reproductive system picture from //declubz.com/blog/2008/09/12/pregnant-woman-sculpture

Reproductive

System

Picture from http://declubz.com/blog/2008/09/12/pregnant-woman-sculpture/

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Supplemental instruction

Cell divisionCell division-Mitosis-Mitosis from zygote, for growth and repair Mother cells (2n;Diploid) Daughter cells (2n; Diploid)-MeosisMeosis production of gametes

Mother cells (2n;Diploid)

Daughter cells (n; Haploid) *gametes=sex cells (sperm, egg)

FertilizationFertilization

-Sperm(n) fertilizes ovum(n)

Zygote(2n)

Human life cycleHuman life cycle

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Mitosis Meiosis

2n(46)Diploid

2n(46)Diploid

2n(46)Diploid

N(23)Haploid

Cell duplicate(Growth) Generation(Sexual reproduction)

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GonadsGonads-Produce gametes(sex cell)-produce hormones that regulate reproduction-In male- Gonad =testes; sex cell=sprem-In femal Gonad = ovaries; sex cell=egg or ova

ZygotesZygotes-offspring’s first cell by fusion of gamets.

Accessory reproductive organsAccessory reproductive organs-Conduct gametes -Glands

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Gametes(n):Sperm or ova 23(haploid/diploid)

-are formed in gonads by ______.meiosis

Zygotes(2n):Union of two gametes

-is formed by __________.-46(haploid/diploid)

fertilization

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Chromosomal gender of zygote determined by the

Fertilizing (ova/sperm).

Gender(it’s a girl? boy?)Gender(it’s a girl? boy?)

23 pairs of chromosomes-_______ of autosomal chrmosomes.-_______ of sex chrmosomes.

:Female: ___ Male ___

22 pairs 1 pairs

XX XY

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Gender(it’s a girl? boy?)Gender(it’s a girl? boy?)

_____ initiates a sequence of events

that leads to the formation of testes

and male external genitalia.

TDF

TDF

1st 40 days after conception, gonads of males

and females are similar.

No TDF

*TDF:____________________

-the product of the SRY gene on the

_____________ .

Testis-determining factor

In the absence of TDF, ______ will deveop.ovaries

Y chromosome

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____ causes conversion to testes.TDF

TDF No TDF

Testes secretes _________ & ____.Male external sex organs develop.If absence, (female/male) structures develop.

Testerone MIF

Male accessory sex organs – derived from ____________.(epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, & ejaculatory duct)

Female accessory sex organs-derived from ____________.(uterus & fallopian tubes)

wolffian ducts

müllerian ducts

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Accessory organsAccessory organs-Transport sperms. ;epididymis, vas deferens, & urethra-Secrete substances. :activate, nourish, and protect the sperm. :prostate, seminal vesicles, & bulbourethral glands

TestesTestes-produce sperm and testosterone (male hormone)-SSeminiferous tubuleeminiferous tubule :Immature sperm are formed

prostate

testes

Epididymus

vas deferens

bulbourethrbulbourethral glandsal glands

urethra

Seminal vesicles

scrotum

Male reproductive systemMale reproductive system

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______________-Major androgen (male sex H.)-Secreated by Leydig cells.-Give rise to male accessory organs.-Produced a lot during 1st trimester.-Declined during 2nd trimester-Inactivated until purberty

Testerones

_____________________-Secreated by Sertoli cells.-Causes Müllerian ducts to regress.

Müllerian inhibiting factor (MIF)

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Hypothalamus -secretes ______ control release of _________from anterior pituitary. (Gonadotropin)

GnRHLH & FSH

Anterior Piturary-secretes _________

stimulate production of

________________________ in gonads.

LH & FSH

Gonads-secretes _________________.-sex steroids: negative feedback on _______________________ .

-Inhibin: negative feedback on _____ secretion.-Testerone in male: inhibits ___________ secretion but not _____.

sperm, eggs and sex steroids

sex steroids & inhibin

hypothalamus and anterior P.

FSH

LH & GnRHFSH

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FSHFSH -A pituitary hormone -causes the Sertoli cells to produce sperm *Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules

LHLH - A pituitary hormone - causes Leydig cell to produce testosterone *Leydig cell in testes

Hormonal regulation of the Hormonal regulation of the male reproductive systemmale reproductive system

TestosteroneTestosterone - A steroid hormone produced in the testes - At puberty :maturation and enlargement of the male sex organs. :Increases sperm production and sex drive :Development of male secondary sex characteristics (Lowering of voice, facial hair, enlargement of bones and muscles, and (probably) aggressive behavior)

seminiferous tubules

Sertoli cells Sertoli cells

Leydig cell Leydig cell

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EpididymisEpididymisA coiled tube in scrotum where sperm mature.

Vas (ductus) deferensVas (ductus) deferens

-Tubes that pass sperm during sexual excitement-from the epididymis, through the prostate gland, to the urethra-Vasectomy

UrethraUrethra-Sperm enter the urethra at the prostate gland

SemenSemen-A mixture of sperm and fluids -Seminal fluids from glands :activate, nourish, and protect the sperm

vas deferens

urethra

Epididymus

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Prostate glandProstate gland-single glands-surrounds the urethra near the bladder-add sperm-activating chemicals to semen.

Seminal vesiclesSeminal vesicles-A pair of glands -add nutrients to the semen to semen

Bulbourethral glandsBulbourethral glands-A tiny pair of glands -add a buffer to the semen 

prostate

bulbourethrbulbourethral glandsal glands

seminal vesicles

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LH and FSH-secreted by _________. -stimulates productions in gonad __________________________-high for ___________________, falls to very low levels until puberty

Anterior P.

sperm or eggs and sex steroids1st 6 months of life

GnRH-secreted by ____________. -control release of _________.-increases GnRH secretion at _______.

so, increase _________ as well.

HypothalamusLH & FSH

puberty

LH & FSH

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____________(46):stem cells of sperms

:replicate selves by ______.

:Give rise to sperm(23) by ______.

SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis

Spermatogonia

mitosis

meiosis

:Occurs in _______________________ .wall of Seminiferous tubule

A A: _________:A cap of digestive enzymes

Acrosome

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Hormones control spermatogenesisHormones control spermatogenesis: Testosterone & FSH

Testosterone

Testosterone

FSH

___________ requires for completion of meiosis and spermatid maturation. essential for spermatogenesis.

Testosterone

_____ enhances testosterone-stimulated spermatogenesis. NOT essential for spermatogenesis.

FSH

Spermatogenesis begins (in embryo/ at 3month baby/at puberty)But not complete.secretion increases (in embryo/ at 3month baby/at puberty)___________ increase at puberty.Testosterone

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A

B

A: B:C: D:E: F:G: H: I:

I Ampulla Fimbriae

Corpus luteum

Follicle

C

Ovary

D E

F

H

Primary oocyte Secondary oocyte

G

Secondary oocyte

____________

:The formation, development, and maturation of an

ovum

Oogenesis

____________:Discharge of an ovum(egg) from the ovary:releases egg into ___________:induced by ___.

Ovulation

fallopian tube

Fallopian tube

LH

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OvariesOvaries-A pair of female gonads-Produce ova (eggs) & hormones-FolliclesFollicles house eggs; one egg per follicle Every 28 days, matures into “Graffian follicle”) Ovulation: ejects its egg -Corpus luteumCorpus luteum :empty follicle after ovulation :produces the steroid hormones estrogen & progesterone

Follicle Oocyte(egg)

Corpus luteum

OvulationOvulation

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-Conduct the egg; receive the sperm, ;house the developing baby

Fallopian (uterine) tubesFallopian (uterine) tubes-transport the egg to the uterus;

-site where the egg is fertilized

-Do not directly connected to ovary--FimbriaeFimbriae

:Waving projections

:sweep the ovulated egg to the inside of the fallopian tube-CiliaCilia

:hair-like projections

:propel the egg to the uterus in 3–4 days

Accessory organsAccessory organs

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UterusUterus-Receives the fertilized egg -Development into a babyEndometrium Endometrium -inner lining-site of egg implantation-Menstrual flow :lining sloughs off every 28 days if not pregnancyMyometriumMyometrium-smooth muscle layer FundusFundus-rounded superior portion of the uterusCervixCervix = The narrow inferior portion of the uterus (protrudes into the vagina)

Fundus

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OogenesisOogenesis

Primary oocyte(46) -occur in ____________.-Begins the end of gestation-(Decrease/increase) in number through a woman’s life. Newborn – 2 milion oocyte Puberty – 400,000 reproductive years – 400-Ceases at __________.

Secondary oocyte(23)-After 1st meiosis; polar body

-Ovulation

-If fertilized,____________.

if Not,______________.

primary follicle

menopause

meiosis II completed

degenerated

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Acrosome _________ allows the sperm to penetrate the corona and zona pellucida.

Acrosome

After __________, the secondary oocyte completes meiotic division and produce _________.Then, _______ occurs.

fertilization

mitosis2nd polar body

Fertilization occurs in ______________.the fallopian tube

(commonly ampulla

tube)

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The female reproductive cycleThe female reproductive cycle-The monthly changes-28 days in length-1) ovarian cycleovarian cycle -monthly changes in the ovaries -by FSH and LH 2) uterine cycleuterine cycle -monthly changes in the uterus

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Ovarian cycleOvarian cycle-Monthly changes in the ovaries -by FSH and LH-At day 1-13At day 1-13 Increasing FSH : One follicle Graffian(maturing) follicle -At day 14At day 14 FSH/LH “spike” : ovulation -release of an egg from the ovary-At day 14-28At day 14-28 luteal phase Graffian follicle corpus luteum (estrogen and progesterone) corpus luteum is sustained by LH If NO pregnancy = falling LH levels the corpus degenerated drop the level of progesterone and estrogen If pregnancy = the corpus persist continue to release progesterone and estrogen

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The uterine cycle The uterine cycle - monthly changes in the uterus - thickening of the endometrium to provide a nutrient-rich location for the fertilized egg to implant-Day 1 – 5 (Day 1 – 5 (MensusMensus)) The previous thickened lining sloughs off discharged as the menstrual flow-Day 6 – 14 (Day 6 – 14 (Proliferative phaseProliferative phase)) New thickening of endometrial lining due to estrogen from the Graffian follicle

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After ovulation (empty follicle)- _______ phase starts.

-Empty follicle becomes corpus luteum by

___ from anterior P.

-____________________ secreted by

corpus luteum.

suppress _____ by negative feedback.

(increase/decrease) FSH & LH

Corpus luteum regress.

(increase/decrease) progesterone &

estradiol

____________ occurs.

LHprogesterone & estradiol

GnRH

Menstruation

Luteal

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Ovulation Ovulation Luteal phase Luteal phase

-Discharge of egg -Formation of corpus luteum

-Developing follicles secrete only only estradiolestradiol.

Increase FSH

Growth of follicelsMore estradiol secreted

LH surge by positive feedbackOvulation occur!

Menstruation not occur!

-Corpus luteum secrete both both estradiol and progesterone.estradiol and progesterone.

Decrease FSH and LH by negative feedback.Retard development of new follicles

Ovulation does not occur!

Corpus luteum regressDecrease estradial &

progrsteroneMenstruation!

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Birth control pillsBirth control pills

: containing a combination of the hormones

____________________ . Decrease _____ by negative feedback.  Decrease _________mimic pregnancy and halts ovulation. Ovulation does not occur; Causing “False luteal phase”

estrogen & progesterone

If the woman stops the pills, estrogen & progesterone

levels (fall/rise).

Menstruation occurs.

GnRH

LH & FSH

* Estradiol is the major of estrogen hormone

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A secondary oocyte that has been

ovulated but not fertilized (does/does

not) complete its second meiotic

division.Disintegrates 12 to 24 hrs after

ovulation.

Fertilization (can/cannot) occur if intercourse takes place later than 1day following ovulation.

Sperm can survive up to (1day/3day/a week) in the female reproductive tract.

When can occur fertilization?If intercourse takes place within a 3-day period prior to the day of ovulation.

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A

B

CD

E

A: B:

C: D:

E: F:

Secondary oocyte Fertilization

Zygote(46) Modula

Blastocyst

F

Implantation

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A B

C

A: B:

C: Blastocyst cavity Trophoblast

Endometrium

The blastocyst implants itself into in the uterine lining, ___________.endometrium

___________ will develop

into Placenta

trophoblast

____________ - will form the babyInner cell mass

•Trophoblasts develops chorion and chorion develops placenta.

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Embryonic development Embryonic development -divides repeatedly while traveling to the uterus.-BlastocystBlastocyst (an early stage of the embryo) a hollow ball of cells with a smaller clump of cells inside =Trophoblasts(outer) + Inner cell mas Trophoblasts - form the placenta Inner cell mass - form the baby Week four: Heart beating

Week eight: Foundations of all organ systems present

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ImplantationImplantation

- Blastocyst implants in the ____________

- Blastocyst releases _____ to sustain corpus luteum.endometrium

hCG

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hCG(Human Chorionic gonadotropin)

-released by blastocyst

-an LH-like hormone-sustains the corpus luteum. Estrogen and progesterone sustain pregnancy preventing menstruation.-Nausea?(No one knows)

*corpus luteumBefore pregnancy- sustained by LH After pregnancy- sustained by hCG Estrogen and progesterone

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________- skin and nervous system

pituitary gland

________- connective tissue and muscle

endocrine, cardiovascular, skeletal

systems.

________- digestive, respiratory, urinary,

reproductive systems

After implantation, cells of blastocyst start to differentiate into three germ layers: _________________________.

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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________

- trasnport of nutrients, red blood cell formation.

- Role reduced> 6 weeks

________

- encloses amniotic cavity.

- contain amniotic fluid ~ cushions for developing

embryo/fetus.

________

- forms urinary bladder; umbilical cord.

________

-blood vessels help nourish embryo.

-develops into placenta.

Extraembryonic membranesExtraembryonic membranes

Yolk sac

Amnion

Allantois

Chorion

* Trophoblasts develops chorion and chorion develops placenta.

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Diagram showing the timing of human monozygotic twinning with relation to extraembryonic

membranes. (A) Splitting occurs before the formation of the trophoblast, so each twin has its own

chorion and amnion. (B) Splitting occurs after trophoblast formation but before amnion formation,

resulting in twins having individual amnionic sacs but sharing one chorion. (C) Splitting after amnion

formation leads to twins in one amnionic sac and a single chorion.

TwinsTwins

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PlacentaPlacenta -Nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between embryo and mother -develops from the trophoblast cells and maternal cells by week three-makes its own progesterone and estrogen to maintain endometrium. corpus luteum no needed-Umbilical cordUmbilical cord A tube connecting the embryo to the placenta for exchange of materials-AmnionAmnion A fluid-filled sac that surrounds embryo

Baby side Mother side

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•Fetus’ blood vessels are

disconnected from mom’s blood

vessel.•However, antibodies can pass

through the placenta.

Rh incompatibility Rh incompatibility RhoGam

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FetusFetus-from the ninth week to term -ready for birth stage at around nine months (37 weeks)-Fetal growth and development continue until term-Poor nutrition, use of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs negatively affect growth and development-Typical birth weight = 6 – 10 pounds

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Labor Labor -The events that result in expelling the infant from the uterus

- ________

hypothalamus

Myometrium contracts in rhythmic waves

Due to oxytocin (positive feedback)

expel the infant over several hours

- ___________

produced by almost every tissue in the body

maintenance of pregnancy

initiation of labor

oxytocin

prostaglandins

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Mammary glands (breasts)Mammary glands (breasts)-Alveolar glands

:Produce milk-Adipose tissue

-Lactiferous and alveolar ducts

Passageways for milkflow to nipple

-Areola

The pigmented circle surrounding the nipple

-Pituitary hormones regulate lactation

_________ –cause alveolar glands to make milk

_________ -causes ejection of milk

Prolactin

Oxytocin

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_____________

-number is the normalnormal number of chromosomes within a cell

- 46 chromosomes

EuploidyEuploidy

___________

-number is the anormalanormal number of chromosomes within a

cell. (less or more)

-occurs during cell division

_________ ~ extra chromosome

_________ ~ lack of one chromosome of the normal

complement.

AneuploidyAneuploidy

Triploidy

Monosomy

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_________-an extra set of chromosomes-trisomy- ~ three copies

Down syndrome- trisomy 21 Edwards syndrome- trisomy 18 Patau syndrome- trisomy 13

TriploidyTriploidy

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_________-Lack of one of chromosomes-Turner syndrome (2n = 44,XO)

MonosomyMonosomy

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Aneuploidy r/t sex chromosomes- due to “mistakes” in meiosis

-Turner syndrome (2n = 44,XO) _________

-Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) _________

- XYY syndrome _________

MonosomyMonosomy

TriploidyTriploidyTriploidyTriploidy

Correction!!

XYY syndrome is Triploidy.Triploidy.

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____________ - an agent, which can cause a birth defect. - may - may cause Developmental problems - By chemicals and environmental factors - spontaneous or due to exposure to harmful substances - Risks working at a nuclear power plant, Chemical industry….. alcoholic, Smoking during pregnant

Teratogens

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Teratogen (Cont’d)

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-____________

a medical procedure for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal

abnormalities and fetal infections.

Amniocentesis

Chromosomal abnormalities

Extract a small amount

of____________ , which

contains fetal tissues. amniotic fluid

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