproductive ef�iciency goats in the �ield(Parasmawatietal.,2013).

ServiceperConceptionServiceperconceptionisthematingneededto

requireconception.Lowerserviceperconceptionmeanshigherfertilityofthegoat,conversely,the

Age N S/C(times)

Poel2 373 1,28+0,65ns

Poel3 373 1,22+0,55ns

NS=Nonsignificant

Based on the table above, age does notaffect S/Cnumbers.The results showed thatthe number of service per conception goatsaged2 and3were1.28 and1.22 times. TheresultsofthisstudyarelowerwhencomparedwithFeradis(2010)whichis1.6to2.0times,Murdjitoetal.,(2011)serviceperconceptionofBligongoatsby1to2timesand1.59times(Rustadi,2008).Theresultsofthestudywerelowerdue to the factorsof thebuck and themethod used. The breeders in Kulon ProgoRegencydomatingbynaturalmethodsorusebuckformating,andmosthaveselectedbuckstobematedwithdoesbasedongoatclass.Goatclass is obtained from the PE goat contestwhich is routinely held every year in KulonProgo Regency. According to Pramono et al.,(2008),serviceperconceptionisin�luencedbyseveral factors, namely the accuracy ofdetecting lust, the condition of the goatthemselves and the skills and accuracy ofinseminators in inseminating their goats.AddedagainbyFeradis(2010),thatserviceperconceptiondependsontheleveloffertilityofbucks and does, insemination time andinseminationtechniquesused.Soeharsonoetal.,(2010),added,anotherfactorthatisnolessimportantandin�luencesthevalueofserviceperconceptionistheknowledgeandskillsoffarmers in thedetectionof lust.Detectionofappropriate lust andbreeders' knowledge oftheoptimumtimeforinseminationalongwithreportingattherighttimewillbeveryhelpfulin the success of arti�icial inseminationactivities.AccordingtoAstuti(2004),thelowerthevalueofserviceperconception,thehighertheleveloflivestockfertilityandviceversathehigherthevalueofserviceperconception,thelowertheleveloffertility.

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