review to chapter 4 test honors biology. #1 microscopes view living organisms under 1000 x clm view...

Review to Chapter 4 Test

Honors Biology

#1 Microscopes

• View living organisms under 1000 X• CLM• View surface of dead organisms 100 X -1 M X• SEM (scanning electron microscope)• View internal structure up to 1 M X’s• TEM (transmission electron microscope)

#2 Metrics

• Km hm dkm m dm cm mm µm nm A• 3 3 1• Convert 50 dkm = ______µm• 500 000 000µm

• 5mm =5000 µm =5 000 000 nm = 50 000 000A

#3 Cell Fractionation• Breaking cells to extract cell organelles and

other small molecules• 1. homogenize – disrupt cells to break open• 2. Heavier structures come out at slower

speeds

#3 List biggest to smallest

• Nucleus slowest spin• RER, SER• Mitochondrion• Lysosomes, peroxisomes• Vesicles• Ribosomes fastest spin

#4 SA/Vol• As a cell gets larger, the SA/Vol ratio gets

smaller. (remember sand and cube activity)

• Cells have limits to how large they can get because the cell membrane (through which food, gases, etc.) enter cannot keep up with the volume of a large cell.

#5 Prokaryotes (bacteria)

• Have no membraned organelles

• DNA location is in a nucleoid• OUTER MEMBRANES:

– Plasma membrane– Cell wall– Capsule

Prokaryotes

• TWO STRUCTURES THAT STICK BACTERIUM TO SURFACES:pili and capsule

• ALL CELLS HAVE:– Cytoplasm– DNA– Ribosomes– Plasma membrane

#6

• Two structures in plants and not animal cells:– Chloroplasts– Cell walls

A STRUCTURE IN ANIMALS ONLY:– centrioles

#7 IN EUKARYOTES

• DNA in eukaryotes is found in the nucleus

• Chromatin is DNA + protein loosely arranged

#8 ER• Synthesis of Lipids• SER• Makes more membranes• RER• Produce secretory proteins like insulin• RER (remember SSSCDETR)• Produces enzymes to detoxify alcohol/drugs• SER• Produces sex hormones• SER (steroids)• Produces protein found in membranes• RER

#9 Plant Cell Water VacuoleGives Plants Firmness

• Determine if turgid, flaccid or plasmolyzed

Turgid Flaccid Plasmolyzed

Full water lost some lost lotVacuole water (wilt) of water

#10

• Lysosomes contain what kind of enzymes?• Hydrolytic to break down old organelles, food,

and damaged organelles for recycling

• Peroxisomes contain what kind of enzymes?• Catalases to break down hydrogen peroxide

#11

• Differ in size and number:• Cilia is more numerous, but shorter• Flagella usually one or two and longer

• What is 9 + 2?• 2 central microtubules + 9 pairs around

Where do cilia and flagella originate?

• MTOC

• What does MTOC mean?• Microtubule organizing center

#12 Golgi or ER?

Channels attached like a maze?ERActs as a molecular warehouse.GolgiHas cisternae stacked like pita bread.GolgiRepackages proteins.Golgi

#12 Golgi

• Where are the cis and the trans sides of the Golgi apparatus?

• Cis side faces nucleus (RER)

• Trans side faces cell cell membrane

#12 Identify:

• Cisternae and lumen• (membrane loop and

the interior of the loop)• In Golgi

• Cristae• Folds in Mitochondrion

#13 Chloroplasts or Mitochondria

• In animals and plants?• Mitochondrion• In only plants?• Chloroplasts• Wavy inner membrane?• Mitochondrion• Stacks of thylakoids?• chloroplasts

#13 Chloroplasts or Mitochondria

• Powerhouse?• Mitochondrion• Site of photosynthesis?• Chloroplasts• Have their own DNA?• both• Have their own ribosomes?• both

#14 Tracing the path of a protein

• In RER by a bound protein• Assembles protein• How protein changes as it travels thru the

RER:• Folds• Short chains of sugar added to protein

changes it to:• Have a glycoprotein identifier

Trace protein…

How transported to Golgi…

Vesicles pinch off the RER or SER carrying a protein or lipid. Vesicle moves along a microtubule to the Golgi.

What does the Golgi do

• To proteins?

• Repackages, stores, or transports proteins.

Where are proteins stored?

• In vacuoles

#15 Endosymbiont Theory

• What two organelles?• Chloroplasts and mitochondria

• Advantages?• Cell can now photosynthesize and/or cellular

respiration

#16 Cytoskeleton• 3 types:• Microtubule, intermediate filament,

microfilament• Function of each:• Microtubule (support and routes for organelles to

travel, cilia, flagella, centrioles)• Intermediate filament – connect microtubules

and microfilaments as anchors• Microfilaments-actin for muscle movement and

cell shape changes

Structural differences

• Microtubules Intermed. Fil. Microfilament

• Hollow anchors solid tubes• Largest smallest

Centrioles and Centrosomes

• Purpose of centrioles?• Act in cell division as poles• Only in animal cells• Purpose of centrosomes?• MTOC• (microtubule organizing center)• Both plants and animals have centrosomes• (plants have centrosomes by their cell walls)

What makes up…

• Cilia and flagella?• Microtubules

• Actin? (found in muscles)• Microfilaments

# 17 Cytosol

• All cells have it• Semifluid, jellylike substance in which the

components of the cell are suspended

#17 CytoplasmInterior of the cell (cytosol + organelles)In eukaryotes, it is between the plasma membrane and nucleus

#18

• Purpose and where found:• Cell membrane• Found in all cells (plant, animals, prokaryotes)• Cell membrane job• Control what goes in/out cell

#18 Cell Wall

• Where found?• Outside cell membrane in plants and

prokaryoties• Function?• Stiff, protective outer wall

#18 Capsule

• Where found?• Outside the cell wall in prokaryotes only

• Function?• Sticky to stick to surfaces

#19 CELL WALLS

• In what kind of cells?• Plants and prokaryotes

• Two major functions?• Stiff support, protection

• Why is the cell wall so strong?• Cellulose composition is cross-linked

#19 Cell Wall Layers

• Inner :• Plasma membrane• Secondary wall (wood)• Primary wall (growth)• Outer

#19 Pectin (sticky)

• pectin consists of a complex set of polysaccharides (see below) that are present in most primary cell walls

• Pectin is a major component of the middle lamella, where it helps to bind cells together

#19 Plasmodesmata

• Channels which travels through the cell walls to transport water, proteins, RNA, etc.

• Travels all the way to the cell membrane

#20 ECM

• “Extra Cellular Matrix”• 1. holds cells together to other cells• 2. protects the plasma membrane• 3. supports the plasma membrane

• MADE OF: GLYCOPROTEINS• MOST ABUNDANT: collagen

#20 INTEGRINS

• protein receptors that travel all through the plasma membrane and attach a cell to its surroundings (such as other cells or the ECM).

#21 BETWEEN ANIMAL CELLS:Cell Junctions

• Tight (to seal) junction –like skin• Anchoring (like rivets)-desmosomes-sheets• Gap (message like ions can pass through cells)-

communicating

#22

• What are two structures that help a prokaryotic cell stick to surfaces?

• Capsule• pili

#23 CELL THEORY

• cells come from• Pre-existing cells

• Living things are made of• Cells as the basic unit

#24 Contributions

• Hooke• First to coin the word “cells”

• Leewenhoek• First to use a microscope

#25 PLASTIDS (in plants)

• What type of cells are plastids?• Chloroplasts and chromoplasts

• What colors are these?• Chloroplasts (green)• Chromoplasts (red, yellow…)• Leucoplasts (white)

Extended Response

• Trace the path of a protein through the endomembrane system as it is formed, modified, packaged and secreted out of the cell.SKETCHDRAW ARROWSDESCRIBE What happens at each location.

Start with DNA coding mRNA and ribosomes being made in the nucleolus.

• Ribosomes and mRNA travel to the RER and assemble proteins.

Proteins are folded in the RER.They also have glycoproteins added as identifiers.

Proteins move to Golgi in a vesicle riding on a microtubule

Proteins and Lipids are repackaged in the Golgi Apparatus and sent to their various fates.