resins and resin combinations by faseeha
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RESINS
The term ‘resin’ is applied to more or less solid, amorphous products of complex chemical nature. These are amorphous mixtures of essential oils, oxygenated products of terpenes and carboxylic acids.
Resins and related resinous products are produced in
plants during normal growth or secreted as a result of
injury to the plants.
They are usually formed in schizogenous or
schizolysigenous cavities or ducts.
They are end product of metabolism.
PHYSICAL NATURE
Brittle, amorphous solids
Hard, transparent or translucent.
Insoluble in water.
Dissolve in alcohol or other organic solvents.
When heated, they become soft and finally melt.
On evaporation, these solutions deposit resin as a varnish-like film.
Burn with a characteristic smoky flame.
CHEMICAL NATURE
Chemically, resins are complex mixtures of resin acids,
resin alcohols, resinotannols, esters, and resenes.
Resins do not contain nitrogen elements (Non
nitrogenous compounds).
Many resins ,when boiled with alkalis yield soaps.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
Resins are classified in three different ways:
i.Taxonomical classification, i.e. according to botanical origin,
e.g. Berberidaceae resins.
ii.Classification according to predominating chemical
constituent; e.g. acid resins, resene resins, glycosidal resins;
etc.
iii.Resins may be classified according to the portion of the main
constituents of the resin or resin combination; e.g. resins,
oleoresins, oleo-gum-resins, balsams.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO PREDOMINATING CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS a. Acid Resin:
Contain a Large proportion of oxyacids.
Having both properties of carboxylic acids and phenols.
Occur both in free state and as esters.
Soluble in aqueous solution of alkalis, forming soap like solutions or colloidal suspensions.
Their metallic known as resinates, Used in manufacture of soaps and varnishes.
Examples:
a.Abietic acids in rose or colophony
b.Copaivic acid in copaiba
c.Commiphoric acid myrrh
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO PREDOMINATING CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS b. Ester Resin:
This group contains esters as the chief constituents of
the resins- Examples -
Benzoin and Storax ,
Benzoin contains benzyl benzoate,
Storax contains cinnamyl cinnamate
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO PREDOMINATING CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS c. Resin Alcohols:
Occur in free state or in combined state as esters.
Examples –
Balsam of peru with perru resino tannol
Guaiaccum resin with guaic resinol
RESINS MAY BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE PORTION OF THE MAIN CONSTITUENTS OF THE RESIN OR RESIN COMBINATION They are also further classified into –
Resins: colophony, cannabis.
Oleoresins: copaiba, ginger.
Oleo-gum-resins: asafoetida, myrrh.
Balsams: balsam of Tolu, balsam of Peru.
Glycoresins: jalap
GLYCORESINS
Resins in combination with glycosides are known as glucoresins or glycoresins.
These are complex mixtures.
On hydrolysis, they yield sugars and complex resin acids.
EXAMPLES:
a.Jalap
b.Podophyllum
OLEORESIN
Resin often occur in more or less homogenous mixtures with volatile oils and these mixtures are known as oleoresin.
EXAMPLES:
a.Turpentine
b.copaiba
OLEO-GUM RESIN
Oleo resin occur in mixtures with gums and these mixtures are called gum-oleo resins.
Gums can be separated easily from oleoresins because gums are water-soluble carbohydrate derivatives.
EXAMPLES:
a.Asafoetida
b.Myrrh
BALSAMS
Balsams are resinous mixtures that contain cinnamic
acid, benzoic acid, or both, or esters of these acids.
EXAMPLES:
a.Benzoin
b.Peru balsam
c.Tolu balsam
d.Styrax
CRUDE DRUGS CONTAINING RESINS
AND RESIN COMBINATIONS
resins, glycoresins, oleoresins, oleo-gum resins and balsam containing plants
ROSIN
SYNONYMS:
Rosin
Colophony
Chir
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Pinus palustris
FAMILY:
Pinaceae
PART USED:
Solid Resin
PROPERTIES OF ROSIN
Hard and brittle
Soluble in alcohol, ether and other organic solvents
Odor is faint, piny.
CONSTITUENTS:
• Anhydrides of abietic acid
• Sylvic acid
• Sapinic acid
• Pimaric acid
• Resene etc.
USES:
i. As stiffening agent in cerates, plasters, and ointments
ii. As a diuretic in veterinary medicine.
iii. Manufacture of varnishes, varnish and paint dyers, printing inks, soaps, sealing wax, floor coverings etc.
iv. As an adulterant of other resinous products.
CANNABISSYNONYMS:
Indian hemp
Marijuana
Pot
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Cannabis sativa
FAMILY:
Moraceae
PART USED:
Dried flowering parts of the pistillate plants of Cannabis
CONSTITUENTS:
•15-20% of resin, which contain major active principle 1,3,4 Tetra hydro cannabinol (Commonly known as Δ THC). Other constituents include:
•Cannabinol
•Cannabidiol
•Cannabidiolic acid etc.
USES:
Though it is a drug of abuse, medicinal marijuana is used as
i.Sedative
ii.Hypnotic
iii.Narcotic analgesic
iv.Antibacterial agent
v.It has psychotropic properties due to 1,3,4 Tetra hydro cannabinol.
PODOPHYLLUMSYNONYMS:
May Apple
Mandrake
BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN:
Podophyllum peltatum
Podophyllum emodi
FAMILY:
Berberidaceae
PART USED:
Dried rhizome and root
PREPARATION OF PODOPHYLLUM RESINPodophyllum resin is also called podophyllin.
Powdered mixture of resin is extracted by percolation with alcohol followed by precipitation of concentrated percolate with acidified water.
Precipitated resin is washed twice with water.
Then dried and powdered.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
3.5-6% resin whose active principles are lignans. These include:
•Podophyllotoxin
•Alpha- peltatin
•Beta- peltatin
USES:
i.Possess purgative properties.
ii.Resin is antimitotic and caustic.
iii.As a bitter tonic.
JALAP
SYNONYMS:
Jalap
Jalap root
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Exogonium purga
FAMILY:
Convolvulaceae
PART USED:
Dried, tuberous root.
PREPARATION OF JALAP RESINExtracting the powdered jalap with an alcohol-water mixture.
Percolate is concentrated and then slowly poured into water and constantly stirred.
Precipitated resin is washed with hot water, collected and dried.
Jalap resin occurs as yellowish brown masses or powder.
CONSTITUENTS:
Resins including glycosides such as:
•Ipurganol
•Jalapin
In addition to this it contains:
•Volatile oil
•Starch
•Gum
•Sugar
USES:
i.Cathartic
ii.Hydragogue
iii.Purgative
IPOMOEA
SYNONYMS:
Orizaba jalap
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Ipomoea orizabensis
FAMILY:
Convolvulaceae
PART USED:
The dried root
CONSTITUENTS:
Glucosidal resins containing:
•Glucoside and methyl pentoside of jalapinolic acid and its methyl ester
Also
•Fat
•Phytosterol
•Calcium oxalate
USES:
i.Hydragogue
ii.Cathartic
iii.Source of resina ipomoea
COLOCYNTH
SYNONYMS:
Colocynth apple
Bitter apple
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Citrullus colocynthis
FAMILY:
Cucurbitaceae
PART USED:
Dried pulp of the unripe but fully grown fruit
CONSTITUENTS:
•Principle active constituent is glycoresin colocynthin.
In addition, it contains:
•Alkaloid
•Gum etc.
USES:
i.Hydragogue
ii.Cathartic
TURPENTINESYNONYMS:
Gum turpentine
Gum thus
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Pinus palustris
FAMILY:
Pinaceae
PART USED:
Turpentine is concrete oleoresin obtained from Pinus species
The oleoresin is secreted in ducts located directly beneath the cambium in the sap-wood.
PROPERTIES OF TURPENTINEOdor and taste are characteristic.
Soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform and glacial acetic acid.
CONSTITUENTS:
The drug constituents are
•Volatile oil
•Resin
USES:
i.Employed externally as counter-irritant.
CAPSICUMSYNONYMS:
Capsicum
Chillies
Cayenne pepper
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Capsicum frutescens (African chillies)
Capsicum annum (tabasco pepper)
FAMILY:
Solanaceae
PART USED:
Dried, ripe fruit
CONSTITUENTS:
•Capsaicin, extremely pungent principle
•Red coloring matter Capsanthin
•Volatile oils
•Fixed oils
•Carotenoids
•Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
USES:
i.Irritant and carminative
ii.Rubefacient
iii.As a nerve stimulant and condiment.
iv.As a source of vitamin- C.
v.As an appetizer.
vi.As a stomachic
GINGERSYNONYMS:
Ginger
Adrak
Zingiber
African ginger
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Zingiber officinale
FAMILY:
Zingiberaceae
PART USED:
Dried rhizome
CONSTITUENTS:
Aroma is due to volatile oil whose principle constituents are 3 sesquiterpenes:
•Bisabolene
•Zingiberene
•Zingiberol
Pungency is due to ginger oleo resins which has 2 ketones:
•Zingerone
•Shogaol
•In addition it contains 50% starch.
USES:
i.As a flavoring agent.
ii.As a condiment.
iii.Aromatic stimulant and carminative.
iv. As stomachic.
v.Ginger oil is used in mouth washes, ginger beverages and liquors.
ASAFOETIDA
SYNONYMS:
Hing
Devil’s dung
Gum asafoetida
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Ferula foetida
FAMILY:
Umbelliferae
PART USED:
Oleo gum resin obtained by incising the living rhizomes and roots
CONSTITUENTS:
Odor is because of Volatile oil which contains:
•Pinene
•organic disulphide (isobutylpropenyl disulphide)
Resins which contains:
•free asaresinotannaol and in combination with ferulic acid.
USES:
i.As a carminative.
ii.As expectorant.
iii.As antispasmodic
iv.As a laxative
v. As tonic
MYRRH
SYNONYMS:
Myrrh
Gum myrrh
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Commiphora molomol
Commiphora abyssinica
FAMILY:
Burseraceae
PART USED:
Oleo gum resin obtained from incisions made in the bark.
CONSTITUENTS:
•Odor of myrrh is due to presence of volatile oil.
Resin composed of:
•Resin acids (alpha, beta, and gamma-Commiphoric acids)
•Resenes
•Phenolic compounds, one of which yields protocatechuic acid and pyrocatechin.
•Gum that forms mucilage and yield arabinose on hydrolysis.
USES:
i.Is a protective.
ii.As stimulant and stomachic
iii.In mouth washes as astringent
STORAX
SYNONYMS:
Liquid storax
Styrax
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Liquidambar orientalis (Levant storax)
Liquidambar styraciflua (American storax)
FAMILY:
Hammamelidaceae
PART USED:
Balsam obtained from trunk
CONSTITUENTS:
Levant storax consist of:
•2 resin alcohol (alpha-storesin and beta-storesin)
•Storesin cinnamate
•Styracin or cinnamyl cinnamate
•Phenyl-propyl cinnamate
•Volatile oil
•A trace of vanillin
•Free cinnamic acid
USES:
i.Pharmaceutic aid for benzoin tincture
ii.As stimulant
iii.Expectorant
iv.As an antiseptic
PERUVIAN BALSAM
SYNONYMS:
Peruvian balsam
Peru balsam
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Myroxylon pereirae
FAMILY:
Leguminosae
PART USED:
Balsam obtained from exposed wood of trees.
CONSTITUENTS:
Volatile oil, cinnamein which consists of:
•Benzyl cinnamate
•Benzyl benzoate
Resin esters composed of:
•Peruresinotannol
•Cinnamte
•Benzoate
In addition it also contains:
•Vanillin
•Free cinnamic acid
•Peruviol
USES:
i.Local protectant and Rubefacient
ii.As parasiticide in skin conditions
iii.As antiseptic and vulnerary
iv.Applied externally either alone, in alcoholic solution or in the form of ointment.
TOLU BALSAM
SYNONYMS:
Tolu balsam
Balsam of Tolu
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Myroxylon balsamum
FAMILY:
Leguminosae
PART USED:
Balsam obtained by incising the barks and sap wood of tree of M. balsamum
PROPERTIES OF TOLU BALSAMOdor is agreeable aromatic resembling to that of vanilla.
Taste is aromatic and slightly pungent.
CONSTITUENTS:
•Esters, chiefly toluresinotannol cinnamte
Small amounts of:
•Benzoate
•Volatile oil, chiefly benzyl benzoate
•Free cinnamic acid
•Free benzoic acid
•vanillin
USES:
i.Pharmaceutical aid for benzoin tincture.
ii.As an expectorant
iii.Pleasant flavoring in medicinal syrups, confectionery, chewing gums and perfumery.
BENZOINSYNONYMS:
Gum benzoin
Luban
BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN:
Styrax benzoin (Sumatra benzoin)
Styrax tonkinensis (Siam benzoin)
FAMILY:
Styraceae
PART USED:
Balsamic resin obtained from Styrax species.
CONSTITUENTS:
•Free balsamic acids, chiefly cinnamic and benzoic acids and esters derived from them.
Triterpene acids, especially:
•19-hydroxyoleanolic
•6-hydroxyoleanolic
Small traces of:
•Vanillin
•Phenylpropyl cinnamate
•Cinnamyl cinnamate
•Phenylethylene
USES:
i.Antiseptic, stimulant, expectorant and diuretic properties.
ii.Benzoin tincture is used as topical protectant.
iii.Benzoic acid and its salts are used as preservatives of food, drinks, fats, pharmaceutic preparations etc.
iv.Medicinally, benzoic acid is used as antifungal agent.
v.It is an ingredient in benzoic and salicylic acid ointment which is effective in the treatment of athlete's foot.
REFERENCES
Pharmacognosy- 9th edition by Varro. E. Tyler – Lynn. R. Brady – James. E. Robbers.
Textbook of Pharmacognosy- 6th edition by Heber. W. Youngken.
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