restoration of calcareous grasslands north of munich · restoration ecology 14, 148-156. kiehl k.,...
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Restoration of calcareous grasslands north of Munichg- evaluation of different restoration measures
Kathrin KiehlVegetation Ecology and Botany,
University of Applied Sciences OsnabrückGermany
k.kiehl@hs-osnabrueck.de
Calcareous grasslands north of MunichNature reserve „Garchinger Heide“
Photos: K. Kiehl, W. Maile, A. Thormann
Nature reserve „Garchinger Heide“ in the beginning f th 1990iof the 1990ies
Restoration planning:
Enlargement and connection of dry grassland remnants
Ackerland
Grasheiden Erholungsgeländemagere Wiesen
Biotopverbund
Kiefern/Eichenwald
Erholungs-landschaftRastpunkt
Fuss /Radwegsonstige Wälder
Auwald
Fuss-/Radweg
Valentin et al. (1995) in Pfadenhauer et al. (2000), modified
Restoration of calcareous grasslands on former arable fields near Munich (66 ha, start: 1993)
Species introduction by hay transfer
Restoration fields with and without topsoil removal
Photos: K. Kiehl, U. Miller
Soil nutrient contents in ancient and newly created l dgrasslands
Nature reserve Restoration fields
60
70
60
70
/100
g TG
] topsoil removal
topsoil removal
Nature reserve Restoration fields
P2O5
K2Oy w
eigh
t] 70
60
40
50
40
50
5 / K
2O-G
ehal
t [m
g/
removal1945
removal1993
2
g/10
0 g
dry 50
40
30
10
20
30
10
20
30
P2O
5O
5/ K
2O [m
30
20
10
0
10
RF506 RF508 RF2526 RF506A0
10
Altheide -1959 Acker RollfeldAltheide ex-arable field Rollfeld RF 506 RF 508 RF 2526 RF 506A
P 2O 10
0
(-1959)( 1959)
Kiehl (2009)
Aboveground standing crop on hay-transfer plots 1994-2006(means ± 95 % confidence intervals)
500
threshold for low-productive
l d
400
[g/m
²]
grasslands(Schiefer 1984)300
ding
cro
p
100
200
Sta
nd
0
100
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
no soil removal topsoil removalKiehl (2009)
Species introduction by seed-containing plant material (fresh hay)
Photos: K. Kiehl, U. Miller
Number of successfully established vascular plant speciesNumber of successfully established vascular plant species 13 years after hay transfer
Species group total number of transferred
maximal number per
speciesp
fieldHay transfer species 103 60(from nature reserve)
Target species 73 56(Festuco-Brometea)
Red-list species 16 10
Data from Hummitzsch (2007), Kiehl (2009),
see also Kiehl & Pfadenhauer (2007), Plant Ecol.
Successfully transferred red-list species
Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis Biscutella laevigata Linum perenne
Veronica austriaca Dorycnium germanicum Helianthemum nummularium
Photos: K. Kiehl, A. Thormann
Vegetation development in newly established calcareous grasslands (1993-2006) Data from Hummitzsch (2007)
P19P19P19
P32P35 P32P35
g ( )
DCA
( )
P20
P31 P34
P20
P31 P34P17P17
P9
P18
P18
xis
2
EAAH
P9
P18
P18
EAAH P19
P11P11
P12P13
P9P12
P20
P31
P34
Ax EA
P12P13
P9P12
P20
P31
P34
EAP17P17
P10P15
P10P15
reference P13P13 P14
P10
P11
P14
P15 P32P35
P14P10
P11
P14
P15 P32P35
area
Axis 1Hay transfer: No hay transfer:
with topsoil removalno soil removal
Hay transfer:with topsoil removalno soil removal
No hay transfer:
Plant species richness (4m²) on hay-transfer fields and reference sites 13 years after hay transfersites 13 years after hay transfer
30
40
]
without soil removal topsoil removal
20
30
peci
es [
n]
Ruderals
10
20
No.
of s
p
Molinio-Arrh.species
0ancient ex arable restoration topsoil topsoil
Target species
ancientgrassland
ex-arablefield
(-1959)
restorationfield
topsoilremoval
1945
topsoilremoval
1993field
(-1959)
N tNature reserveData from Kiehl & Jeschke (2005), Hummitzsch (2007)
Hay transfer and grasshopper abundance (2002)Hay transfer and grasshopper abundance (2002)Metrioptera bicolor
0.3 **
0.2
s / 1
m20.1
divi
dual
s
0.0without hay with hay
Ind
(Photo: Willi Maile)
Wagner & Kiehl 2004, ArticulataWagner 2004, J. Insect Conserv.
Transfer of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens by raked materialby raked material
Ditrichum flexicaule 2 years after transferPhotos: M. Jeschke, K. Kiehl
Transfer of low-growing vascular plants with raked material
Globularia cordifolia Teucrium montanum
J hk (2008)see Jeschke (2008)
Thymus praecox
No. of bryophyte and lichen species transferred by raked material in newly created calcareous grasslands
15
20
15
20
topsoil removal no soil removal
10
15
ecie
s nu
mbe
r
10
15
ecie
s nu
mbe
r
of s
peci
es
ahl A
rten
0
5
spe
0
5
spe
No.
o
Anz
a
02004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008
02004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008
donor 1 donor 2 control donor 1 donor 2 control
epigaeic lichens
fruticose lichens
saxicole lichens
epigaeic lichens
fruticose lichens
crustaceous lichens target speciesxerophytic acrocarpous bryophytes
xerophytic pleurocarpous bryophytes
crustaceous lichens
xerophytic akrokarpous bryophytes
xerophytic pleurokarpous mosses
g p
mesophytic Bryophytes
ruderal Bryophytes
mesophytic mosses
ruderal mosses data from Jeschke 2012, Jeschke & Kiehl in prep.
means, n=5 (control: n=10)
Pulsatilla patens introduced by seeding in calcareous l d t d b t il l d h t fgrasslands restored by topsoil removal and hay transfer
Photos: D. Röder
Population structure of Pulsatilla patens on re-introduction sites and reference sites
0 5m² [
n]
b
sites and reference sites
0 25
0,5
uals
per
1 m
ab b b
b
b
0
0,25
of in
divi
du a aaa
a aa a aa a c a ac
Ancient grassland
Topsoil removal
1945
RF 520A RF 2526ANo.
o
Restoration field (re-introduction)
Juveniles 1 f lower
Adult plants f lowering
Adult plants not f lowering 2 – 3 f lowers
4 and more f lowers
modified after Röder & Kiehl (2008), Kiehl & Röder (2008)
Restoration of dry grasslands by hay transfer after infrastructural measures
C tiCompensation area near Augsburg
grassland restoration after building of a wastewater channel
Photos: K. Kiehl
Development of grassland restoration sites without appropriate managementappropriate management
Photo: K. Kiehl
Evaluation of restoration measures
• Dispersal limitation can be overcome by species transfer
• Restoration of species-rich grasslands by fresh hay or raked material is very successful
• Restoration success depends on seed content of the plant material and availability of bare soil
• Vegetation of topsoil-removal sites is more similar to the vegetation of the reference site than vegetation of sitesvegetation of the reference site than vegetation of sites without soil removal
M b i i i f h l• Management by grazing or cutting is necessary for the long-term maintenance of newly restored grasslands
Thank you
f tt ti !for your attention!
Thanks for discussions, photos, data, informationJörg Pfadenhauer, Uta Hummitzsch, Michael Jeschke, Ulrich Miller,
Daniela Röder, Annuschka Thormann, Christian Wagner, Klaus Wiesingerg
References
Hummitzsch U. (2007): Langfristige Vegetationsentwicklung auf neu angelegten Kalkmagerrasen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Leguminosen und der Kryptogamen. Master thesis ,Technische Universität München, Freising.
J hk M (2008) Ei fl R t i d Pfl ß h f di A t di ität d A t tJeschke M. (2008): Einfluss von Renaturierungs- und Pflegemaßnahmen auf die Artendiversität und Artenzusammensetzung von Gefäßpflanzen und Kryptogamen in mitteleuropäischen Kalkmagerrasen. PhD ThesisTechnische Universität München, Freising.
Jeschke M. (2012): Neuanlage von Trockenrasen auf Rohboden und Acker. In: Kirmer A., Krautzer B., Scotton M. & Tischew S. (Hrsg.): Praxishandbuch zurSamengewinnung und Renaturierung von artenreichem Grünland. Eigenverlag Lehr- und Forschungszentrum Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Irdning, Österreich, 150-151.
Kiehl K. (2009): Renaturierung von Kalkmagerrasen. In: Zerbe S. & Wiegleb G.: Renaturierung von Ökosystemen. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, 265-282.
Kiehl K. & Jeschke M. (2005): Erfassung und Bewertung der Phytodiversität ursprünglicher und neu angelegter Kalkmagerrasen der nördlichen Münchner Schotterebene. Tuexenia 25, 445-461.
Kiehl K. & Pfadenhauer J. (2007): Establishment and long-term persistence of target species in newly created calcareous grasslands onKiehl K. & Pfadenhauer J. (2007): Establishment and long term persistence of target species in newly created calcareous grasslands on former arable fields. Plant Ecology 189, 31-48.
Kiehl K. & Röder D. (2008): Successful establishment of the Natura 2000 species Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. in newly restored calcareous grasslands. In Decleer K. (ed.): Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Ecological Restoration, Ghent. No. 51,pp. 1-4. Online at: http://ser.semico.be/ser-pdf/051.pdf
Kiehl K & Wagner C 2006: Effects of hay transfer on long term establishment of vegetation and grasshoppers on former arable fieldsKiehl K. & Wagner C. 2006: Effects of hay transfer on long-term establishment of vegetation and grasshoppers on former arable fields. Restoration Ecology 14: 157-166.
Kiehl K., Thormann A. & Pfadenhauer J. (2006): Evaluation of initial restoration measures during the restoration of calcareous grasslands on former arable fields. Restoration Ecology 14, 148-156.
Kiehl K., Kirmer A., Donath T., Rasran L. & Hölzel N. 2010: Species introduction in restoration projects - evaluation of different techniques for the establishment of semi-natural grasslands in Central and Northwestern Europe. Basic and Applied Ecology 11: 285-299.
Pfadenhauer J., Fischer F.P., Helfer W., Joas C., Lösch R., Miller U., Miltz C., Schmid H., Sieren E. & Wiesinger K. (2000): Sicherung und Entwicklung der Heiden im Norden von München. Ergebnisse aus dem E+E-Vorhaben 89211-1/94 des Bundesamtes für Natur-schutz. Angewandte Landschaftsökologie 32, Bonn-Bad-Godesberg.g f g , g
Pfadenhauer J. & Kiehl K., [Hrsg.] 2003: Renaturierung von Kalkmagerrasen. Angewandte Landschaftsökologie 55, Bonn-Bad-Godesberg.
Röder D. & Kiehl K. (2008): Vergleich des Zustandes junger und historisch alter Populationen von Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. in der Münchner Schotterebene. Tuexenia 28: 21-132.
Wagner C (2004): Passive dispersal of Metrioptera bicolor (Phillipi 1830) (Orthopteroidea: Ensifera: Tettigoniidae) by transfer of hayWagner C. (2004): Passive dispersal of Metrioptera bicolor (Phillipi 1830) (Orthopteroidea: Ensifera: Tettigoniidae) by transfer of hay. Journal of Insect Conservation 8: 287-296.
Wagner C. & Kiehl K. (2004): Einfluss unterschiedlicher Renaturierungsverfahren auf Vegetationsstruktur und Heuschreckenfauna neu angelegter Kalkmagerrasen nördlich von München. Articulata 19, 183-193.
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