review: earth magnetic field
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Review: Earth Magnetic Field
GEOMAGNETIC FIELD = DIPOLE +
NONDIPOLE
Dipole field
A comment on branton adjacment...
The origin of the dipole field is in the liquidcore. This field and its reversal have beensimulated numerically by Glatzmaire and
Roberts [1995]. Movies of these simulations maybe viewed on:http://www.psc.edu/research/graphics/gallery/geodynamo.html
Non-dipole field
Question: What gives rise to the nondipole
component?
Two effects act to produce a nondipole field:
1) Solar wind
2) Screening by the mantle and lithosphere
The following chapter is based on the book of
Butler [1992]. An electronic edition may be
downloaded from:
http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Paleomag/book/
Magnetization
Induced magnetization, Ji. When a material is
exposed to a magnetic field H, it acquires an
induced magnetization. These are related
through the magnetic susceptibility, χ.
Ji = χH
If the material magnetic properties are
anisotropic, χ is a tensor, and Ji need not be
parallel to H. (talk about units)
Remanent magnetization, Jr. This remanent
magnetization is a recording of past magnetic
field that have acted on the material.
There types of magnetic properties:
(a) Diamagnetic substance.
The diamagnetic response to application of
magnetic field is acquisition of small induced
magnetization opposite to the applied field. The
magnetization depends linearly on the applied
field and reduces to zero on removal of the field.
(b) Paramagnetic substance.
Paramagnetic These solids contain atoms with
atomic magnetic moment and acquire induced
magnetization parallel to the applied field. For
any geologically relevant conditions Ji is
linearly dependent on H. As with diamagnetic
materials, magnetization reduces to zero when
the magnetizing field is removed.
(c) Ferromagnetic substance.
Ferromagnetic solids have atoms with magnetic
moments, but unlike the paramagnetic case,
adjacent atomic moments interact strongly.
The effect of interaction is to produce
magnetization that can be orders of magnitude
larger than for the paramagnetic solids. Upon
removal of the magnetizing field, magnetization
does not return to zero but retains a record of
the applied field.
Natural Remanent Magnetization, J (NRM). In
situ magnetization of rocks is the vector sum
of two components:
J = Ji + Jr
REMANENTINDUCED
NRM
NRM is the remanent magnetization present in
a rock sample prior to laboratory treatment. It
depends on the geomagnetic field and geological
processes during rock formation and during the
history of the rock.
Question: For a rock to show NRM, what type
of materials must be present?
NRM = primary NRM + secondary NRM
Three forms of primary NRM:
Thermoremanent magnetization, acquired
during cooling from high temperature.
Chemical remanent magnetization, formed by
growth of ferromagnetic grains below the Curie
temperature.
Detrital remanent magnetization, acquired
during accumulation of sedimentary rocks
containing detrital ferromagnetic minerals (see
cartoon on next page).
Secondary NRM:
Results from chemical changes affecting
ferromagnetic minerals, exposure to nearby
lighting strikes, or long-term exposure to the
geomagnetic field subsequent to rock formation.
Sampling
The first step of paleomagnetic survey is to
collect oriented cores. The information of each
sample includes coordinates, azimuth and dip
(or hade).
Measurement of NRM
NRM is measured with a special devise called
magnetometer.
Display of Data
Vector directions are described in terms of
inclination and declination. This
information is then projected onto a
stereographic plot.
Rotation of the sample coordinates to
geographic direction
Bedding-tilt correction
Geological applications
Fold Test
Synfolding
Conglomerate Test
Flow direction in volcanic dikes
While the magma is flowing in the dike,
elongate particles become imbricated against
the chilled margins. In the ideal case, the flow
directions from the two margins are distinct
and fall on either side of the dike plane. The
fact that the western margin data plot on the
western side and the eastern margin data plot
in the eastern side suggests that the flow was
upward.
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