revitalising the smallholder beef cattle to achieve beef self sufficiency through the integration...
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Revitalising the Smallholder Beef Cattle to Achieve
Beef Self Sufficiency
Through the Integration
Farming SystemMarsetyoDepartment of Animal SciencesTadulako UniversityPDA ARG Food Security
Denpasar, 16 October 2013
Important Messages
• The animal protein consumption of Indonesian people is low
• The price of beef go sky high (the most expensive in the world)
• Government has set self sufficiency target on beef (2010 and 2014)
• Beef demand increase 5.5%/year, domestic supply increase only 3,7%/year
• Beef cattle import are remained high• Can we achieve beef self sufficiency?
Beef Cattle in Indonesia
• Play as biological, social, and economic roles- Contribute 19 % (505.477 tones/year)
national meat production- Provide jobs, draught power, fertilizer,
soil conditioner, transport- Enhance crop production- Generate cash incomes- Potentially to reduce poverty
Cattle statistic
2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
516992
644849
772868
521002
413359
Years
head
of c
attle
Life cattle imported from Australia
2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
14000000
16000000
11,514,87112,256,604
12,759,83813,581,570
14,824,373
Years
Head
of c
attle
Population of beef cattle
Livestock and Animal Health Statistic, 2012
?
?
Meat Production
19%
52%
10%
18%
Proportion of Meat Productionbeef range broiler free range chicken other meat
Total meat production per year = 2.081.000 tonnes
2008 2009 2010 2011 20120
100
200
300
400
500
600
393 409436
485 505
Beef Production
Years
Beef
pro
ducti
on (t
hous
and
ton/
year
)
Livestock and Animal Health Statistic, 2012
Beef Self Sufficiency
• National population 14.824.373 heads (2011)
• By year 2014 cattle import is about 5-10%
• Beef consumption can be meet through domestic
supply
• A national beef self sufficiency will require a large
biomass of unutilised feed to support increased cattle
population
• We cannot increase cattle population without sufficient
feed supply
Smallholders Characteristics
• 4.572.766 household• 67% small holder farmers are in
Java (51% population)
• 19% small holder farmers in eastern Indonesia (31% population)
• Small number of cattle (2-5 per farmer)
• Integrated crop/livestock systems
• Cut and carry forage feed system (Stall feeding)
• Low quality crop residues used as animal feed
• Cattle tethered
Beef cattle performance
• Calving rate 45-56% (Bali cattle) or 36% (Ongole crossbreeds)
• Calf mortality 18%• Calving interval 15-17 months• Cow mortality 2.70%• Growth dictated by seasonal feed availability - Wet season daily live weight gain 0.25-0.50 kg/d - Dry season weight loss 20%
What should we do??
• Better feed managment can change the productivity of cattle
• Apply “Three in one” as Vision– One year-One cow-One calf
National twin project has no impact
Potential huge grazing area in eastern Indonesia
• Lack of knowledge about importance of good quality forage to cattle production – reliance on communal grazing and native grass
• Lack of access to suitable productive species or lack of land to grow improved forages in intensive cropping systems
• Difficult environmental conditions e.g. low rainfall, long dry seasons, poor soils
Forage Limitation at Smallholder farm
Response of weaned Bali calf given native grass and libitum
Sites Dry matter feed intake (%LW/d)
DM feed digestibility
(%)
Daily liveweight gain (g/d)
Grati 1.94 62.3 122
Lombok 2.10 52.9 25
Kendari 2.85 52.7 173
Kupang 1.95 71.3 24
Palu 2.38 58.5 103
Making better management and use of existing forage sources
• Gliricidia and Leucaena are present in most villages but poorly utilised and managed
• Farmers have no experience• Lack of cattle acceptance
Sites Feed stuffs DM feed intake (% BB) DM feed digestibility (%)
Daily liveweight gain (g/d)
Grati Leucaena 1.80 69.8 336
Grati Elephant grass + leucaena (1%BW/d) 2.63 60.9 192
Lombok Leucaena 3.30 49.7 471
Lombok Sesbania 3.30 55.4 429
Lombok Sesbania + rice bran (1%BW) 3.23 56.9 401
Lombok Moringa 2.30 62.1 221
Kendari Gliricidia 2.64 55.2 182
Kendari Gliricidia+ rice bran (1%BW) 2.87 59.5 257
Kupang Leucaena 2.46 59.1 422
Kupang Leucaena + rice bran (1%BW) 2.66 47.2 555
Kupang Leucaena + corn stover (1%BW) 2.60 56,6 614
Palu Gliricidia 3.21 58,8 269
Palu Elephant grass hay + gliricidia (1%BW) 3.52 58.3 280
Palu Corn stover + gliricidia (1%BW) 3.85 59.1 311
BW = Body weight, DM = dry matter
Responses of weaned Bali calves given tree legumes as single feed or as feed supplement
Better management of existing forage
Better Management of Forage
• Cut regularly
• Fertilizing
• Weed control
No urea fertilization
Urea fertilization
Panicum maximum
Stylosanthes cv verano
Paspalum atratum
Arachis pintoi
Brachiaria X cv Mulato
Clitoria ternatea
Introduction of new forage •new pasture and cut & carry •grasses and legumes
Brachiaria mulato Paspalum atratum Panicum maximum
Weaning was not practiced by farmers
Weaning and mating management
Weaning calf at 5-6 months old provide some benefits
Growth of early weaned Bali calf in villages
Control mating
A MJ J A S O N D J P MA MJ J A S O N D J P M
Wet season Wet seasonDry season Dry season
A MJ J A S O N D J P MA MJ J A S O N D J P M
Mating Calving
Mating 1 Calving 1 Mating 2 Weaning Calving 2
Uncontrolled mating (naturally)
Control mating calendar
Calving at the end of wet season
Weaning at wet season
The main benefit of weaning early and control mating
• Synergize the available nutrients and nutrient demand
• Increase the reproductive performance of the cows
- Increase pregnancy rate - Decrease calving to conception
interval - Increase weaning rate - Decrease calf mortality
Integration Cattle-Crops
• Increasing human food demand, most of arable land used for crops
• Huge amount of agricultural byproducts produced annually (e.g. Rice straw)
• Until recently Agricultural byproduct have not been yet fully utilized
• Integration cattle-crops allows nutrients to be recycled more efficiently
• Most of them are low nutritive value• Difficult to use the product at fresh
form over extended period
Integrated farming system (Crops+ forages+ cattle)
Forages +Crop residues
Cattle pen
Cattle/Beef
Bio gas
Faeces
Fertiliser
Packing
ORGANIC FARM
Marketing
Control mating, calving, weaning, feeding etc ,
Model of integration between cattle and crops
Key
Feed
The Integration Cattle and Plantation
• Large Plantation occupy most of the arable land
• Free grazing or tethered on the vegetation under plantations of coconut and oil palm
• Save approximately 30% cost of weed control
• The area under this plantation can be grown for Leucaena, Gliricidia, stylo, Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum) for cut and carry
Plantation byproducts
• Oil palm byproducts such as palm press fibre, palm fronds, palm kernel meal
• Coconut byproduct namely copra meal
• Sugar cane byproducts: sugar cane top and baggase
• Cacao pods
• Indonesia is the second largest cacao producer in the world after Cote d Ivoire
• Total plantation area 1.19 million ha (more than 50% from Sulawesi)
• 75% cacao fruit is pod- high potential for ruminant feed
• Contain medium protein content
• One hectare can produce about 1 ton DM cacao pod/year
• Using cacao pod will reduce the incidence of cacao disease (Conopomorpha cramerella)
Use Cocoa Pods to Address Feed Gaps in the Dry season
Cattle eating fresh cacao pods
Use and Conserving crop residues
Rice straw (Jerami padi) – usually low quality but can be supplemented with e.g. Tree legume
Maize stover – usually of medium quality and digestibility if conserved soon after harvestCassava top peanut, cowpea and mungbean straw – these retain good protein levels if harvested correctly
Recommendations
• Beef self sufficiency can be achieved through incresaing beef cattle population
• Program to achieve beef self sufficiency must be focused on small holder farmers as part integration system
• Strategy to optimise and explore feed and forages should be facilitate by:– Improve and provide infrastructure– Increase capacity building of farmers,
extensionist and relevant stakeholders
Thank You
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