rohana wijeweera - lessons from red october
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frdayK úfÊùr
1
frdayK úfÊùr
r;= Tlaf;danrfha
mdvï
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
2
frdayK úfÊùr
3
kshuqjd m%ldYk
r;= Tlaf;danrfha
mdvï
frdayK úfÊùr
1978 fkdjeïn¾ 09 jk Èk fld<U kj k.r Yd,dfõ§ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa
foaYmd,k uKav, idudðl frdsayK úfÊùr ifydaorhd úiska
zzr;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvïZZ hk uefhka mj;ajk ,o foaYkh
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
4
ISBN 978-955-8696-26-2
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï - frdayK úfÊùr
*elaia - 0112786050
m%ldYkh - kshuqjd m%ldYlfhda
uqøKh - à'ã't,a' ms%kag¾ia m%hsjÜ ,sñgâ"
43$43" j,õj;a; mdr"
.xf.dvú,"
kqf.af.dv'
m<uq uqøKh - 1979
fojk uqøKh - 2012 wfm%a,a
frdayK úfÊùr
5
jpkhla
zr;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvïZ kñka Tn w;g m;ajk fuu fmd;a
msxp ft;sydisl jeo.;alulska hq;= tlls' fY%aIaG Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jfha 61 jeks ixj;airh fjkqfjka 1978 fkdjeïn¾ 09
jeks Èk fld<U kj k.r Yd,dfõ§ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK
úiska zTlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvïZ hk uefhka m%isoaO
foaYkhla mj;ajk ,§' tys m%Odk foaYlhd jQfha" ck;d úuqla;s
fmruqfKa ks¾ud;D frdayK úfÊùr ifydaorhdh' frdayK úfÊùr
ifydaorhd úiska tys§ meje;ajQ foaYkh tys jeo.;alu i,ld
fmd;amsxpla f,i uqøKh lrk ,§'
frdayK úfÊùr ifydaorhd 1978 fkdjeïn¾j, zTlaf;dan¾
úma,jfha mdvïZ ms<sn| meje;ajQ fï foaYkfha wvx.=j jkafka"
tjlg fidaúhÜ foaYh iage,skajdoh ;=< msßyS ;sîu ms<sn|j
yd tys uÕ fmkaùu ;=< ,xldfõ fldñhqksiaÜ mCIh we;=¿
merKs jfï jHdmdrfha msßySï yd wjia:djdoh ms<sn|jh'
tfiau Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh i|yd f,kskaf.a ksjerÈ uÕ
fmkaùu ms<sn|jo th tjlg ,dflah foaYmd,kfha ;snQ ;;ajhka
yd ii|ñka frdayK ifydaorhd bÈßm;a lr ;sfí'
wo jk úg fYa%IaG Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh úiska ìysl< iudcjd§
fidaúhÜ foaYh ;jÿrg;a fkdmj;S' f,dal n, ;=,kh fjkia ù
;sfí' f,dal Okjdoh tys b;sydifha oreKq;u w¾nqohg yiqj
isà' wêrdcHjdoh ish mKk, /l.ekSu i|yd f,dj rgj,a u;
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
6
ish hqo" foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól wdêm;Hh jeä jYfhka mgjñka
isà' f,dj ck;dfjda ;uka mSvdjg m;alrk md,khkag tfrysj
ke.S isgñka ùÈ nisñka isá;s' fuu úIh uQ, ;;ajh úiska
mSä;hskaf.a wr., i|yd ksjerÈ jfï kdhl;ajhla b,a,d isà'
f,kskaf.a b.ekaùï fukau fYa%IaG Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvïo
jeo.;a jkafka fuu jgmsgdj ;=<h'
,xldfú jfï foaYmd,kh ;=<o úúO wjia:djd§ m%jK;d
u;=fjñka ;sfí' jrl oCIsKdxYsl wjia:djdoh f,io jfrl
w;sjdudxYsl wjia:djdoh f,io fulS m%jK;d l,a,s .efiñka
;sfí' fï ish¨ m%jK;d y÷kdf.k tajd mrdchg m;a lsÍu i|yd
w;a±lSï yd ±kqu wjYH fõ' frdayK úfÊùr ifydaorhd 1978
§ m< l< woyiaj, yrh wogo jeo.;a jkafka ta ksidh'
frdayK úfÊùr ifydaorhdf.a foaYmd,k Ndú;hg .õ .Kkdjla
wE;ska isák" ta wy,lgj;a <x ùug fkdyels iuyreka kQ;k
f,kska,d f,i ;ukaju y÷kajd .ksñka ̂ f,kskag wmydi lrñka&
frdayK úfÊùrhka blaujd hk njg jyis nia fodvkq isyska
fl¢ßhl ú,dYfhka úáka úg wefia' iq¿ OfkaYajr uu;ajfhka
msreKq ufkdardðl T¿f.ä iys; fuu ñksiqkag wkqlïmd l<
hq;=h' ta w;ru frdayK úfÊùr ifydaorhdf.a b.ekaùï" Tyq
m%Yak ú.%y l< wdldrh" Tyqf.a ±lau kQ;k mrmqr fj; odhdo
l< hq;=h' zr;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvïZ keu;s fuu fmd;a msxp kj
uqøKhla f,i t<s olskafka" by; wruqK fjkqfjks'
fuu fmd;a msxfÉ we;s we;eï isÿùï ±ka b;sydihg wh;ah'
iuyr mqoa.,hka Ôj;=ka w;r ke;' foaYmd,k jgmsgdj fjkia
ù we;' tfy;a fuu fmd;a msxfÉ wvx.= foaYmd,k yrh yeuodgu
j,x.=h' tlS foaYmd,k yrh fï fudfydf;a wjfndaO lr
.ekSuu wm ieuf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;= bgqlrkakla jkq we;' thu
ch.%yKhg udj; ilia lrkq we;'
kshuqjd m%ldYlfhda
2012 wfm%a,a 05
frdayK úfÊùr
7
wdorŒh ifydaor ifydaoßhks"
óg yeg tla jirlg m%:ufhka ;uhs f,dalfha m<uqjk
iudcjd§ úma,jh ch.%yKh lr, m<uqjk lïlre rdcH ìysjqfka'
fï Èkh cd;Hka;r jYfhka lïlre mx;sh b;d by,ska iurkjd'
wfma rfÜ kï lïlre mx;sh ú;rla fkfuhs";uqkakdkafia,d
l,amkd lr, n,kak tAl uyd úys¿jla njg m;afj,d' ±ka
Okm;s mx;sh;a Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh iurkj' uu fï m%YaKh
mgka.kak n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka tAfla jeo.;alula ;sfhk ksid'
óg ojia lSmhlg biafi,a,d wr fcdaka o is,ajd iure rÕyf,a
hQ'weka'mS kdhlfhla jk .dñŒ Èidkdhl uy;auh;a Y%S ,xldfõ
fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha iNdm;s fÞia;r weia'tA' úl%uisxy uy;auh;a
tA jf.au fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha ;j;a kdhlfhla jk fla'mS' is,ajd
uy;auh;a mËhl bo, fldfyao bkafk lsh, wms ;du okafk
ke;s ^fudk mËfhao lsh,& à'î' iqnisxy uy;auh;a fï fiaru
tlalyq fj,d ±ka Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh iur, ;sfhkj' ±ka
Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh .ek hula"yß yeá fkdokakd ñksiaiq ys;kj
we;s fudllao fï Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh @ fï .dñŒ Èidkdhl
uy;auhhs ffu;s%md, uy;auhhs fÞia;r úl%uisxy uy;auhhs
fld,aúka wd¾ o is,ajd uy;auhhs tlalyq fj,d iurkj' wfkla
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
8
me;af;ka iu iudc mË ld¾hd,h we;=f,a fjku ieuÍula
;snqk¨' tA f.d,a,kaf.a ieuÍu ±ka ld¾hd,hlg" ldurhlg
iSudfj,d ;sfhkjd' fukak fï ;;ajh ksid tlla meyeÈ,s lrkak
´k'
Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh lshkafka ñksia j¾.hdf.a
b;sydifha fuf;la isÿjQ wk.s;u wmQ¾j;u" ft;sydisl jYfhka
jeo.;alulska hq;a isoaêhla' wehs wms fï isoaêh iurkafka@
Thf.d,af,d okakj Ôj úoHdj úiska Tmamqlr, ;sfhkj vdúka
biafi,a, bÈßm;a lrmq mßkdujdoh-Tmamqlr, ;sfhkjd i;aj
.ykhdf.a iïNjh yd mßkduh ms<sno l;kaorh' Bg miafi
udkj úoHdj úiska Tmamqlr, ;sfhkj óg wjqreÿ mkiaÞylg-
ye;a;E mkaoyilg fmr wE; w;S;fha j¾;udk ldhsl fmkqfuka
hq;a ñksid wjqreÿ mkiaÞyl ye;a;E Þyl ld,hla uq¿,af,a
fï f,dalfha .%y f,dal ;,h u; Ôj;a jqkd' fï Ôj;ajqk ld,
jljdkqj udlaiajd§ka jYfhka wms f;areï lrkj fï ld,h ;=,
ñksid fkdfhla iudc hq. miq lr, ;sfhkj lsh,' fukak fï
úÈhg m%d:ñl iudc l%uh ke;akï fkdÈhqKq >k f.da;% hq.h
lshk iudc l%uh ke;akï fkdÈhqKq iudc l%uh ;=, ñksid
Ôj;afj,d ;sfhkj' Bg miafi jy,a l%uhla ke;akï wdishd;sl
ksIamdok l%uhla mokïjQ iudchla ;=, Ôj;afj,d ;sfhkj'
tA jf.au jevjiï iudc l%uhla ;=, Ôj;a fj,d ;sfhkjd' tA
jf.au OfkaIajr iudc l%uhla ;=, Ôj;afj,d ;sfhkjd' fï tla
iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiaulska" iudc l%uhlska ;j;a iudc wd¾Ól
yev.eiaulg-iudc l%uhlg mßj¾;kh fj,d ;sfhkafka
iudc úma,jh u.skqhs' ñksia b;sydifha 1917 g biafi,a,d" 1917
fkdjeïn¾ 7 Þg biafi,a, fkdfhla ;ekaj, fkdfhla jljdkqj,
iudc úma,j miq lr, ;sfhkj' jevjiï l%ufha b|, Okjd§
iudc l%uhg tkak OfkaYaajr úma,jhka lr, ;sfhkj' kuq;a
b;sydifha m%:u j;djg w¿;au j._fha úma,jhla isÿjqfka 1917
fkdjeïn¾ 7 jeksÞhs'
wkak tA ksid tAl ft;sydisl jYfhka jeo.;a" b;sydifha
m%:u j;djg mqoa.,sl foam, l%uh u; mokïjQ iudc l%uh
fmr,,Þ, Bg fjkia wdldrhl foam, l%uhla" iduQysl iudcjd§
frdayK úfÊùr
9
foam, l%uhla lr,shg f.k wdmq iudc úma,jhla ;uhs tÞ
isÿjqfka' óg l,ska úma,j kï wr tla mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhla
wfydais lr, od, fjk;a wdldrhl mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhla ;uhs
lr,shg f.k wdfõ' tla wdldrhl ñksfil= úiska ñksfil=
iQrdlEfï l%uhla wfydais lr, fjk;a wdldrhl ñksfil= úiska
iQrd lEula ;uhs lr,shg f.k wdfõ'
1917 fkdjeïn¾ 7Þg biafi,a,d isÿjQ iudc úma,jh
ñksfil= úiska ñksfil= iQrd lEu iÞld,slj wfydaislr, Þkak
mshjr .;a;" uq¿ f,dalfhau yfhka tll m%foaYfha" fukak
fï ksid fïl ft;sydisl jYfhka jeo.;a fjkj' ifydaorjre
l,amkd lr, n,kak Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh lshkafka m<uq ch.%dyS
lïlre úma,jh' tA rfÜ OfkaYajr mx;sh yd mQ¾j OfkaYajr
iQrdlkakka iy Wkaf.a md,kh fmr,d ±óula ;uhs isÿjqfka'
kuq;a tA úma,jh ojia lSmhlg isoaê lSmhlg iSudlrkak neye'
wo ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ;djld,sl uOHu lñgqj
ug ±kqï§, ;sfhkafka Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï lsh, lreKq
bÈßm;a lrkakhs ;uqkakdkafia,dg' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvu
.ek l:dlrk fldg Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh iq¿ ;eklg iSud
lrkak nE' fkdjeïn¾ udifha ojia .kklg' 1917 fkdjeïn¾
7Þ Wfoa 10 g je,eäó¾ b,sõ f,kska ifydaorhd ,shmq ,shú,a,la
f,dalhg olskak ,enqkd' tA ,shú,a, mgka.;af;a fukak
fufyuhs' zz reishdfõ mqrjeishka fj;ghsZZ lsh, mgka wrf.k
lsõj zz;djld,sl wdKavqj my lrk ,§ZZ fmfg%da.Eâ ks¾OkSkaf.a
yd .eßikfha kdhl;ajfha isák fmfg%da.Eâ lïlre iy
fin, ksfhdað;hkaf.a fidaúhgfha wjhjh jk hqoaO úma,ùh
fldñáh w;g rdcH n,h udreù we;' ck;dj wr.,fha fhÿk
mrud¾:h m%cd;ka;%jd§ iduhla jydu fhdackd lsÍu" bvï u;
bvï ysñhkaf.a foam, whs;sh wfydaislr,Su " ksIamdokh u;
lïlre mx;sfha md,kh we;s fidaúhÜ wdKavqjla ks¾udKh lsÍu"
tA mrud¾:h iqrËs; f,i uqÿka muqKqjd ;sfí' lïlrejkaf.a
fin¨kaf.a yd f.dùkaf.a úma,jh È.=l,a Èfkajd-hqoaO úma,jldÍ
lñgqj' fmg%da.Eâ lïlrejkaf.a yd fin, ksfhdað;hkaf.a
fidaúhghZZ
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
10
fukak fï m%ldYkh;a iu.u f,dalhg w¿;a hq.hla
WÞ jkakg mgka.;a;d' fï hq.h WÞdjqfka ojia lSmhl isoaêkaf.
kao@ kE ifydaorjreks" 1917 fkdjeïn¾ udifha reishdj Wvq
hál=re l< wfkla me;a;g fmr,, Þmq tA pkav udre;h i|yd
iQÞkï jqfka Bg yq.la l,lg fmr b|,d' wkak tA jljdkqj
ms<sn|j tA l%shdÞuh f;areï .kak kï wms tA jljdkqj ms<snoj
wOHhkh lrkak Tk' tfyu ke;akï wmsg Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh
.ek f;areï .kak neye'
wms meyeÈ,s f,i okakj wms wo fu;kg weú,a,
;sfhkafka" wms ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK f.dvk., ;sfhkafka tla
uQ,sl iudc wjYH;djhla bgqlrkak' tAl ;uhs wms f;areï wrka
;sfhk" fï mj;sk wms wo Ôj;afjk fï iudc l%uh ;=, ;j
ÿrg;a fï rgg" fï rfÜ ÿla úÈk ck;djg bÈßhg hkak neye
lsh,' fï nxfldf,d;a OfkaYajr ixj¾Ok udj; Tiafia bÈßhg
hdula keye lsh,' tA ksid wo wmg wjYH fj,d ;sfhkj fï
nxfldf,d;a OfkaYajr iudc l%uh fjkqjg" OfkaYajr iudc
ixj¾Ok udj; fjkqjg ienE iudcjd§ ixj¾Ok udj;la
wdfoaY lr.kag' wmg wo wjYHfj,d ;sfhkjd fï nxfldf,d;a
OfkaYajr wd¾Ól yev.eiau fjkqjg iudcjd§ iudc wd¾Ól
yev.eiaula ia:dms; lrkak' fukak fï lghq;a; i|yd ;uhs
wms lreKq fidhñka bkafka' wms iudcjd§ ixj¾Ok udj;la
we;slr,Su i|yd" ìyslr,Su i|yd bÈßhg hdug iQÞkï jkafka'
wkak tA ksid tA mrud¾:h fmr±ß lrf.k wmg wo wjYHfj,d
;sfhkj Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï wOHhkh lrkak'
ug u;la fjkj 1974 foieïnrfha Bkshd wmrdO hqla;s
úksYaph fldñIka iNdj u.ska wmg o~qjï l<dg miafi Èú
we;s f;la isrf.j,aj, bkak" tA jf.au o~qjï ÿkakg miafi"
ysrf.j,aj, fldyq wUrñka bkak ld,fha fâ,s ksjqia ^Daily News& Èkm;d m;%fha ;sìÉp m%ldYhla uu lsfhõj ue.iska
nkaOkd.drfha§' tA ldf, ug u;l yeáhg tl f,aLlfhla
úfõpkhla ,sh, ;snqk Ñ;%máhla .ek' tA Ñ;%máfha ku ug
u;l yeáhg zz fludvdZZ " fï fludvd lshk Ñ;%máh 1975 uq,a
ld,fha fld<U k.rfha fmkak, ;sfhkjd' tA Ñ;%máfh .eífj,d
frdayK úfÊùr
11
;snqk l;kaorh ;uhs ,;ska wefußldkq leÍìhka fldfoõjl
lïlre mx;s wr.,hla .ek' fñ l;dkaorfha m%Odk k¿jd tla
;ekl lshkj¨
zz hkafka fldfyao lsh, okafka ke;sj hdhq;= wdldrh
±kf.k isàu"hkafka fldfyao lsh, ±kf.k hdhq;= wdldrh
fkd±k isàug jvd Nhdklh lsh,ZZ wms tA ojia j, l,amkd l<d
ysrf.j,aj,È fï m%Yakh .ek' we;a; jYfhkau merKs jdudxYsl
jHdmdrh .;a;yu" wfma rfÜ lïlre mx;s jHdmdrhg fuf;la
l,a wrla.;a;= iq¿ OfkaYajr jdudxYsl jHdmdrh .;a;u" t;k
bÈßm;ajk m%YaKh Thsg jvd fYdaldl+,hs' tA f.d,af,d hkafka
fldfyo lsh, ±kf.k ysáfh;a kE' hk wdldrh ±kf.k
ysáfh;a kE' wo wmg wjYHfj,d ;sfhkafka hkafka fldfygo
lsh, f;areï lrkak;a" hkafka fldfyduo lsh, f;areï lrkak;a'
hkafka fldfyduo hk wdldrh l=ulao lshk m%Yakhg ms<s;re
fidhkúg wmg meyeÈ,s f,iu Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka mdvï
bf.k.kak mq¿jka'
Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhg fmr reishdj yuqfjys ;snqk fuu
m%Yak fol frdufkdõ rdcjxYfha w;a;fkdau;sl md,k ld,h
;=, reishdkq lïlre mx;shg" È<sÿ f.dú ck;djg bÈßhg hdula
;snqfka keye' fkdfhla úÈfya foaYlfhda" wr nqÿka jykafiaf.a
ld,fha iÉplfhd msßila ysáhfka foaYkd lr lr ysáh' tA jf.a
fkdfhla foa foaYkd lr lr ysáhd' hkak Tk fldydgo lshk
m%Yakh u;=fj,d ;snqk' u;=fj,d ;snqk ;;ajh hgf;a tA rfÜ
jdudxYsl jHdmdrh fNao ìkak fj,d ;snqk'
ifydaorjre okakj we;s fnd,afIúla fukafIúla lsh,
jpk folla wy, we;s' fï fnd,afIúla fukafIúla lshk jpk
fol wdfõ;a" hkafka fldfygo lshk m%Yakh;a" hkafka fldfyduo
lshk m%Yakh;a" fmr±ß lrf.khs' reishdj OfkaYajr ixj¾Okh
w;ska bÈßfhkau ;snqk rgla fkfjhs' id¾ reishdjg jvd yq.la
bÈßfhka ;sìÉp rgj,a ;uhs m%xYh"c¾uksh" tx.,ka;h jeks
ÈhqKq Okm;s rgj,a' udlaia Ôj;aj isáh ld,fha olskakg ;snqk
;;ajh hgf;a Wml,amkhla bÈßm;a l<d biafi,a, iudcjd§
úma,jh ÈhqKq Okjd§ rgj,aj, we;sfõh lsh,' tAl weú,a,
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
12
W;a;¾-ft;sydisl isoaOdka;hla fkdfjhs' Tkak Tl wrf.k
reishdfõ iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ka msßila udlaiajd§kah lshd.
kak iq¿ OfkaYajr foaYmd,k{hska msßila lSjd reishdj kï
OfkaYajr ixj¾Okh w;ska miq.dóhs" fndfydu miafika bkafk"
OfkaYajr iudc ixj¾Okfha§" tA ksid reishdfõ wo fjkak
;sfhkafka iudcjd§ iudc úma,jhla fkdfõh lsh,' tA ksid wo
udlaiajd§kaf.a lghq;a;" ish¿ iudcjd§kaf.a lghq;a; OfkaYajr
mx;sh;a tlal tlalyq fj,d tA OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh
lrkak OfkaYajr mx;shg iyfhda.h fok tlhs lsh,' fukak fï
m%YaKfha§ f,kska tlÕjqfka kE ú;rla fkfjhs tA whg úreoaOj
úYd, wr.,hla l<d' fukak fï úYd, wr.,fha m%;sM,hla
jYfhka ;uhs wo wmg r;= Tlaf;danrhla .ek l:dlrkak
mq¿jka fj,d ;sfhkakfka'
wo wfma rfg;a ;sfhkj fï uqLH m%YaKh u;=fj,d'
uu fï ixikaokh lrñka l:dlrkakg W;aidy lrkafka
;uqkakdkafia,dg tÞ reishdfõ ;snQ m%YaKh wo wfma rfg;a
u;=fj,d ;sfhk whqrehs'
wfma rfg;a lïlre mx;s jHdmdrh ;=,g OfkaYajr
mx;sfha u;jdoh f.k tkak jdykh fjÉp iq¿ OfkaYajr
foaYmd,k{hska msßila lshkjd ,xldj miq.dó OfkaYajr
ixj¾Okhla iys; rglah' fukak fï rfÜ ;du;a ;sfhkjdh
bIaG lrkak OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%Sh l¾;jHhka" fukak fï
OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%Sh lghq;= bgqlrkak ;sfhk ;;ajh hgf;a
tf;k flfrkak ´k OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhlah"
OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh lrkak OfkaYajr mx;sh;a yjq,a
lr.kak ´kh lsh, tA f.d,af,d lshkjd' OfkaYajr mx;shla
bkakj¨ m%.;sYS,S'
fukak fï m%YaKh;a tlal wms l:d lrkak mgka
.ksuq' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï bf.k .kak' ifydaorjreks"
OfkaYajr mx;sh tla;rd ft;sydisl jljdkqjl m%.;sYS,S lghq;=
bIaGlrkj' tAl i;Hhla" fko¾,ka; OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§
úma,jh lf,a fko¾,ka; OfkaYajr mx;sfha kdhl;ajfhka"
17jk ishjfia m%xY OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh lf<a m%xY
frdayK úfÊùr
13
Okm;s mx;sfha kdhl;ajfhka" 18 jk ishjfia OfkaYajr l%uh
W;amd; wjêfha mj;soa§ lïlre mx;sh ;du;a ixj¾Okh
fj,d bÈßhg weú,a,d lïlre mx;sh ;ukaf.au u;jdohla
f.dvk., th ;ukaf.au u;jdofhka ikakoaO lr, ;ukaf.
au mx;s b,a,Su bÈßhg bÈßm;a lr, lïlre mx;sh ;ukaf.au
wruqKq bIaG lr.kak iajdëkj mx;shla yeáhg ixúOdkh fj,d
bÈßhg wefok jljdkqj fjkl,a tla;rd hq.hl OfkaYajr
mx;sh m%.;sYS,S lghq;= bgql<d' kuq;a udlaiau lshmq úÈyg
ksoyi" iudkd;au;djh iy ifydaor;ajh lsh, tÞ OfkaYajr
m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha Och by,ska Tijdf.k bÈßhg .shmq
OfkaYajr mx;sh ál l,lg miq tA jpk igkamdG udre l<d'
lïlre mx;sh iajdëkj mx;s n,fõ.hla yeáhg j¾Okh
fj,d bÈßhg tkfldg" ;ukaf.au mx;s wruqKq bIaGlr .kak
bÈßhg hkfldg ;ukaf.au b,lal ;shdf.k bÈßhg tkfldg
wkak OfkaYajr mx;sh NS;shg m;afj, OfkaYajr mx;sh ksoyi"
iudkd;au;djh iy ifydaor;ajh lshk jpk" tA igka mdG udre
l<d' udlaiau lshmq úÈyg ld,;=jlal= yuqÞ" wYajdfrdayl yuqÞ
yd mdn, yuqÞ lshk jpk j,ska tA lshkafka mSä; mx;Skag úreoaO
u¾okh f.kdj' f.ke,a, tA ld,h ;=, tA f.d,a,kaf.a m%.;sYS,S
l%shdldß;ajh wfydais l<d' wfydais jqkd' uq¿ b;sydihu tA ms<sno
kso¾YKj,ska .ykfj,d' 19 jeks ishjfia ueoÈ 1848 ld,a udlaia
yd f*ä%la tx.,aia iyNd.S jQ c¾udkq OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§
úma,jh bÈßm;a lrk fYdal ckl l:dkaorh Th jf.a tlla'
c¾uksfha OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh 1848 § c¾uka
OfkaYajr mx;sh úiskau w;ru.§ mdjdÿkakd'
wehs@ c¾uka Okm;s mx;sh ±lald tA f.d,a,kaf. mx;s
Wjukdj ;uhs ro, jevjiï iQrdlEu wfydais lr, tA fjkqjg
w¿;a mkakhl w¿;a wdldrhl iQrdlEula" OfkaYajr iQrdlEula
we;s lsÍu" tAl ;uhs OfkaYajr mx;sfha Wjukdj' OfkaYajr
mx;sfha Wjukdj fkfuhs iQrdlEu iuia; jYfhka iy iyuq,ska
wfydaislr ±óu' tAl tAf.d,a,kaf.a Wjukdj fkdfjhs' OfkaYajr
mx;shg tÞ wjYHfj,d ;snqfka ro, foam, l%uh wfydais lr,Þ,
OfkaYajr foam, l%uh lr,shg f.k tAu" ro, ksYamdok l%uh
wfydais lr,Þ, OfkaYajr ksIamdok l%uh lr,shg f.k tAu' wkak
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
14
tA lghq;a;g tA f.d,af,d iyNd.S fjkfldg tA f.d,a,;a tlal
tÞ iyNd.S jqkd" tAlg jevjiï úfrdaë OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§
úma,jfha l¾;jHhka bgqlr .kak c¾uka lïlre mx;sh;a"
c¾uka lïlre mx;sh m%udKfhka úYd, fj,d isáfha" m%xYfha
lïlre mx;shg jvd m%xY OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh
fjkfldg c¾uka lïlre mx;sh iajdëkj ;ukaf.a mx;s b,a,Sï
bÈßm;a lrkakg mgka .;a;' fukak fï ;¾ckh ±lal OfkaYajr
mx;sh" tA ;¾ckh ±l, c¾uka OfkaYajr mx;sh fudlo lf<a @
;ukaf.a Bfh y;=r fjÉp ro<hska iu. tl;=jqkd ;ukaf.a jvd
Nhdkl wo y;=rdg úreoaOj" lïlre mx;shg úreoaOj' fï jf.a
kso¾Ykj,ska uq¿ ñksia b;sydihu msß,'
fukak fï ;;ajhka hgf;a tl me;a;lska f,kskq;a wfkla
me;af;ka fukafIúla kdhlfhda fjpp Üfirf;a,s," fp¾fkdma,"
vEka, w;r úYd, u;jd§ wr.,hla flrek' reishdkq úma,jhg"
Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhg mQ¾j wjqreÿ lSmh ;=," fukak fï u;jd§
wr.,fha§ f,kska m%uqL fnd,afIúlajd§ka lrmq ch.%yKh Wvhs"
reishdkq iudcjd§ úma,jh ch.%yKh lrkak mq¿jka jqfka' tÞ
tA u;jd§ wr.,fhka f,kska m%uqL fnd,afIúlajd§kag ch.%yKh
lrkak neß jqkd kï wo reishdfõ wmg l:dlrkak iudcjd§
úma,jhla flß, keye' wehs@ reishdj miq.dó OfkaYajr
ixj¾Okhla ;sìÉp rgla" reishdkq iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ lïlre
mËh mgka.kak úg reishdj ;snqfka id¾ md,kh hgf;a id¾
md,kh lshkafka jevjiï w;a;fkdau;sl md,khla" reishdj
OfkaYajr ixj¾Okh w;ska ngysr hqfrdamfha rgj,g jvd yq.la
miafika" tA miafika ysáh reishdj bÈßhg mek, iudcjd§ iudc
úma,jh lrkak ngysr hqfrdafha ÈhqKq Okm;s rgj,g biafi,a,'
fukak fïl fldfyduo f;areï .kafk' f;areï hkafk'
ifydaorjreks"
1905 b|, 1917 fmnrjdß fjkl,a" fmnrjdß udifha
id¾ md,khg tfrysj OfkaYajr rdcH md,khla ia:dms; lrkl,a
;djld,sl wdKavqj kñka tA jljdkqj ;=, fukafIdúlfhdhs"
fnd,afIdúlfhdhs fof.d,af,du tlÕjqkd tl foalg" reishdfõ
OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhla lrkak ;sfhkjd lshk tlg'
frdayK úfÊùr
15
kuq;a f,kskq;a fukafIúla kdhlfhd;a w;r tlÕ;ajhla we;s
fkdjqfka tl foalghs' OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh w¿;a
;;ajhka hgf;a OfkaYajr mx;sh yjq,a fjkjo keoao hk m%YaKh
Wv" f,kska meyeÈ,s f,iu lsõj" fï miq.dó reishdfõ miq.dó
OfkaYajr mx;sh ;jÿrg;a m%.;sYS,S l¾;jHhka bIaG lrkafka
keyehs lsh,' tA f.d,af,d OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhg
kdhl;ajh fokafk ke;sj ú;rla fkfjhs tAfl .dul n,fõ.
hla jkafka keyehs lsh,' tA ksid reishdfj OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§
úma,jh lrkak fj,d ;sfhkafk reishdkq lïlre mx;shghs"
f.dú ck;djghs lsh, t;fldg fukafIúla ldrfhda ;¾l l<d
OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh lshk kñkau lshkafka OfkaYajr
mx;sh tAlg yjq,aùu fkdfjhso lsh,' 1904zz lefâÜZZ mËh
lsh,-jHjia:dkql+, m%cd;ka;%jd§ mËh lsh, tAfla kshu ku-
OfkaYajr mËhla- ,snr,a OfkaYajr mËhla ixúOdkh l<d'
1904 È tAf.d,a,kaf. fojk iïfï,kh meje;ajqkd ú;rhs" ál
Èklg miq fukafIúlajd§ka tA lshkafka iq¿ OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ka
tA Okm;s foaYmd,k mËh iu. yjq,a iïuq;s we;s lrf.k
iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh miaig w|skak mgka.;a;' ;uqkakdkafi,
okakj fydog" wfma rfÜ b;sydifha- jdudxYsl jHdmdrfha
b;sydih wrx ne¨fjd;a tA jf.a fYdal ckl l:dkaorhla'
reishdfõ iq¿ OfkaYajr fukafIúla kdhlhkag tA brKu w;ajqfka
tA f.d,a, Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal iïuq;s we;slr.;a; ksid' wfma
rfg;a merKs iq¿ OfkaYajr fukafIúla kdhlhkag iuiudc"
fldñhqksiaÜ- wo w;afj,d ;sfhk fï brKu Bg iudk brKula'
tAf.d,af,d Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal tlalyq fj,d iudcjd§ iudc
úma,jh miaig wÈkak l=kalagdâjre ^miaig wÈkakka& jYfhka
lghq;= l<d'
fo;ekÈu tlu foa fj,d ;sfhkafk' wms tA ksid
Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï bf.k .kak hkfldg fï fol
ixikaokh lr, n,uq' fndfydu f,aisfhka tAflka f;areï .kak
mq¿jka wmg Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï fudkjo lsh,'
ifydaorh" ifydaoßh" reishdfj OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§
úma,jh lrkakj;a tAlg kdhl;ajh fokakj;a .dul n,fõ.
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
16
jYfhka l%shdlrkakj;a reishdfõ OfkaYajr mx;sh" miq.dó
OfkaYajr mx;sh yjq,ajqfka keye' tAf.d,af,d wêrdcH úfrdaë"
jevjiï úfrdaë l¾;jHka bIaG lrkak wfmdfydi;a lshk tluhs
tÞ f,kskaf. ;¾lh jqfka' wo ,xldj .;af;d;a ,xldfj iq¿
OfkaYajr mx;sh ;¾l lr,d ;sfhkafka" fuf;la l,a OfkaYajr
m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha l¾;jHhka ú;rla fkdfjhs" iudcjdohg
hkak;a fï rfÜ m%.;sYS,S OfkaYajr mx;shla bkakjh yjq,alr.
kak lsh,hs' l,amkd lr, n,kak 1956' 1956 ;uhs fï rfÜ lïlre
mx;sh kdhl;ajfha ysáh iq¿ OfkaYajr kdhl;ajh úiska lïlre
mx;s jHdmdrh mdj, §, fl,skau Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal tlalyq
jqfka' ms,sma .=Kj¾Ok uy;auhf.a kdhl;ajfhka ;sìÉp uyck
tlai;a fmruqK- tÞ úma,jldÍ iuiudc mËh- fï úma,jldÍ
iuiudc mËh Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËh lshk OfkaYajr foaYmd,k
mËh;a tlalyq jqkd fl,skau' tlalyq fj,d Okm;s wdKavqjla
msysfgõj' Okm;s wdKavqj msysgqj, Okm;s mx;shg iemfhõj
Wmdh Wml%u lïlre mx;sh u¾okh lrkak' ;uqkakdkafi,
okakj 1956 g biafi,a," nKavdrkdhl Wkakefy,df.a wdKavqjg
biafi,a, fï rfÜ lïlre mx;sh jevj¾ck l<d' jevj¾ck
lr, Okm;s wdKavqj" Okm;s ydïmq;a;= oK.eiaiqj fkdfhla
wjia:dj,È' 1956 § lïlre mx;s kdhlfhd .sys,a, Wmfoia ÿkak"
Okm;s mx;sfha weu;slï wrf.k' Okm;s mx;sfhau wdKavqjg
lïlre mx;sfha idOdrK wr., fudglrkafka fldfyduo lsh,'
ljqre;a okakj nKavdrkdhl Wkakefya n,hg wdjg miafi thd
lïlrejka iag%hsla lr, bkakfldg lïlrejka iu. idlÉcd
fkdlr b§fï m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh l<d' fï m%;sm;a;sh
Okm;s wdKavqjg lsh, ÿkafk lõo@ lïlre mx;sfha m%Yakj,
ienE ;;ajh f;areï wrf.k ysáh Woúh' tA Woúh ±kf.k
ysáh lïlre mx;shg f.dv.eiqk m%d.aOkhla ke; lshk tl'
jegqma Y%uh Wvuhs Ôj;afjkafka' Y%uh úl=Kqfj ke;akï Ôj;a
fjkak úÈhla kE' iag%hsla tlla lr, th Èk .Kkla l,a hkj
kï weoaÈ, hkj kï" tA iag%hsla tl w,a, bkak ;;ajhla kE' wehs
ñksy leu;shs-lïlrej- tA iag%hsla tl È.g f.kshkak mdj,
fokafk ke;sj' kuq;a øjHuh yelshdjla kE thdg tA iag%hsla tl
w,a,x bkak' f.or <uhg lkak fokak" fndkak fokak lsßmsá
frdayK úfÊùr
17
ál wrx fokak yelshdjla kE' i,a,s kE' iag%hsla tl È.g w,a,x
bkak fldg lïlrejkag isoaOfj,d ;sfhkj" ;ukaf.a leue;a;g
mgyeksj Ôú;h /l.ekSu i|yd ydïmq;dg hgfjkak' fukak
fï ;;ajh ±kf.k ysáh lïlre mx;s kdhlfhd Okm;s mx;shg
Wmfoia ÿkak' tAl fufya ú;rla Wk fohla fkdfjhs' tA fi,a,u
mgka.;a; reishdfj' fukafIdúla kdhlfhd Okm;s mx;sh;a
tlal tlalyqjqkd" tlalyqjqk .uka Thsg iudka;r l%shdÞuhla
tys we;sjqkd'
ifydaorh"ifydaoßh" ;uqkakdkafi, okakj miq
ld,hl Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal tlalyq jqkd iuiudc mËhhs
fldñhqksiaÜ mËhhs' tlalyqfj,d 1971 uyd NSIKhg" uy Oj,
NSIKhg kdhl;ajh ÿkakd' iu iudc flñhqksiaÜ fukafIúla
kdhlfhda iq¿ OfkaYajrfhda" tAl fuys biafi,a, jqk fohla
fkdfjhs' Bg biafi,a,d tAl f,dalfha wfkla ;ekaj,;a jqkd'
reishdj .;af;d;a reishdfõ reishdfõ OfkaYajr wdKavqjg
tlalyq fj,d ysáh Üfirf;a,s lshk fukafIúla kdhlh' iq¿
OfkaYajr jdudxYsl kdhlh' thd ;uhs Wmfhda.S fldg .;af;
fldkaiagEâj, kdúlfhdhs- úma,jldÍ kdúlfhdhs- Okm;s
wdKavqjg úreoaOj ler,s.ykfldg tAf.d,a,kaf.a whs;sjdislï
fjkqfjka' tAl u¾okh lrkak wdKavqj bÈßhg heõfõ
áfirf;a,s,' 1917 áfirf;a,s, reishdfõ lrmq foau ;uhs
tka'tï' fmf¾r;a" mSg¾ flkukq;a 1971 ,xldfõ lf<a' tAl w¿;a
fohla fkdfjhs' tfy lrmq foa' tA jf.au 1919 c¾uka fldñhqksiaÜ
mËfha myf<dia oyilg wêl idudðl ixLHdjla >d;kh l<
c¾uka fldñhqksiaÜ mËh f,hska kEõj c¾uKsfha fukafIúla
kdhlfhda" fihsâudka, l<foau ;uhs fufya lf<a' tA ksid wms
fï Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï .ek lshkfldg f;areï .kak
yeu fj,dfju W;aidy lrkak ´ks fudkjo wmg .kak ;sfhk
mdvï lsh,' wehs reishdfõ Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh wms;a tlal ne|s,
;sfhkafk fldfyduo lsh,'
uQ,sl m%Yakhla ;sfhkj ifydaorh" tlla ;uhs
Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh;a wfma rfÜ m%Yak;a .;a;u" wfma rfÜ;a
foflau ;snqfk fldydgo hkafka" uu biafi,a, lsõj jf.a
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
18
fldfyduo hkafka lshk m%Yafk' fukak fï fldfyduo hkafk
fldydgo hkafka lshk m%Yakhg jdudxYslfhdhs lshd.kakd Woúh
udlaiajd§ka lshd.kakd Woúh fufyu ms<s;=re §, ;sfhkj' uu
biafi,a,d lsõj jf.a tA f.d,af,d lshkj fï hq.fha m%.;sYS,S
OfkaYajr mx;shla bkakjh" OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,ùh
l¾;jHhka bgq lsÍu i|yd tA wh;a yjq,a fjkjh' tAl ksid
ks¾Ok mx;s iudcjd§ úma,jhla i|yd hk .ufka§ fukak
fï m%.;sYS,S lshk OfkaYajr mx;sh;a tl;=lr .kak ´keh
lsh,' B,.g wm bÈßfha we;s wfkla ms<s;=r ;uhs fï hq.fha
OfkaYajr mx;sh m%.;sYS,S l¾;jHhka bgqlsÍug wfmdfydi;ah"
OfkaYjr mx;sh ks¾Ok mx;sh bÈßhg hk tlg Nhh tA ksid
OfkaYajr mx;sh iQÞkï ke; OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,ùh
l¾;jHhka wjidkh olajd f.khkak' tA ksid wo ;sfhk m%Yakh
;uhs" uQ,sl m%Yakh ;uhs f,dalhd mqrd weú,a,d ;sfhk" iudcjd§
iudc úma,jhla lrkak ´kehs lshk tl' fukak fï ks¾Ok
mx;s iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh" tAfl w;=re M, yeáhg b;sßfj,d
;sfhk OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ l¾;jHhka bgqlrkjh fuf;la
bIaGfj,d ke;s' Tkak Th úêhg m%Yakhg fohdldrhlska úi|qï
bÈßm;afj,d ;sfhkjd' tÞ reishdfj fukafIúlfhd lsõfj
reishka Okm;s mx;sh m%.;sYS,sh" reishdfj lrkak ;sfhkafk
OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhlah iudcjd§ úma,jh fkdfõh
lsh,hs' tA ksid wms OfkaYajr mx;shg iyfhda.h §, bkak ´k
Okm;s iuQydKavqjla msysgqjkl,a' f,kska Bg msgia;r lsõj" kE
iudcjd§ úma,jhla lrkak ;sfhkafk lsh,'
fï iydaorjre okakj 1832 § flda,anDDla leurka
m%;sixialrK f.kdj' flda,anDDla leurka m%;sixialrK u.ska
rfÜ OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ l¾;jHhka lSmhla i|yd jHqyd;aul
fjkialï l<d' wms okakj rdcldß l%uh wfydaisl<d' wfydais
lr, jegqma Y%uh y|qkajd fokak mgka .;a;' uq¿ rgu tlu
tl rdcH md,khla hg;g .;a;' tA jf.au bvï úlsŒug yels
;;ajhla we;s l<d' bvï OfkaYajr foam, njg m;al<d' fukak
fï jf.a OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha l¾;jHhka lSmhla
we;s lrkak mgka .;a;d' tA 1832 §' 1861 fjkl¨;a reishdfõ
;ju jevjiï m%fõksÞi l%uh wfydais lr, ;snqfka keye' fofjks
frdayK úfÊùr
19
wef,laiekav¾ 1861 ;uhs ks, jYfhka wfydais lf<a m%fõksÞi
l%uh' tA;a ld,dka;rhla ;siafia tA m%fõksÞi l%uh reishdfõ
;snqkd' úfYaIfhkau id¾ rÊcqrefjda hgm;alrf.k ;snQ cd;Ska
w;r Wiafnlsia:dkh" gðlsia:dkh" lilia:dkh" ,s;=fõkshdj"
,eÜúhdj jf.a m%dka; rdcHhka j,;a wE; fmrÈ. ihsîßhdfõ;a
iïmQ¾Kfhkau jevjiï iudc ino;d ;snqk' úfoaY m%d.aOkh
;uhs OfkaYajr ksIamdok wxYfha- lfIa;%fha wdêm;Hh ±refõ'
fukak fï ;;ajh hgf;a ;uhs fukafIúla kdhlfhda lsõfj
reishdfõ OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhla lrkak ;sfhkafka"
tAl OfkaYajr mx;sfha kdhl;ajfhka lrkak ;sfhkafka lsh,'
kuq;a tfyu fohla reishdj ;=, Wfka keye'
wfma rg ms<sn|j .;a;;a iuyre ;¾l lrkj" OfkaYajr
mx;sh m%.;sYS,S jev lghq;= lrkjhs" m%.;sYS,S cd;sl Okm;s
mx;shla bkakjhs" tAf.d,af,d tlalyq lr.kak Tkehs" iudcjd§
úma,jh lrkak Tkehs lsh,' tA f.d,a,kag fok iykhla jYfhka
tA f.d,a, yjq,a lr.ekau i|yd iudcjd§ úma,jh lrkak ´ke
ke;ehs Bg fuydhska kj m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhla lrkak ´kehs
lsh,' iuyre lshkj cd;sl m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhla lrkak
´kehs lsh,' wms fï m%Yakh wrf.k n,uq" reishdkq úma,jh;a
iu. ii|,' reishdfõ fukafIúlfhd lshmq úÈyg fï f.d,af,d;a
,xldfj iudcjd§ úma,jh miaig wÈkak yokjd'miaig wÈkak
tA f.d,a,kag reishdfj fukafIúlhkaf.ka Khg .ksmq ;¾l
lSmhla ;sfhkjd' tA f.d,af,d lshkj OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§
úma,jh fufya lrkak ;sfhkj lsh,' fudkjo n,uq OfkaYajr
m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha fufya lrkak ;sfhkafka lsh,' wvq
;rñka miq.sh ;sia fojir uq¿,af,a ,xldfõ n,fha isáfha
Okm;s mx;sh' tA f.d,af,d lshk cd;sl Okm;s mx;sh ysáh'
1956 isg 1960 ud¾;= fjkl¨;a' 1960 cQ,sj, isg 1965 fjkl¨;a
" wdfh 1970 isg 1977 fjkl¨;a" wfkla ld,hg wfkla Okm;s
mx;s fldgiq;a ysáhd tlai;a cd;sl mËfha' fï OfkaYajr mx;sh
l%shdlr, ;sfhk wdldrh .;a;u f,kskq;a Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka
W.kak, ;sfhk mdvï yßhg yß' fudlo@ fï rfÜ Okm;s mx;sh
iudcjdoh lrd hdu fldhs yeá fj;;a OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§
úma,jfha b;sßfj,d ;sfhk" fYaIfj,d ;sfhk lghq;= álj;a
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
20
iïmQ¾K lrkak ksu lrkak ;ukag Wjukdjla kef;hs" ;uka
wfmdfydi;ah" ;uka tAl lrkafka ke;ehs lshk tl fï ;sia
fowjqreoao uq¿,af,a Tmamqlr, ;sfhkj'
ifydaorjreks" OfkaYajr úma,jhla lsh, lshk fldg
OfkaYajr úma,jhl foaYmd,k l¾;jHh ;uhs jevjiï iudc
wd¾Ól yev.eiafï wdêm;Hh ork bvï ysñ ro, mx;sh fmr,,
OfkaYajr mx;sfha rdcH n,h ia:dms; lsÍu' wfma rfÜ ro,hkaf.a
rdcH n,h fmr,, Þ, OfkaYajr rdcH n,h ia:dms; l<d' ì%;dkh
wêrdcHjd§kaf.a kdhl;ajfhka' ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kaf.a rdcH
n,h ro, rdcH n,hla fkdfjhs' tAl OfkaYajr rdcH n,hla' tA
OfkaYjr rdcH n,h ;uhs fï we;slr, ;sfhkafka' tA OfkaYajr
rdcH n,h úiska ;uhs rg iEfyk ld,hlg miafia uOH.;
lf<a' tAl;a OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha l¾;jHhla' tA
rdcH n,h úiska ;uhs rdcldß l%uh wfydais lr, Þ, jegqmg
Y%uh úlskSfï ;;ajh we;s lf<a' tA rdcH n,h úiska tA jf.a
mshjrj,a lSmhla .;a;g ;j;a fkd.;a; mshjrj,a ;sfhkj'
iïmQ¾K bvï m%;sixialrKhla lf<a keye' tAl wêrdcHjd§kaf.a
Wjukdj fkdfjhs' wêrdcHjd§kag j;=lrh mgka.kag wjYH;dla
ÿrg muKhs tAl lf<a' tA ksid b;=refj,d ;snqk iudc wd¾Ól
l¾;jHhka" OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha ksu fkdjQ OfkaYajr
bvï m%;sixialrKh cd;Skag whs;sjdislï §u" tAl;a OfkaYajr
m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha l¾;jHhla' tAl;a bgq lr, ;snqfka kE'
ldka;djkag iudk whs;sjdislï ,nd§u;a OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§
úma,jfha l¾;jHhla' tAj;a bIaG lr, ;snqfka keye' fukak fï
jf.a OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha l¾;jHhka ÈhqKq Okm;s
rgj,;a bIaG lr, keye' fkdfhla ;ekaj,' Okm;s úma,jh
w;rueo mdj, fokj Okm;s mx;sh' iudcjd§ úma,jhg ;sfnk
ìh ksid' tAl ;uhs tÞ f,kska lsõfj fï rfÜ ;uqkakdkafia,d
okakj we;s jevjiï rgdfõ wd¾Ól wxYfha b;sßfjÉp
kIaGdjfYaIhka ;sfhkj' úydr.ï"foajd,.ï ;sfhkjd' tAjfha
;sfhkafka OfkaYajr iudc in|lï fkdfjhs' jevjiï iudc
in|;djhka' tAjd wfydaislr, kE' wêrdcHjd§ wdKavqj' Bg
miafia 1947 fï rfÜ OfkaYajr mx;sh n,hg m;al<d" m;a jqkd
wêrdcHjd§kaf.a Wjukdj msg' kuq;a t|d bo, ;sia fojirla
frdayK úfÊùr
21
uq¿,af,a fï rfÜ OfkaYajr mx;sh OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§
l¾;jHhhkaj, fYaIfj,d ;sfhk lghq;= ál bIaG lrkak
wfmdfydi;a Wkd' OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha b;=refj,d
;sfhk lghq;= ál bIaG lrkak wfmdfydi;a Okm;s mx;sh bka
tydg hkjhe' kE iudcjdoh lrd hkafka kE' tAlg ysksfm;a;la
jYfhka¨ kj m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhla ' tA lshkafka OfkaYajr
m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhg;a ke;s" iudcjd§ úma,jhg;a ke;s tlla
foaYkd lrkafka' tAl lrkak Okm;s mx;sh yjq,a lr.kak ́ ke¨'
kuq;a l;dj kï tfyuhs' flrejdj kï fufyuhs' reishdfj;a
f,kska meyeÈ,s jYfhkau ±lal OfkaYajr mx;sh m%.;sYS,S
lghq;= bIaG lrkafka keye' OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha
b;sß lghq;= bgq lrkafka keye lsh,' wkak tA ;;ajh hgf;a ;uhs
f,kska ifydaorhd meyeÈ,s f,iu fhdackd lf,a reishdjg hkak
;sfhkafka hkak ;sfhk ;ek ;uhs iudcjdohgh lsh,' hkak
;sfhk udj; ;uhs iudcjd§ udj; lsh,' Okm;s mx;sh tlal
yjq,a fj,d ixOdk fj,d iyfhda.fhka hk .ukla fkdfjhs tAl'
Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj ks¾Ok mx;sh;a È,s|q f.dú ck;dj;a
we;=¿ fiiq mSä; mx;s fldgiq;a yjq,a lrf.k lïlre mx;sfha
kdhl;ajfhka hkak ́ kE' wkak tA fhdackdj bÈßm;a lf<a' wkak
tA udjf;a .sys,a, ;uhs Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh ch.%yKh lf<a'
ifydaorh" ifydaoßh" wms fu;kos f;areï .kak
´ke fukak fïl' reishka úma,jhg biafi,a, úYd, u;jd§
wr.,hla flrek' fukak fï foaYmd,k l%shdud¾. fol
w;f¾" fï l%shdud¾. fol w;r flrek u;jd§ foaYmd,k
wr.,fhka fnd,afIúlajd§ ienE ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jjd§"
f,kskajd§ l%shdud¾. ch.%yKh flrefka ke;akï iq¿ OfkaYajr
fukafIúlajd§ wjia:djd§ l%shdud¾.h mroao, reishdkq iudcjd§
lïlre úma,jh ch.%ykh lrkak neye' tÞ tA u;jd§ wr.,h
ch.%ykh l< ksid ;uhs reishka iudc úma,jhg ch.%ykh
lrkak yelsjqfka' wms m<uqfjks mdvu t;kska bf.k.kak ´k'
wo wms yuqfõ ;sfhk l¾;jHh bIaG lrkak kï fï rfÜ ;sfhk
nxfldf,d;a OfkaYajr iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiau fjkia lr,"
fmr,, Þ, tA fjkqjg iudcjd§ iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiaula
f.akak kï nxfldf,d;a OfkaYajr ixj¾Ok udj; fjkqjg
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
22
iudcjd§ ixj¾Ok udj;la wdfoaY lrkak kï" wms meyeÈ,s
f,iu f;areï .kak Tke wmg meyeÈ,s f,i ;sfhkafka" hkak
yelafla kj m%cd;ka;%jdohgj;a wr f,kska lshmq úêhg iq¿
OfkaYajr wfodakdjgj;a fkdfjhs" meyeÈ,s f,iu wo ojfia
l¾;jHh jYfhka bÈßhg weú,a,d ;sfhkafka Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh
fmkakqj jf.au iudcjd§ úma,jfha l¾;jHhka bIaG lsÍuhs' wo
wmg kE Okm;s mx;shla n,hg m;a lsÍfï l¾;jHhka' Okm;s
mx;sh n,fha bo, ;sfhkj tA ;dla ÿrg f,kska lshmq úÈhg
OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha l¾;jHhka bIaGfj,d ;sfhkj'
bIaGfj,d ke;s foaYmd,kuh" wd¾Óluh"iudcuh l¾;jHhka
bIaG lrkak Okm;s mx;sh ;jÿrg;a wfmdfydi;a" OfkaYajr
mx;shg wjYH;djla ke;ehs lshk tl Tmamqfj,d ;sfhkj'
tfyu kï b;=refj,d ;sfhk OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha
l¾;jHhka f,kska meyeÈ,s f,i wjOdrkh l< mßÈ bÈßhg
hk ch.%dyS ks¾Ok mx;s iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh ;=,ska tys
w;=re M, f,i bIaG lrkq we;s' wfma rg ms<snoj;a i;H ;;ajh
thhs' wkak tA ksid wms biafi,a,du f;areï .kakj Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jfha mdvïj, m<uqjk tl yeáhg" wo rgg" wms jdf.a
miq.dó OfkaYajr ixj¾Okhla ;sfhk kj hg;a úð;jd§ hg;a
úð;lrfha rgj,aj,g" uq¿ f,dalhgu" iuia; jyfhka .;a;u
wo uq¿ f,dalh i|ydu" úIhuQ, jYfhka mßk; fj,d ;sfhkj"
iuia; jYfhka .;a;u" ;;ajhka" iudcjd§ iudc úma,jhg"
tA ksid wm yuqfjys ;sfhkafka f,kska lsõjd jf.au Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jh fmkakqj jf.au iudcjd§ iudc úma,jhla ch.%ykh
lrkak' fukak fïl lrkak iudcjd§ úma,jfha n,fõ. yeáhg
lghq;= lrkafka ljqo@ iudcjd§ iudc úma,jhg yjq,alrefjda
fjkafka lõo@ meyeÈ,s f,iu Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh Tmamq l<d
miq.dó reishdfõ iudcjd§ iudc úma,jfha kdhl;ajh .;af;a
tA rfÜ lïlre mx;sh nj' tA rfÜ lïlre mx;sfha kdhl;ajfhka
tA iudc úma,jh bÈßhg ;,a¨ lrkak .dul n,fõ.hg lïlre
mx;sh;a tlal tlalyq Wkd" È,s|q f.dú ck;dj" .%dóh ks¾Ok
mx;sh yd .%dóh w¾O ks¾Ok mx;sh' wfma rg .;a;;a meyeÈ,s
f,iu fukak fï ;;ajhka ;sfhkj'
frdayK úfÊùr
23
wfma rg hg;a úð;lrfha mer‚u OfkaYajr
ixj¾Okhla iys; rgla' fïl lsõju Thf.d,af,d n,hs
fudllao fï lsõfj lsh,' ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§ka ika;lj f,dj
mqrdu ;snqk hg;a úð;' tA ksid ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kag lsõj
ysre fkdnisk wêrdcHh lsh,' wêrdcHjd§ rgj,ska w.%.kH rg
fj,d ;snqfka fojk f,dal hqoaOhg biafi,a,d ì%;dkH wêrdcHh'
fï ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§ka ika;lj ;snqk iqÿ cd;Skau mÈxÑ lrmq
hg;a úð;" lekvdj" TiafÜ%,shdj" kjiS,ka;h" wefußldj"
jf.a hg;a úð; yerekfldg wêrdcHjd§ka úYd, jYfhka
mÈxÑ lrmq hg;a úð;-iajfoaYslhka jeä jYfhka ysáh" hg;a
úð;j, ì%;dkHhkaf.a wdo¾Y hg;a úð;h yeáhg mej;sfha
,xldjhs lsh, ì%;dkHh wêrdcHjd§kau ms<s.kakj' fï wdo¾Y
hg;a úð;h lshkafka fïlhs' wfma rg iïmQ¾Kfhkau hg;a
l<d ì%;dkHhka wfkla rgj,g biafi,a,' 1796 ;uhs ì%;dkHhka
uqyqÿnv m%foaY hg;a lr .;af;a' 1815 lkao Wvrg jevjiï
rdcHh;a hg;alr .;a;' 1815 jk úg uq¿ rdcHhu ì%;dkHh
wêrdcHjd§ka wf;ahs mej;=fka' 1818 Wvrg ro, kdhlhskaf.a
kdhl;ajfhka le/,a,la we;s Wkd' fï le/,a, uev meje;aùug
.kakd ,o ;SrKd;aul mshjrhka lSmhla ksid ,xldfõ jevjiï
l%uhg jHqyd;aul ;on, myrj,a lSmhla jeÿk' úYd, m%udkhla
ro,hka ur, >d;kh lr, Þkag isoaO Wkd' ro,hskaf.a foam,
wmyrkh lrkak isoaO Wkd' Bg miq hqoaOuh fya;= ksid Wvrgg
uxudj;a újD; lrkak isoaO Wkd' tA tlalu fldams j.dj mgka
.;a;' flda,anDDla leurka m%;sixialrk ksid Bg jdisÞhl
;;ajhka we;s lr, ÿkak' Bg miafia f;a j.dj we;s Wkd' fukak
fï úÈhg OfkaYajr l%uh wfma rfÜ wfkla hg;a úð;j,g jvd
fõ.fhka tla;rd ÿrlg ixj¾Okh fjkak mgka .;a;' fukak
fï isoaëka isoaO fjoaÈ bkaÈhdj .;a;;a fudlo Wfka@ bkaÈhdj
iïmQ¾Kfhka hg;a lf<a ì%;dkHhka úiska 1870 .Kka j,È' 1870
.Kka j,È ;uhs mxcdnh wdl%uKh lf<a' th wka;su m%dka; rdcH
bkaÈhdfõ ;sìÉp ì%;dkH wêrdcHhjd§kag' tA rdcHhka hg;alr
.;a;g tAjd iaïmQ¾Kfhkau fl,skau ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kaf.a
md,kh hg;g .;af;a keye' ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kaf.a hgf;a tA
tA rgj, ro, md,lhskag iajdëkj jevjiï iQrdlEï lrf.k
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
24
hkak jevjiï md,kh lrf.k hkak bvÿkak' kuq;a wfma rfÜ
;;ajh Bg fjkia" fjkia udj;la .;af;' ±ka Ökh jf.a rgla
.;a;;a Ökh iïmQ¾Kfhkau hg;a lf<a kE' lsisu wêrdcHjd§
n,fõ.hla úiska" Ökfha uqyqÿnv m%foaY" ld¾ñl jYfhka
ixj¾Okhla ;snqk m%foaY mukla hg;a l<d' kuq;a uq¿ Ökhu
hg;a lr, uq¿ Ökfhau ;snqk jevjiï iudc wd¾Ól yev.
eiaug n,mEula lrkakg wêrdcHjd§kag mq¨jka Wfka keye'
kuq;a wfma rfÜ ;;ajh Bg jvd fjkia'
fukak fï ;;ajh hgf;a ft;sydisl jYfhka .;a;u
OfkaYajr l%uh ixj¾Okh fjkak mgka.;a merKsu hg;a úð;
rg jYfhka fukak fï rfÜ" ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kaf.a ueÈy;aùu
hgf;a OfkaYajr l%uh ixj¾Okh lr, ÿkak' wo wfma rg
.;af;d;a wfma rfÜ ;sfhk uQ,sl ksIamdok rgdj' OfkaYajr
ksIamdok rgdjla' tAl jevjiï ksIamdok rgdjla fkdfjhs'
jevjiï ksIamdok rgdjl kgnqka tfyka fufyka ;sfhk tl
we;a;hs' tA kgnqka Wv fkdfjhs udlaiajd§ka iudc wd¾Ól yev.
eiaula ;SrKh lrkafka" ksIamdok rgdjla ;SrKh lrkafka' hï
lsis iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiaul iudc l%uhl ;sfnk ;SrKd;aul
ksIamdok rgdj fudllao hkak Wv ;uhs" tA ;SrKd;aul ksIamdok
rgdj fudllao hkak Wv ;uhs" tA iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiau
;SrKh jkafka' wo wfma rfÜ ;sfhk ;SrKd;aul m%n, ksIamdok
rgdj ;uhs OfkaYajr ksIamdok rgdju; ;uhs j;auka ,dxlSh
iudch mj;skafka' tAl OfkaYajr iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiaula'
md,k n,fha bkafka Okm;s mx;sh" wo wjYHfj,d
;sfhkafka Okm;s mx;sh md,k n,fhka fmr,, Þ, ks¾Ok
mx;sfha md,k n,hg f.akak' OfkaYajr rdcH n,h fjkqjg
ks¾Ok mx;s rdcH n,h wdfoaY lrk iudc úma,jhla' wkak
tAl ;uhs wo wmsg Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha m<uqjk mdvu yeáhg
bf.k .kak ;sfhkafka'
ks¾Ok mx;sh rdcH n,hg m;alsÍu" iudcjd§ iudc
úma,jhla f.ktAu" iudcjd§ foam, l%uhla we;s lsÍu iudc
wd¾Ól lghq;a; kï tAl lrkafka fldfyduo lshk tlhs B,.g
mek k.sk m%Yakh' tAl lrkafka fldfyduo lshk uQ,sl m%Yakh
frdayK úfÊùr
25
;uhs fnd,afIúlajd§ka Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka wmg b.ekakqfj'
ljÞj;a Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal yjq,a fj,d tAl lrkak nE'
meyeÈ,s f,iu iQrdlk foam, ysñ mx;Ska iu. yjq,afj,d tAl
lrkak nE' meyeÈ,s f,iu iQrdlk foam, ysñ mx;Skag úreoaOj
tAf.d,a,ka iu. u;jd§uh" foaYmd,kuh" wd¾Óluh" wr.,hla
;=,ska muKhs fï lghq;a; lrkak mq¨jka fjkafka' b;sydifha
fkdfhla wjia:dj, lïlre mx;sfha ixúOdk OfkaYajr mx;sh
iu." OfkaYajr mx;sfha ixúOdk iu. tlg neÈ, ;sfhkj"
tlg mEiais, ;sfhkj' tA ms<snoj Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh wmg fydo
mdvula W.kaj, ;sfhkj' l,amkd lr, n,kak fukafIúlajd§kag
fÄockl w;a±lSulg uqyqkmdkak isÿjqkd reishdfj" tA fÄockl
brKu tA f.d,a,kag w;ajqfka uQ,sl jYfhkau tA f.d,a,kaf."
OfkaYajr mx;sh flf¾ ±lajQ wdl,amh ksihs" OfkaYajr mx;sh
iu. ixOdkhla we;slr .;a ksihs' f,kska meyeÈ,s f,iu lsõj
lïlre mx;s ixúOdk" ks¾Ok mx;sfha ixúOdk" úma,jjd§
ixúOdk OfkaYajr mx;sh;a iu. m%.;sYS,S fõjd" cd;sl fõjd"
,snr,a fõjd ´kEu kulska y|qkajk OfkaYajr mx;s ixúOdk
iu. iïnkaO lf<d;a" ixOdk we;s lf<d;a fmruqKq we;slf<d;a
thska jkafka tlu fohhs' wr ks¾Ok mx;sfha igkaldókaf.a
igkaldñ;ajh fudÜgù hk tl ú;rhs" miaig wÈk tl ú;rhs
lsh,' tAl b;sydifha yeu;eku kej; kej;;a ikd: lr,
;sfhkj' fï yeu ;eklu tA jf.a ixúOdk j,ska" ixúOdk
;=,ska Wfka tAlhs' wfkla me;af;ka OfkaYajr mx;sh .;a;u
tAf.d,af,d yq.la leu;shs ks¾Ok mx;sfha ixúOdk tA f.d,af,d;a
tlal ydfjkak mQÜgq fjkak tkjg' Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal ks¾Ok
mx;sh mQÜgq fjÉp yeu ;eklu Tmamqfj,d ;sfhkafka Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jhg fmr reishdj jf.au tA yeu;eklskau m%fhdack ,ndf.k
;sfhkafka OfkaYajr mx;sh' Okm;s mx;sh ks¾Ok mx;sh ;=,g
;ukaf.a u;jd§ n,mEï lrkj" OfkaYajr iudcfha wdêm;H
ork mx;sh ;uhs OfkaYajr mx;sh' fï f.d,af,d i;= wdh;k
yeáhg ;sfhkafk" fï f.d,a,kaf.a øjHuh moku yq.la úYd,hs"
fï f.d,a,kaf.a yelshdjka yq.la úYd,hS" lïlre mx;shg fï
f.d,a,kaf.a u;jdoh ishqï f,i ldkaÿ lrkak'
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
26
wo wfma rg;=, ;sfhk uQ,sl m%Yakh ;uhs lïlre
mx;s jHdmdrh ;=, OfkaYajr u;jdoh iEfyk ÿrlg ch.%yKh
lr, ;sîu' OfkaYajr u;jdoh ie,lsh hq;= ÿrlg ch.%yKh
lr, ;sfhk ksid ;uhs OfkaYajr mx;shg fï wdldrfhka is;eÕs
mßÈ l%shd lrñka lïlre mx;s jHdmdrh fmdämÜgï lr, Þkak
yelsfj,d ;sfhkafk' fïl reishdfjÈ;a tla;rd jljdkqjlÈ
mq¿jka Wkd fukafIúlajd§ka iq¿ OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ka tA rfÜ
l%shd lf<a yßhgu fï rfÜ iu iudc" fldñhqksiaÜ kdhlfhd;a
wfkla fldgiq;a l%shdl< wdldrhg Okm;s mx;sfha u;jdoh
lïlre mx;sh ;=,g f.k tk jdykh yeáhg ;uhs' tA jdykh
yeáhg tA u;jdoh f.ke,a, lïlre mx;sh ;=, b|ka foaYkd
lrkj" Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal yjq,a fjkak ́ kehs lsh," m%.;sYS,S
Okm;s mx;sh;a iu." tA f.d,af,d Okm;s mx;sh fldgia follg
fnokj' fno, tl fldgilg Þkj m%.;sYS,S f,an,a tl' wfkla
fldgi m%;s.dó OfkaYajr mx;sh' b;ska yeuodu;a m%.;sYS,S Okm;s
mx;sh;a tlal tlalyq fjkj m%;s.dó Okm;s mx;sh mroaokak'
wka;sug fj,d ;sfhkafk fudllao@ Okm;s mx;sh Èk, ;sfhkj'
tA f.d,a,kaf.a wjYY;djhka bIaG lrf.k ;sfhkj' lïlre
mx;sh yeuÞu merÿkd' wfma rfg;a ;snqfka tAlhs' tia' ví,sõ'
wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;a;h tlai;a cd;sl mCIfha Wm
kdhlh jYfhka ysáfh 1947 b|,' tlai;a cd;sl mCIh lshk
OfkaYajr foaYmd,k mCIh yeÿfj 1947 È ,xld cd;sl ix.uh
lshk hQ'weka'mS' tfla ;d;a;hs' hQ'weka'mS' tfla isxy, uy iNdj
lshk wïuhs tlalyq fj,d ;uhs yeÿfj' tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã'
nKavdrkdhlf.a kdhl;ajfhka ;snqk isxy, uy iNdj" tAlhs
,xld cd;sl ix.uhhs fol tlalyq fj,d ;uhs tlai;a cd;sl
mCIh yeÿfj 1947 §' fï tlai;a cd;sl mCIh y|, ckaohg
.sh .uka fudlo lf<a wfma rfÜ jdudxYsl kdhlfhd" fmdâvla
f;areï .kak n,kak' reishdfj f,kska lshmq lrmq wdldrhgo
,xldfõ fldñhqksiaÜ mCIh l%shd lf<a@ kE' f,kska meyeÈ,sju
lsõj tlaoyia kjish .kkaj,È Okm;s mx;sh;a iuÕ tlalyq
fj,d lïlre mx;sha whs;sjdislï Wjukdjka mdj, fokjg
úreoaOhs lsh,' thg úreoaOjhs l:d lf<a'
frdayK úfÊùr
27
kuq;a fufya@ wms .;af;d;a z ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ mCIfha
25 jirla ZZ lsh, tA f.d,af,du .ymq fmdf;a tA f.d,af,d lshmq
foa fmdâvla n,uq" 1947 tA f.d,af,d fudlo lf<a lsh,' 46 jk
msgqfõ ;sfhkj zz wêrdcH úfrdaë tlai;a fmruqK ;=, tlai;a
cd;sl mCIfhkao m%fhdackhla isÿfõhhs is;Sfuka 1947 uq,a
Nd.fha§ w¨;ska msysgqjk ,o tlai;a cd;sl mCIfha iajrEmh
.ek jerÈ ;lafiarejla lsÍu ;=,ska fldñhqksiaÜ mCIfhka
oËskdxYsl ksldhjd§ jrola isÿúhZZ 1947 w¨;ska msysgqjd.;a
tlai;a cd;sl mËh ms<sn|j jerÈ ;lafiarejla lr, tA f.d,af,d
wêrdcH úfrdaë tlai;a fmruqK ;=, tlai;a cd;sl mËfhkao
m%fhdackhla isÿfõ hhs ys;," tA f.d,a,kag iydh ÿkak nj
m%isoaO /iaùï j,§ lsõj' 1947 ckaofha§ ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ
mËfha kdhlfhd Wmfoia ÿkak¨ mËfha idudðlhkag iu
iudc mËhg úreoaOj tlai;a cd;sl mËhg ckaoh fokafkhs
lsh,' tAl Tmamq fjkj" fu;kska ms<s wrf.k fjk;a wdldrhlska
fldfyduo fï f,kskaf. f.da,fhdhs lshd.;a;= ñksiaiq' f,kska
Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha l%shd l,dg jvd iïmQ¾Kfhkau mgyeksjhs
,xldfõ l%Shdlf<a' f,kskaf. f.da,fhdhs lshd .;a;g tA f.d,af,d
ljÞlj;a b;sydifha f,kskaf. f.da,fhda Wfka keye' tA f.d,af,d
ljÞj;a Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka mdvï bf.k .;af;a keye' tA
f.d,af,d ljÞj;a r;= Tlaf;dan¾ udjf;a hkak iQÞkï Wfka
keye' tA f.d,af,d yeuÞu lf<a tA fjkqjg tA f.d,a,kaf.a mx;shg
wkqj tA f.d,a,kaf.a mx;s ,ËKj,g wkqj" tA f.d,a,kaf.a mx;s
Wjukdjkag wkqj iq¿ OfkaYajr mx;sh reishdfõ iq¿ OfkaYajr
fukafIúlhka wkq.ukh lsÍuhs' 1947 yomq hQ'weka'mS' tl
ljqre;a okakj tAl Okm;s mx;sfha foaYmd,k mËhla j.'
Okm;s mx;sfha foaYmd,k mËfhka wêrdcH úfrdaë wr.,
lrkak yo, fukak fï f.d,af,d' tlai;a cd;sl mËh yeÿfj
ldg;a biafi,a, ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kaf.a Wjukdj msg' ì%;dkH
wêrdcHjd§kag isoaO Wkd" kj hg;a úð;jd§ Wml%uhla jYfhka
fï rfÜ md,k n,h ;uka úiska f.khkafka ke;sj fuf;la
jf.a fï rfÜ .e;a;rhska ,õju" fï rfÜ OfkaYajrhska ,õju
lr.kak' tAl fofjks uyd f,dal hqoaOfhka miafi cd;Hka;r n,
;=,kfha we;sfjÉp fjkia lula' tA ;;ajh m%fhdackhg wrf.k
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
28
hg;a úð; j, we;s jQ úma,ùh igka /,a,;a fya;=fldg f.k fï
w¨;a Wml%uh mdúÉÑ lrkak isoaO jqkd' tA kj Wml%u mdúÉÑ
lsÍu i|yd ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kaf.a Wjukdj msg yomq tlai;a
cd;sl mËh;a tlal wêrdcH úfrdaë lghq;= lrkak .sys,a,
fukak mSg¾ flkuka,' fï f.d,af,d tÞ bo,u lghq;= lr,
;sfhkafk fukafIúlajd§ka jYfhka'
ifydaorjreksæ B,Õg tlai;a cd;sl mËhg mQÜgq Wkd
ú;rla fkdfjhs" tlai;a cd;sl mËh yokak biafi,a, cd;sl
ix.uhg neÿk fï f.d,af,d' Okm;s foaYmd,k ixúOdkhlg
ne|qk fï f.d,af,d wêrdcH úfrdaë wr., lrkak" mSg¾
flkuka fÞia;r úl%uisxy 1947 g fmr i¾ ã'î' ch;s,lf.a
kdhl;ajfhka ;snqk ,xld cd;sl ix.uhg ne|s, ysáh' fudlo
m%.;sYS,S l¾;jHhka lrkako@ lïlre mx;shg úuqla;sh w;am;a
lrkako@ iudcjdoS iudchla f.dvk.kafkhs@ fï m%YaKj,§
meyeÈ,s f,iu f;areï hkafka 1917 weiamkdmsg Tmamq lr,
fmkakmq foag mhska .y, fï f.d,af,d 1947 § lghq;= l<d'
wjqreÿ ;sylg miafi tÞ 1917 fukafIúlhka lrmq foau ;uhs
fï f.d,af,d kQ;k fukafIúlfhd yeáhg lghq;= lf<a' tÞ
bo, wo fjkl,a ,xldfõ iq¿ OfkaYajr fukafIúla jHdmdrh
iq¿ OfkaYajr merKs jfï jHdmdrh úkdYhg ;=vq ÿkak uQ,sl
.eg¿j Wfka fukak fïlhs' 1947 tfyuhs' 1951 § nKavdrkdhl
fm!oa.,sl fya;+ka Wv tlai;a cd;sl mËfhka leä, .sys,a,
;ukaf.au jQ fjk;a iudka;r OfkaYajr foaYmd,k mËhla
msysfgõj Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËh jYfhka' tA msysgjmq .uka
fï f.d,af,d yeÿj kHdh zzwkak æ wkakæ OfkaYajr mx;sfha
m%.;sYS,S fldgi ;uhs tA leä, wdfj tA f.d,a,kag iyfhda.h
fokak ´kZZ lsõj' 1952 ue;sjrKhg hkúg fldñhqksiaÜ mËh
kï újD;ju tA f.d,a,kag iyfhda.h ÿkak' uE;§ fy<sorõ Wk
wkaoug wms ysf¾ bka±oaÈ iu iudc mËh tia' ví,sõ' wd¾'
ã' nKavdrkdhl lshk OfkaYajr foaYmd,k{h;a tlal tka'tï'
fmf¾rd ue;sjrK fldÜGdY fnÞ fjkalr .ekSfï iïuq;shla
.ek idlÉcd lr, ;snqkhs lsh,' tAl fy,sorõ Wfka tka'tï'
fmf¾rdf.au l:dfjka' isßud nKavdrkdhl thdj mekakqjg
miafi iu.s fmruqfKka'
frdayK úfÊùr
29
yßhg reishdfj fukafIúlfhd l<d jf.a OfkaYajr
foaYmd,k mËfha levÜjre tlal tfya" fufya Y%S ,xld ksoyia
mËh tlal wdik fnÞ.ekSfï iïuq;s we;slr .;a;' iïuq;s
lv, nKavdrkdhl fldñhqksiaÜ mËhg §mq wdik;a ;rÕ
l<d' ylauk ;uqkakdkafia, okakj we;s' tlai;a cd;sl mËh
wdik 8 g neiaid 1956 §' wdik 8 ka tlla ;uhs ylauk' fudlo
ylaukg tfyu Wfka@ ylauk Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËfhkq;a
;rÕ l<d' fldñhqksiaÜ mËhg §mq wdikh' iïuq;s lvl<d
Okm;s mx;sh' tA f.d,a,kag ´k úêhg lghq;= l<d' tfy;a
tA .ek wd~md,s lsõj tA f.d,a,kaf. tka'tï' fmf¾rd isßud
nKavdrkdhl mekakqjg miafi' 1952 lïlre mx;shg tlla lshk
fldg" wfkla me;af;ka Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal wdik fír .kak
iïuq;sj,g tkj' 1956 § wdj' B,.g 1960 cQ,s j, wdhs iïuq;s
j,g wdj' 1956 ud l,ska lSj jf.a lïlre mx;s kdhl;ajfha
ysáh iq¿ Okm;s foaYmd,k mË" úma,jldÍ iuiudc mËh
ms,sma .=Kj¾Okf.hs" ú,shï is,ajf.hs kdhl;ajfhka ;sìÉp
kdhlfhda Okm;s wdKavqjg .sys,a, Okm;s wdKavqfjka weu;slï
.;a;' weu;slï §, Okm;s mx;sh lf<a fudllao@ tA lïlre
mx;sfha ysáh iq¿ OfkaYajr kdhlhkaf.ka m%fhdack .;a;
OfkaYajr l%uh /l.kak' reishdfj;a tAl l<d' flfrkaials,
;uhs tAl lf<a' ,afjda*a, ;uhs tAl lf<a' tA foau fufy;a l<d'
tA fohskaj;a mdvï bf.k .;af;a keye' B,.g wdfh;a ierhla
iq¿ OfkaYajr fukafIúlfhda fudlo lf<a@ 1964 wrka n,kak'
tA jljdkqfõ ÿIalr ;;ajhlg m;afj,d ysáfha Okm;s mx;sh'
ÿIalr ;;ajhg m;af,d ysáh fï Okm;s mx;sh wdrdOkd l<d fï
iq¿ OfkaYajr kdhlhskag" lïlre mx;sfha kdhl;ajh veyef.k
ysáh' ;uqkakdkafi, okakj isßud nKavdrkdhl,f.a wdKavqj
1960 cQ,s ue;sjrKfhka Èk, bjrfj, mS,slaia vhia nEkd uqo,a
weu;s Wkd' uqo,a weu;s fj,d thd yd,a fiare nd.hla lmkak
fhdackd l<d' wh jeh ysÕh mshjkak'
miq fmf,a uka;%Sjre lsõj nE" ´lg bv foka nE lsh,"
hQ'weka'mS' tlg 1952 yd,a fiarejg w; ;sh, 1956 f.or hkak
Wkd jf.a wmg;a f.or hkak isoaO fjhss lsh,' t;fldg wh
jefha fï nr mgjkafka ldf.a msgo@ lshk m%YaKh wdj' B,.g
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
30
wfkla me;af;ka lïlre mx;sh ixúOdkh Wkd' b;sydifha m<uq
jrg tÞ ,xldfõ lïlre mx;sh Ochla hgf;a tlalyq Wkd'
jD;a;Sh iñ;s tAldnoaO n, uKav,h hg;g ( J.C.T.U.O.)
fï jD;a;Sh iñ;s tAldnoaO n, uKav,h ;=, b;sydifha m<uq
j;djg ,xldfõ kd.ßl lïlre mx;shhs" .%dóh lïlre
mx;shhs" j;=lrfha lïlre mx;s fldgiqhs tlu Ochla hgf;a
tlu b,a,Sï ud,djla bÈßm;a lr.k tlalyq Wkd' ,xldfõ
wefrkak ljÞj;a tfyu fj,d keye' bka biair fj,d fyda bka
miafi' b,a,Sï 21 la yeÿj j;=lrfhhs k.rfhhs.fuhs ish¨u
lïlrejkag n,mdk' tA b,a,Sï 21 Okm;s mx;shg ÿkak' ÿkaku
Okm;s mx;sh ìh Wkd' ìhg m;afj, fudlo lf<a@ wkak wudre
;;ajhg" w¾nqohg m;afj,d ysáh wjia:dfõ yßhg reishdfõ
l<d jf.a - reishdfõ Okm;s mx;sh;a Thfoau l<d Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jhg biafi,a, fukafIúla wjia:djd§ kdhlhskg wdrdOkd
l<d jf.a tfya" fufy;a wdrdOkd l<d wudrejg m;afj,d bkak
wjia:dfõ lïlre mx;sfhka fír.kak Okm;s l%uh' kdhlfhda
fudlo lf<a@ iuyre foaYmd,k n, uKav,hg;a fydrd .sys,a,
idlÉcd l<d' idlÉcd lr, bjrfj,d lïlre mx;sh mdj,§,
b,a,Sï 21 hs" jD;a;Sh iñ;s n, uKav,hhs" jdudxYsl tlai;a
fmuqKhs" fiaru úkdY lr, Þ, Okm;s wdKavqjg tlalyq Wkd'
Bg miafi Okm;s wdKavqj tA whj tlalyq lrf.k m%fhdack
.;a;' reishdfõ fj¾fkda*a, f.ka vEka,f.ka Üfirf;a,s, f.ka
.;a;= m%fhdack fufya tka'tï' f.ka" mSg¾ flkuka,f.ka .;a;'
f,ia,s .=Kj¾Ok f.ka" mSg¾ flkuka, f.ka .;a; tfya w;ayÞ
n,mq foa" tfya w;a±lmqfoa " tfya mdvïu ;uhs fufy;a'
ifydaorjre l,amkd lr, n,kak wo m%Yakhla ;sfhkj
iudcjdohg hkak' fndfydu fyd|hs lshhs' iudcjdohg hkak
lïlre mx;sh tlalyq lrkak ´ko@ tmdo@ ±ka m%Yakh Okm;s
mx;sh tlal tlalyq l<d tAl jerÈhs' tAflka m%fhdackhla
fj,d keye' wjdishla fj,d ;sfhkafk' yeuÞu ,xldfj;a fj,d
;sfhkafk tAl' 1956 ;a Wfka tAl' 1956 ms,sma .=Kj¾Ok f.kqhs"
ú,shï is,ajd f.kqhs" m%fhdack wrx wka;sug .y, mekakqj' Bg
miafi tka'tï' fmf¾rf.ka " mSg¾ flkuka f.ka m%fhdack .;a;'
wrf.k wjYH ke;s fj,djg .y, mekakqj" Okm;s mx;sh'
frdayK úfÊùr
31
úma,jjd§ jHdmdrh u¾okh flfrõj tA f.d,af,d ,õj' lïlre
mx;sh whs;sjdislï b,a,kfldg u¾okh flfrõj' tAj tfy;a
l<d' fufy;a flfrõj' fyd|hs ±ka m%Yakh fldfyduo@ fï iq¿
OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ jfï kdhlfhd iu. iu.sh fldfyduo@
tAl jeo.;a m%Yakhla' Th m%Yakhu Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhg fmr
reishdfj u;= Wkd' úma,jfha mdvï bf.k .;a;' Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jhg biafi,a, f,kskag lSfõ fukafIúla kdhlfhd" reishdfj
lïlre mx;s jHdmdrfha isák wxl tfla lÜájdÈhd lsh,' f,kska
ie¨ko@ fnd,afIúlajd§ka ie¨ko@ kE' wms lÜájd§ka fkdfjhs
WU,;a tlal tlalyq fjkakï mQÜgq fjkakï lsh, wdfõ kE'
wehs@ meyeÈ,s m%;sma;suh ia:djrhl ysáh' Okm;s mx;sh iu.
yjq,aùu úma,jfha bÈß .ukg j, lemSula jf.au ienE ks¾u,
udlaiajd§ka jYfhka ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jjd§ka jYfhka" f,kska
m%uqL fnd,afIúlajd§ka f;areï .;a; wjia:djd§ka iu. lsisu
wdldrhl ixOdkhla we;slr .ekSfuka jkafka tA rfÜ iudcjd§
iudc úma,jfha ixj¾Okh wvd, lsÍula" fudg lsÍula" miaig
;,a¨ lsÍula lsh,' wkak tA ;;ajh hgf;a f,kska .sfha kE iu.s
jkak' fnd,afIúlajd§ka .sfha kE iu.s jkak wjia:djd§ka iu.
lsisu wdldrhl ixOdkhla we;slr .ekSfuka jkafka tA rfÜ
iudcjd§ iudc úma,jfha ixj¾Okh wvd, lsÍula" miaig
;,a¨ lsÍula lsh,' wkak tA ;;ajh hgf;a f,kska .sfha kE iu.s
jkak" fnd,afIúlajd§ka .sfha kE iu.s jkak wjia:djd§ka iu.'
tÞ wjia:djd§ka iu. tlalyq fj,d l%shd l<d kï wo wmg
ifydaorjreks" fidaúhÜ ix.uh lsh, f,dalfha m<uqfjks lïlre
rdcHhla keye' Üfirf;a,s," fj¾fkda*a," vEka, jf.a ñkaiaiq
tlal fnd,afIúlhka .ys,a, idlÉcd lr, iïuq;s j,g tlÕ
Wkdkï" tA fjkqjg meyeÈ,s m%;sm;a;suh ia:djrhl fnd,afIúla
jd§ka ysáh' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhg kdhl;ajh §mq tAl fufyhjmq
tA ienE ks¾Ok mx;s mCIh ysáh tl ;ekl" tl ia:djrhl'
tAl ;uhs fukak wms .dj meyeÈ,s foaYmd,k o¾Ykhla" jev
ms<sfj,la" l%shd ud¾.hla ;sfhkj' fukak fï l%shd ud¾.fha wms
hkafk' Bg jvd iïmQ¾Kfhka mgyeks ;uqkakdkafi,df. tl'
;uqfi,d hkafk" fhdackd lrkafka wms hk ;ekg fkdfjhs'
wkak tA ksid ;uqfi,;a tlal wmg u;jd§uh" foaYmd,kuh"
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
32
ixúOdkuh tlÕ;ajhlg tkak nE' wdfõ keye'
1912 fya§ yeÿj wfkla fiaru jhsjdrkak wjia:djd§ka
tlalyq fj,d wf.daia;= yjq,la" wf.daia;= yjq, uu kso¾Ykhg
.kafka fukak fï ksid' ,xldfõ wf.daia;= yjq,a .kkdjla yo,
;sfhkj' fnd,afIúla mCIh yer wfkla fiaru tlla yeÿj"
tlla yo, Wmka f.hsu lE,a,la" m;=rla .,j, hkj' wjqreoaola
folla hkfldg iuqmQ¾Kfhkau Èhfj,d .shd" wfma rfg;a"
l,amkd lr, n,kak" fï rfÜ iudcjd§ iudchla f.dvke.
sh hq;=hs lsh, úYajdi lrk l,amkd lrk" tA i|yd Wkkaÿjla
olajk wh jYfhka ,xldfõ wfma merKs jfï kdhlfhd lS
j;djla iu.s Wkdo@ lS j;djla fNao Wkdo@ fï wjqreÿ y;,sy
;=,' biafi,a, yeÿj iuiudc mCIh Bg miafi th fg%dÜialsjd§
iage,skajd§ lsh, fNao jqkd' Bg miafia ysr f.orÈ fg%dÜialsjd§"
mCI folla yeÿk' iu iudc mCIhhs fnd,afIúla f,ksksiaÜ
mCIhhs lsh,' wdhs fof.d,af,d tlalyq Wkd fof.d,af,d tlalyq
Wkdg miafi wdhs ms,sma .=Kj¾Ok leä, .shd' leä, .shdg
miafia wdhs ms,sma .=Kj¾Okhs fldñhqksiaÜ mCIhhs ál l,lg
tlalyq Wkd' fldñhqksiaÜ mËfhka wdhs levqk' leä, ms,sma
.=Kj¾Ok .sys,a, wdhs Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËh;a tlal tlalyq
Wkd' Bg miafi ms,sma .+Kj¾Ok wdhs t,shg wdj' t<shg weú,a,
iu iudc mËhhs fldñhqksiaÜ mËhhs" uyck tlai;a fmruqKhs
tlalyq l<d' u;lo 1963 §' tlalyq lr, .syska lsõj' tÞ lsõj"
l¿ .¨hs" isfuka;shs" hlvhs Þ, fldkal%SÜ tlla yeÿjhs lsh,'
tA fldkal%SÜ tl wdhs lvd .;a; isßud nKavdrkdhl weu;slï
folyudrla fokak fhdackd l<dhska miafi' Bg miafi n,kak Y%S
,xld ksoyia mËh;a iu. iu iudc mËh tl;= Wkd' iu.shla
we;s Wkd Bg ál l,lg miafi fldñhqksiaÜ mËh;a fya;a;=
Wkd' fya;a;= fj,d ;=kaf.d,af,d ysáh' ysg, ál l,lg miafi
iu iudc mËh mekakqjg Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËhhs fldñhqksiaÜ
mËhhs ál l,lg tlg ysáh' ál l,la tA fokak tlg bo,
wdfh;a fldñhqksiaÜ mËh wiafj, iu iudc mËh;a tlal
fof.d,af,d tlalyq fj,d Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËfha le,a,l=;a tlal
tlla yeÿj' ±ka Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËfha lE,a, wdfhu;a keye'
iu iudc mËhhs fldñhqksiaÜ mËhhs ú;rla b;=re fj,d' fï
frdayK úfÊùr
33
úêhg .;a;u wjqreoafoka wjqreoaog" udfika udfig jf.a w¿;a
fmruqKq " yßhg reishdfõ wf.daia;= yjq, jf.a wjia:djd§ lsisu
m%;sm;a;shla ke;s" lkak ysf;k fldg lnrf.dh;a ;,f.dhd
lshkj jf.a" wehs uqka wo iuiudc kdhlfhdhs" fldñhqksiaÜ
kdhlfhdhs isßud nKavdrkdhlg Okm;s mx;sfha kdhsldj lsh,
ú;rla kj;skafka keye ro,fhda lsh,;a lshkj' kuq;a 1964
iu.s fjk fldg lSfõ iu iudc mË kdhlfhda Y%S ,xld ksoyia
mËh Okm;s foaYmd,k mËhla fkdfjhs lsh,hs' tAl iq¿
Okm;s mËhla lsh,' wehs" iuiudc tA jkúg fg%dÜialsjd§ lshd
.kakj' fg%dÜialsjdohg wkqj kï tA;a tAf.d,a,kag lshd .kak nE
tA f.d,af,da tlalyq fjkafk Okm;s mËhla tlalhs lsh,d' tA
ksid tAl iq¿ Okm;s mËhla' tA ksid tAl;a tlal tlalyq fjkjhs
lsh,d' ±ka iq¿ Okm;s mËhla lsh, lshkafka kE" tA f.d,af,da
Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËh' ±ka wdfh;a ierhla weú,a,d lshkjd ztAl
ro,hskaf. mËhlaZ lsh,d' zOkm;s mËhla ú;rla fkdfjhsZ
lsh,d' úáka úg wjia:djd§j m%ldY lrkj' m%ldY lr, ;sfhkjd
b;sydifha' fldñhqksiaÜ mËh lsõjd m%.;sYS,S cd;sl Okm;s
mx;shhs lsh,d tlalyq jqkd' t<shg wdmq .uka tAl m%.;sYS,S
cd;sl Okm;s mËh fkdfjhs' Bg miafia tAl hQ'weka'mS' tl jf.a
m%;s.dó" wêrdcH .e;s OfkaIajr l,a,shl kdhl;ajfhka ;sfhk
mËhla' tAl;a kdhl;ajfha ú;rhs ;sfhkafk'
tA ú;rlahe' Bg miafi ±ka tA ,hska tfla wdj' yenehs
±ka uu fï l;dj lr,d ojia lSmhla hkfldg Th ,hska tl
fjkia lrhso okafk keye' fudlo wmg wdrxÑhla ;sfhkjd
tfyu' iuiudc fldñhqksiaÜ mË ±ka /iaùï ál kj;a;,
Þ, fkao@ ;j ud´jd§ l,a,s lKavdhï álla fï rfÜ fyd,auka
l<d' tA f.d,af,d;a ydjla yQjla kE' .shmdr Thf.d,af,d fiaru
PkafoÈ tA f.d,af,d n,hg m;a lrkak isßuf.a Y%S ,xld tlg
úreoaOj lsh lshd .shd miq.sh ojia j,' kuq;a ±ka wr ud´jd§
l,a,s lKavdhï ál Tlafldu isßu nKavdrkdhlf. ;=re,af,' tA
f.d,af,d tlalyq fj,d bjrhs' ±ka tAf.d,a,kag w¾nqo¨' fudlo
;ukaf. ysgmq f.da, nd,fhda álg fïl ikd: lrkak .sys,a,d"
wehs udi myf,djlg biafi,a,d ro, wïuKaä ±ka m%.;sYS,S kj
m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh lrkak hk kdhsldj njg m;afj,dfk'
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
34
B<Õg iuiudc mËhhs fldñhqksiaÜ mËhhs' ±ka wmg ielhla
we;sfj,d ;sfhkjd" ck;dj úiska fudjqkaj m%;sfËam lr,
;sfhk ;;ajh Wv tAf.d,a,kag lrlshd.kakg fohla ke;=j
tAf.d,a,kag;a wr Y%S,xld ksoyia mËfha kdhl;ajh m%.;sYS,S
fjkak mq¿jka kej; jrla' tfyu fjkak mq¿jka'
fukak fu;k§ m%Yakh fïlhs ifydaorjreks' f,kska
meyeÈ<s f,i lsõj Okm;s mx;sh lïlre mx;shla tlal
iïuq;Ska .ykak tk fj,dj,a ;sfhkjd' tA b;sydih uq¿,af,u
tfyu lr,d ;sfhkafka fukak fufyu ;;ajhka hgf;a' lïlre
mx;sh Okm;s mx;sh úiska u¾Okh lr,d lïlre mx;sh hgm;a
lrkak neß úg lïlre mx;shg jrÞkhka §,d tA f.d,a,
hgm;a lrkak yokjd' jrÞkhka lsh, uu fu;k lsõfõ
zlkafIikaiaZ (concession) hï hï foaj,a §,' tA jf.a lsÍfï
tla Wml%uhla ;uhs lïlre mx;sfha bkakjkï iq¿ OfkaIajr
kdhl;ajhla" wjia:djd§ kdhl;ajhla" wkak tA kdhlhka ál
wrf.k tAf.d,a,kag ;dkak udkak ;k;=re fokjd' ;k;=re §,d
hgm;a lrkak yokjd' 1964 § isßud nKavdrkdhl lf<a ́ l' tAl
tAf.d,af,d keyehs lshkj kï uu lreKq álla lshkakï' tka'tï'
fmf¾rdg weu;s lï ÿkakd ;uhs" tAl ú;rhs ldg;a fmakafk'
u;=msáka fï tka'tï' fmf¾rdghs" wks,a uqKisxyghs" l¿;r pï,s
.=Kj¾Okghs weu;slï' pkaød .=Kfialrg Wm weu;slu' Bg
háka ;j;a foaj,a jqkd' tAf.d,af,da iuiudc kdhlfhda Y%S ,xld
wdKvqjg .syska ál ojihs ysáfh' tA ál oji ;=< rdcH wxYfha;a
hï hï fjkialï fjkak mgka.;a;d' ixia:d j,g fomd¾;=fïka;=
j,g wOHËl, yeáhg" lïlre mx;s jHdmdrh ;=< bÈßfhka
ysgmq kdhlfhd ál;a we;=,a fjkak mgka .;a;d' 1970 Y%S ,xld"
iuiudc" fldñhqksiaÜ yjq, wdmq .uka tAl jqkd' fu;k bkak
lïlre ifydaorjre fyd|g okakjd mKaä; ljqo lsh,d' mKaä;
lõo lsh,d weyqfjd;a lshhs ,xld jD;a;sh iñ;s iïfï,kfha
f,alï lsh,' fyd|hs 1970 isg 1977 f;la ld,h ;=< thd jD;a;Sh
iñ;s iïfï,kfha f,alï ;uhs' tA ld,h ;=< tAfl f,alï ú;ro@
kE mKä; lshkafka gh¾ ixia:dfõ wOHËl jrfhla" 1970 isg
1977 ld,fha' iurúl%u-iurúl%u;a Thf.d,af,d lshhs mKaä;
jf.au Y%S ,xldfõ fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha jD;Sh iñ;s kdhlfhla
frdayK úfÊùr
35
- fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha foaYmd,k uKav,fha idudðlfhla lsh,d'
Tõæ foaYmd,k uKav,fha ;uhs' 1970-1977 fjkl,a hkaf;%damlrk
rdcH kS;s.; ixia:dfõ wOHËl jrfhla' uu fïjd lshkafka
fmdâvla f;areï .kak' Okm;s mx;sh lïlre mx;s jHdmdrhg
wrlaf.k bkak wjia:djd§ kdhlhskag ÿkak lgq álla' ´l
l<d reishdfj;a Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhg biafi,a,d' f,kska ´l
meyeÈ<sju —úma,jfha mdvï˜ lshk lD;sfha lsõjd'
Okm;s mx;sh fohdldrhl l%shdud¾.hla .kakj
ks¾Ok mx;s lïlre jHdmdrh jki, Þkak' tlla ;uhs fl,skau
újD;j .eá, mq¿jkakï hgm;a lr, Þkj' tfyu neßkï neß
wjia:dj, t;k bÈßfhka bkak ÿ¾j,fhda wjia:djd§ kdhlfhda
msgia;r mx;sj,g wh;a Woúh kdhl;ajfha bkakj kï wkak
tA whj ì,snd .kakj' ì,snd f.k tA f.d,a,kag fokj ;dkak
udkak ;k;=re' §, tA f.d,af,d u.ska fï lïlre mx;s jHdmdrh
OfkaYajr mx;sfha Wjukdjkag hgm;a lrkj' tAl Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jhg biafi,a,;a l<d' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhaÈ tAl reishka
lïlre mx;sh f;areï .;a;' f;areï .;a; ksid ;uhs fukafIúla
jHdmdrh mroao, fnd,afIúla mËhg ch.kak yelsjqfka' wfma
rfg;a fj,d ;sfhk ;;ajh ́ lhs' wfma rfÜ lïle mx;s jHdmdrh
.;a;u tAl iïmQ¾Kfhkau iq¿ OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ka úiska
úkdY lr, Þ,'
wo ;uqkakdkafi, okakj Okm;s hQ'weka'mS' wdKavqj
lïlre mx;sh md,kh lrkak lïlre mx;sfha whs;sjdislï
Wÿrd.kak lïlre mx;sh u¾okh lrkak Oj, m;%sldjla
f.k,a, ;sfhkj' fï Oj, m;%sldj kj;a;kak lïlre mx;sh
bÈßhg hkak nE' wo" wjia:djd§ kdhlhskag' wehs@ wjia:djd§
kdhlhska lïlre mx;sfha igkaldñ;ajh fudg lrd' lïlre
mx;sh OfkaYajr mx;shg ;sh, neo, ±ïu'
wo wfma rfÜ lïlre mx;sh tAl ksid l=rej,a lr,
ie,lsh hq;= fldgila wl¾ukH lr," WÞiSk lr, Þ, ;sfhkj'
lïlre mx;sfha fldgila f;areï wrka ;sfhkjd fï kdhlhskaf.a
ienE iajrEmh' tlla" tA ksid tA kdhlhska miafia hkak iQÞkï
keye' lïlre mx;sfha kdhlfhda fkdjk ksid ienE lïlre
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
36
mx;sh fjkqfjka bÈßhg hkak" lïlre mx;sh fjkqfjka Th
ñksiaiq ljrÞlj;a ysrf.g .sys,a, ;sfhkjo@ ysrf.hla ±l,
;sfhkjo@ iQÞkïo Oj, m;%sldj kj;ajkak ysrf.g hkak
mehlg@ kE ifydaorjreks" tAl tAf.d,af,d kej; kej;;a Tmamq
l<d' reishdfõ fukafIúlfhd l<d jf.a'fufy fukafIúlfhd;a
tA jf.a l<d' wkak tA jf.a fldgia tlal ks¾Ok mx;sfha ienE
úma,jldÍ igkaldóka noaO lsÍu" tlalyq lsÍu" f,kskajd§ oDIaÀ
fldaKfhka n,kj kï wmrdOhla' wehs wms tfyu wmrdOhlah
lshkafka@ fukak úma,jhg biafi,a, ,shmq fmd;la' fïl yeg
tlafjks ixj;airh ieuÍug ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ;djld,sl
uOHu lñgqj ksl=;a l<d zz j;auka úma,jfha§ ks¾Ok mx;sh i;=
l¾;jHhkaZZ - f,kska' tA lshkafka wfm%a,a ;siSih lshk iqm%isoaO
kñka" wjqreÿ 40 la b;sydifha fï w.%.kH idys;H lD;sh fï rfÜ
isxy, mdGlhskag ,enqfka keye' wfma mËh fïl m¾j¾;kh
lr, ksl=;a l<d' fïfla ;sfhk ft;sydisl jeo.;alu Wv' fïl
wms fmdâvla fmr,,d n,uq' fudllao 1917 f,kska lSfõ lsh,d'
f,kska uQ,sl m%Yak lSmhlgu Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha m%Odk m%Yak
lSmhlgu W;a;r §, ;sfhkj'
tAl ;uhs zzwd¾Ól úkdYh isÿjkak wdikakh' tu ksid
OfkaYajr mx;sh bj;a lsÍu jrolsæZZ fïl lshkafka fukafIúla
kdhlfhla' OfkaYajr mx;sfha ks.ukh thhs' fukafIúla
kdhlhskag W;a;r fokak ,shdmq ,smshl flgqï m;la fukak'
f,kska ,shkjd zz úkdYh jvd;a blauka jk ;rug jvd;a
w;HdjYH jkafka OfkaYajr mx;sh bj;alr ±óuhZZ lsh,d'
fojk m%Yakh" ks¾Ok mx;sh wixúOdkd;aulh" ÿn,h"
mx;s ú{dkfhka f;drh" f,kska lshkj zz we;a; ;uhs" tu ksid
l< hq;= tlu ld¾h jkafka" ck;dj k,jd ;nk OfkaYajr mx;sh
flf¾ úYajdi ;nkak fmd,Ujk tA iq¿ OfkaYajr kdhlhskag"
Bkshd iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§kag tkï Üfirf;a,s,dg" fjlsoafia,dg"
iaf;laf,d*a,dg tfrysj igka lsÍuhZZ lsh,' wo lshkj kï ful
lshkak ;sfhkafka fï úÈyg" f,kska ,xldfõ bkakj kï lshhs"
zz we;a; ;uhs l<hq;= tlu ld¾h jkafka" ck;dj k,jd ;nk
OfkaYajr mx;sh flf¾ úYajdih ;eîug Tjqka fmd<Ujk tA iq¿
frdayK úfÊùr
37
OfkaYajr kdhlhskag Bkshd iu iudc fldñhqksiaÜ kdhlhskag"
tkï weka'weï' fmf¾r,dg" mSg¾ flkuka,dg" fld,aúka wd¾'
o is,aj,dg tfrysj igka lsÍuhZZ ifydaorjreks" fjlsoafia
lshkafka weka'weï' fmf¾ru ;uhs' Üfirf;a,s lshkafka mSg¾
flkukau ;uhs' fjki fïf.d,af,d ,xldfõ bmÈ, fï jev ál
l<d' wrf.d,af,d reishdfõ bmÈ,d reishdfõ tA jev ál l<d
tÉprhs' Bg jvd fjk fudl=;a kE .kak'
zz fï iq¿ OfkaYajrhska fjlsoafia" Üfirf;a,"
iaf;laf,d*a iu. iu.sùu fkdj ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jh úkdY
lrk fï iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ka uq¿ukska mrdch lsÍuhsZZ lsh,
f,kska tÞ lsõj' f,kska ±ka lshkj kï fï ál;a lshkafka
fufyuhs' zz fï iq¿ OfkaYajr weka'weï' fmf¾rd" mSg¾ flkuka"
fld,aúka wd¾' o is,ajd iu. iu.s ùu fkdj ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jh
úkdY lrk fï iu iudc fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka uq¿ukskau mrdch
lsÍuZZ lsh,hs' ^iNdfjka WKqiqï w;afmd,ika& ifydaorjreks"
f,kska,d fï jefâ lf<a ke;akï" Üfirf;a," fjlsoafi,a"
fp¾fkd*a, mrdch lf<a ke;akï wo wmg l:d lrkak Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jhla keye' fidaúhÜ ix.uhla keye' fï jefâ l<d
f,kska,' tAl ;uhs §mq mdvu" ks¾Ok mx;s iudcjd§ iudchla
f.dvk.kak' OfkaYajr rdcH n,h fjkqjg ks¾Ok mx;s rdcH
n,hla f.dvk.kak kï" ks¾Ok mx;sh úiska wksjd¾Hfhkau l<
hq;= fohla ;uhs OfkaYajr mx;sfha tAcka; jreka" ks¾Ok mx;s
fY%akSka ;=,g weú,a," ks¾Ok mx;sh jerÈ OfkaYajr u;jdohg
ì,slr," wdl+, jHdl+, lr," wl¾ukH lr, Þ, ;sfhkj kï
tA ;;ajfhka uqÞ.ekSu' tA ;;ajfhka uqÞ.kak kï tA weú,a,
;sfhk wjia:djd§ tAcka;,dg úreoaOj wm%;sy; ffO¾hhlska
hq;=j w;ru. iudÞkfhka f;drj" wr.,hla" foaYmd,kuh"
u;jd§uh wr.,hla lsÍu ;uhs" Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvïj,
B,. lreK" wmg lsh, §, ;sfhk'
ifydaorjreks" fï úÈhg u;jd§ wr.,hla wjia:djd§
u;jdohg tfrysj" OfkaYajr mx;s ldkaÿùïj,g tfrysj lsÍu
;=,ska ;uhs f,kska ifydaorhd m%uqL fnd,afIúlajd§ka reishdfj
fnd,afIúla mËhla" ks¾u, fldñhqksiaÜ mËhla" f.dvke.=fj'
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
38
tA jf.a fldñhqksiaÜ mËhla f.dvke.=fj ke;akï reishdfõ
iudcjd§ iudc úma,jhla lrkak yïnfjkafka keye' wo
wmg Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha uQ,sl lreKla jYfhka bf.k .kak
;sfhkafka ,xldfõ OfkaYajr l%uh fmr,, Þ, ienE iudcjd§
iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiaula ia:dms; lrkak w;HjYH mQ¾j
fldkafoaish jk OfkaYajr rdcH n,h fjkqjg ks¾Ok mx;s rdcH
n,h wdfoaY lrkak ke;=ju neß uQ,sl idOlh jk" f,kskaf.a
mkakfha fnd,afIúla mËhla f.dvke.Su .ek'
f,kskaf.a mkakfha fnd,afIúla mËhla lshkafka"
iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh lrkafka úma,jjd§ka lSmfofkla
fkdfjhs' iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh lrkak uq¿ uy;a ks¾Ok
mx;sh;a tA ks¾Ok mx;sfha kdhl;ajfhka w¾O ks¾Ok mx;sfha;a
iq¿ OfkaYajr mx;sfha my, ;Ügqj, fldgiaj,;a iyfhda.h
wrf.k ;uhs OfkaYajr mx;shg úreoaOj ks¾Ok mx;s rdcH
n,h f.dv k.kafka' fukak fï lghq;a; lrkak ks¾Ok mx;shg
wjYHhs ;ukaf.au jQ ixúOdkhla" ;ukaf.au jQ w¿;a mËhla"
f,kskajd§'
fukak fï lghq;a; lrkak kï ks¾Ok mx;sfha u;jdoh
fjÉp udlaia tx.,aia f,kska O¾uh iïmQ¾Kfhkau .%yKh
lr.;a; ks¾Ok mx;sfha bÈßfhkau isák fmruqKq fiakdxl"
fmruqfKkau bkak fldgia" ks¾Ok mx;sfha foaYmd,kuh jYfhka
jvd;a ÈhqKq jQ fldgia tla frdla lr, tlu ñgla ;=, ixúOdkh
lr, wfhdauh úkhlska hq;=j m%cd;ka;%jd§ uOH.;jdoh mokï
lr.;a ±ä fnd,afIúla mËhla f.dvk.kafka ke;sj ks¾Ok
mx;shg OfkaYajrhg tfrysj iudcjd§ iudc úma,jhla ch.%yKh
lrkak kdhl;ajh fokakneyehs lshk tl ;uhs Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jfha B,Õ mdvu' wehs@ Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh f,kskajd§
kHdhfha Ndú;djhs' f,kskajdoh lsh, lshkafka Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jfha kHdhhs' f,kskajdohla ke;akï T;af;dan¾ úma,jhla
keye' f,kskajdoh Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh iu. oaú>Gkd;aulj
tlg neÈ, ;sfhkafk" f,kskajdohg wms idudkHfhka lshkj
úma,jfha úoHdj lsh,' wehs@ wms úma,jfha úoHdj lshkafka'
udlaia yd tx.,aia cd;Hka;r ks¾Ok mx;shg bÈßm;a l<d ks¾Ok
frdayK úfÊùr
39
mx;sfha u;jdoh fukak" fï u;jdoh l%shdjg k.kak' l%shdjg
ke.Sfï uQ,sl ixúOdk .eg¿ m<uqjrg b;sydifha id¾:l
f,i úiÞÆfha reishdfõ Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh' tA i|yd iQÞkï
jQ jljdkqfõ f,kska ifydaorhd ;uhs kj mkakhl fnd,afIúla
mËhl ks¾ud;Djrhd' tjeks fn,afIúla mËhla f.dvke.=fõ
ke;akï" kj mkakhl" wo reishdfõ Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhla keye'
wo wmg wjYHfj,d ;sfhkafk uu uq,ska lsõj jf.a wfma rfÜ
iudcjd§ úma,jh ch.%yKh lrd bÈßhg fufyhjkak' fï
iudc úma,jh ch.%yKh lrd hkak' wfma rfÜ ks¾Ok mx;shg
kdhl;ajh fokak" ks¾Ok mx;sh bÈßhg fufyhjkak" ks¾Ok
mx;shg ;sfhkak ´k" udlaia tx.,aia f,kskaf.a o¾Ykfhka u.
fmkajkq ,nk wfhdauh mx;s úkhlska hq;a ;ukaf.au jQ kj
mkakhl mËhla' tjeks mËhlska f;drj fï rfÜ iudcjd§
iudc úma,jh ch.%yKh lrkjhs lshkafka fndrejla' wms ck;d
úuqla;s fmruqK f.dvk., ;sfhkafka wkak tjeks mËhl fmr
.ukalre yeáhg' wms yeuÞu;a lsõj ;uqkakdkafia,g ck;d
úuqla;s fmruqK hk ku mjd Ndú;d lrkafk ;djld,slj
lsh,' tA ku fldÉpr blaukska w;yer Þ, wmg whs;s kshu ku
.kakjo keoao lshk tl rÞ mj;skafka fï rfÜ lïlre mx;sh
u;' fï rfÜ lïlre mx;shg wms lsõj meyeÈ<sj ck;d úuqla;s
fmruqK" ks¾Ok mx;sfha kshdul mËfha fmr .ukalre ú;rhs
lsh,' kshdul mËhla f.dvk.kafka ke;sj ks¾Ok mx;sfha
kshdul mËhla" kj mkakhl f,kska jd§ mËhla f.dvk.
kafka ke;sj" iudcjd§ iudchla f.dv k.kak' iudcjd§ iudc
úma,jhla ch.%yKh lrkak nE' tA ksid ojfia ËKsl lghq;a;
;uhs ks¾Ok mx;sfha kshdul mËhla f.dvke.Su' tAl f.dvk.
kak mq¿jka ks¾Ok mx;sfha ienE u;jdoh fjÉp udlaia tx.,aia
f,kskaf.a o¾Ykh .%yKh lr.;a;" tA o¾Ykfhka u. fmkaùu
,nk ienE ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jjd§kag muKhs'
tjeks mËhla f.dvke.Su f,fyis myiq lghq;a;la
fkdfjhs' fnd,afIúla mËh .fyka f.ä tkak jf.a tlmdrg
f.dv k.mq tlla fkdfjhs' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhg kdhl;ajh
ÿkak tA fnd,afIúla mËh f,kskau lshmq úÈhg cqmsg¾f.a ysiska
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
40
ñk¾jd my, l<d jf.a msßisÿj i¾jf;daNøj my, lrkak mq¨jka
jQ tlla fkdfjhs' tA lshkafka tÈfkÞ mj;sk ;;ajhka hgf;a b;d
ÿIalr;djhka hgf;a f.dvk.kak ´k tlla' wms tAl f;areï
wrka bkafka' wms ;uqkakdkafia,g lshkafka tA jf.a f,kskajd§
mkakfha úma,jldÍ kj mËhla f.dv k.kafka ke;sj ks¾Ok
mx;shg kï OfkaYajr l%uh fmr,, Þ," ks¾Ok mx;sfha ;ukaf.
au fjÉp rdcH n,hla f.dvk., iudcjdohla f.dvk.kak kï
nE' merKs jfï jHdmdrfha iq¿OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ kdhlhkaf.a
Bkshd jfï jHdmdrh ;=,ska ljrÞlj;a tjeks mËhla ìysfjkak
nE' ìysfjk ;;ajhla keye' wkak tAl f;areï wrf.k ;uhs
1964 tA ft;sydisl uyd mdjd§fuka miafi merKs jfï kdhlfhd
Okm;s isßuf.a Okm;s foajd,fha w,a;drh yuqfõ okska jeá,
kj;skafka ke;sj uqksk=;a jegqkg miafia ;uhs wms t;kska
leä, fjkafj,d .sys,a, ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK f.dvke.=fõ"
f,kskajd§ Wmfoia wkqj" Tlaf;danrfha w;a±lSïj,g wkqj"
ks¾Ok mx;sfha úma,jldÍ mËhla f.dvke.Sug w;HjYH uQ,sl
lghq;= iïmdokh lf<a' wms fï rfÜ lïlre mx;shg" wjfYaI
mSä; mx;Skag meyeÈ,s f,i lshkafka ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK"
wms idudkH w¾:fhka lshkj" tAl ks¾Ok mx;sfha úma,jldÍ
foaYmd,k mËhla lsh,' wms tA jf.au lshkj" ks¾Ok mx;sfha
iudcjd§ foaYmd,k mËhla lsh,' iure wykj¨ fudlo úma,jh
fyaÈ, .sys,a,o úma,jldÍ ke;sj iudcjd§ fj,d ;sfhkafk lsh,"
wr tx.,kaf; tla foaYmd,k{fhl=g lSj¨ whsfi ;uqfig" ug
fldÉprj;a lreKq meyeÈ,s lr, fokak mq¿jka tA jqkdg ;uqfig
fud<hla fokak nE lsh,' tA jf.a" fï jf.a m%YaK wyk iq¿
OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ ;l;Srejkag;a' wmg kï lshkak mq¿jka
fldf;l=;a lg ßfokl,a' tA Wka Wkakefya,g fud<hla fokakkï
ug;a neye" .ukdhlg;a nE" fndamf.ag;a nE" jdiag;a nE" wms
ldgj;a nE' ifydaorjre fmdâvla l,amkd lr, n,kak" ks¾Ok
mx;sfha úma,jldÍ mËh lshkafka ks¾Ok mx;sfha iudcjd§
mËh lshkafka fudllao@ ´l f;areï follao@ l,amkd lr,
n,kak' ks¾Ok mx;sfha úma,jldÍ mËh ;uhs ks¾Ok mx;sfha
iudcjd§ mËh lshkafka' ks¾Ok mx;sfha iudcjd§ mËh ;uhs
ks¾Ok mx;sfha úma,jldÍ mËh lshkafka' f,kska Th jpk
frdayK úfÊùr
41
folu mdúÉÑ lr, ;sfhkj' iuyr ;ekaj, ks¾Ok mx;sh yd
iudcjd§ mËh ̂ Proletariat and socialist party & lsh, ;sfhkj'
iuyr ;ekaj, ks¾Ok mx;sh yd úma,jldÍ mËh ^proletariat and Revolutionary party & lsh,' Th folu tlhs' wmsg kï
folu tlhs' udlaiajd§kag kï folu tlhs' tA;a fï wjia:djd§
;l;Srejkag kï tAlj;a f;afrkafk keye'
ifydaorjreks" wms ks¾Ok mx;sfha iudcjd§ mËh
f.dvk.kak l%shdlrkj ±kqj;aj" wms idudkHfhka ks¾Ok
mx;sfha mËh lsh, ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg ±ka lshkj' kuq;a
tAl yßhg kHdhd;aulj meyeÈ,s lr, fokj kï ks¾Ok mx;sfha
úma,jldÍ mËfha" ks¾Ok mx;sfha iudcjd§ mËfha" fmr.uka
lre yeáhg ;uhs wms ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK mj;ajdf.k hkafka"
j¾Okh lrf.k hkafka' fï ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg ks¾Ok
mx;sfha ienE mx;s ye.Sfuka hqla; fldgia" mx;s wjfndaOfhka
hq;a fldgia" mx;s Wjukdfjka hq;a fldgia m%nqoaO;u fldgia
ÈhqKq fldgia wrf.k tA f.d,af,d ks¾Ok mx;sfha úma,jldÍ
mËh f.dvke.Su i|yd mqreÿ mqyqKq lr," iQÞkï lr," mË
mdi,la yeáhg wms fï ixúOdkh f.dvk., ;sfhkafk' fïl
;=, wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkj ks¾Ok mx;sfha mx;s wruqKq"
iudcjd§ iudchla f.dvke.Sfï wruqK i|yd u;jd§uh
jYfhka iy foaYmd,kuh jYfhka ks¾Ok mx;sfha bÈßfhkau
bkak fldgia mqreÿ mqyqKq lrkak' tA whg wjfndaOh ,nd .kak'
wms wo ta lghq;a; lrf.k hkj" tA jf.au wms n,dfmdfrd;a;=
fjkjd Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï W.kakmq úÈhg" f,kskajd§
kHdh W.kakmq úÈhg kqÿre wkd.;fha blaukska ck;d úuqla;s
fmruqK fï rfÜ ks¾Ok mx;sfha kshdul" fmrgq fiakdxlh-fï
rfÜ ks¾Ok mx;sfha ienE iudcjd§ foaYmd,k mËh- fï rfÜ
ks¾OkSkaf.a fnd,afIúla mËh fï rfÜ ks¾Ok mx;sfha ienE
fldñhqksiaÜ mËh njg mßj¾:kh lrkak' wms n,dfmdfrd;a;=
fjkj' ^iNdj ;=, m%S;s f>daId yd w;afmdika y~& we;a;
jYfhka Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhg biafi,a, f,kska ;¾l lrkj"
mËfha jevms<sfj, fjkia lrkak lsh, lshk .uka lshkj"
wfma mËfha fuÉpr l, ;sìÉp reishdkq iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§
lïlre mËh" tAl fï wmg Tìk ku fkdfõ' wms th fjkia
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
42
lr, wmg whs;s ku fjÉp reishdkq fldñhqksiaÜ mËh lshk
ku .kak ´kehs lsh,' úma,jhg wdikak jljdkqfõ' f,kska
ifydaorh fhdackd lrkj' wo kï fndaâ ,E,a, fydrlï lrf.k
bkafka iq¿ OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ka' fndaâ ,E,a, ú;rhs'±ka tA
ksidu wj,do wmydi kskaÞ wjudk lrkj' ifydaorjre okakjd
we;s tAj .ek" uu l;d lrkakj;a hkafk keye tAjg tA ;rï
;ekla fokak hkak;a jákafk kE'
uu myq.sh ojiaj, lsõj jf.a ±ka fukafIúla jHdmdrh
øjHuh n,fõ.hla jYfhka .;a;u fyd,aukla' fyd,aukla Wkdg
tA fyd,aukska krl foaj,a flfrkj" wmsg fyd,auka lsh, fohla
keyefk' wms ljqre;a tl. fjkj tAlg' tAl ys;ska yod.kak
fohla lsh,fka' kuq;a tfyu fohla ;sfhkj lsh, ñksiaiq ys;ska
úYajdi lr, ñksiaiq nfhka hu hï foaj,a fkdlr bkakj lrkak
;sfhk fj,dj, idudkH Ôú;fha' fïl foaYmd,k fyd,aukla fï
fyd,auk óg ál l,lg biafi,a, u,l|la fj,d ysáh Ôú;fha'
tA u<l|la fjkak biafi,a, foaYmd,k jYfhka bnd.df;a
weúoao' Okm;s mx;sfha foaj,a lïlre mx;shg f.k,a,d y,,
.shd yeu;eku" wkak tA fyd,auk bnd.df;a tfya fufya lïlre
mx;sfha" ilalr jÜgï .y," weúomq ldf, y,mq foaj,a
wo ;sfhkj fï rfÜ iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh ch.%yKh
lr, bÈßhg hkak uyd ndOdjla jYfhka' wo Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jfha mdvï jYfhka .kak ;sfhk uQ,sl fohla ;uhs
fukak fï l=Kq lkao,a j,ska fjkafj,d msßisÿ ùu' iudcjd§
iudc úma,jh ch.%yKh lrkak kï fï fiaru lïlre mx;sh
fuÉpr l,a iq¿ OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ fukafIúla jHdmdrh úiska
lïlre mx;s jHdmdrh ;=, y,, .sys,a, ;sfhk fï OfkaYajr úI
j,ska ksoyia fjkak ´k' tAl ;uhs B,. mdvu' lïlre mx;sh
mx;shla jYfhka msßisÿ lr.kafka ke;akï fï OfkaYajr mx;s
u;jdofhka ljrÞlj;a" ifydaorjreks" fldÉpr ´klï ;snqk;a
fï jefâ lrkak yïnfjkafka kE' iudcjd§ iudchla f.dvk.
kak nE' tAl f,ais myiq lghq;a;la fkdfjhs' b;du ÿIalr" b;du
ne?reï lghq;a;la'
B,. m%YaKh ;uhs Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka W.kajk" wms
frdayK úfÊùr
43
meyeÈ,sju lshkj lïlre mx;sh mx;shla jYfhka tAlrdYS lrkak
´k' lrkak mq¿jkao@ mq¨jka' tAl lrkak fldfyduo mq¿jka@
weka'weï'fmf¾rhs" .ukdhlhs" mSg¾ flkukqhs" iqnisxyhs" ;j
ljqreyß Th bkak ñksiaiq álla tlalyq l<du tlafjkjo@ kE'
tAl lïlre mx;sh tlalyq lsÍula fkdfjhs' t;fldg fjkafka
úma,jjd§ igkaldó .ukdhl wr wjia:djd§ka yd tlalyq
l,d fjkj' tAl kï wms ljÞj;a lrkafk kE' fudk wj,do
.eiqj;a fudkjd lSj;a" f,kska,g fukafIúla kdhlfhda lsõj
úma,jhg biafi,a,- ±ka f,kska fidaúhÜ foaYfha uejqïldrhd-
r;= Tlaf;danrfha ksujqïlre- wms olskafka fnd,afIúla mËfha
ks¾ud;Djrhd yeáhg- wms ±ka y÷kajkafka' kuq;a Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jhg biafi,a, uq¿ f,dalhu ±k f.k ysáfha f,kska c¾uka
T;a;=lrefjl= yeáhg' lõo lsõfj f,kska c¾uka T;a;=lrefjla
lsh,@ reishdfj weka'weï' fmf¾rhs" reishdfj mSg¾ flkukqhs"
reishdfõ fld,aúka wd¾' o is,ajhs" Üfirf;a,s" fp¾fkd*a" vEka
jeks Tkak Thf.d,af,d ;uhs lSfj" rg mqrdu m%pdrh lf<a" c¾uka
T;a;=ldrfhla lsh, wj,do .eyqfj' ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg;a
lsõj iS'whs'tA' ldrfhd lsh," wj,do .eyqj' ±ka lïlre mx;sh
w;rg fyda.d, wj,do hjkj' lïlre mx;sh f;areï .kak
Tk fïj' ;uqkakdkafia,dg uu miq.sh j;djlÈ lSj wr wms
fkdlrmq mqj;am;a idlÉcdjla uj,Þ, tAlg mqj;am;a fldñIfï
kvq ±ïuu" uu fïl lshkak ´k fkao@ fï f.d,af,d f;areï
.kak' ,iaik idËs ,ehsia;=jla f.kdj uu fkdlrmq mqj;am;a
idlÉcdjla l,ehs lsh,d fndre álla ,sh," tAlg kvq ±ïuu
tAlg idËshg f.akj¨æ ljqo okakjo@ reishdfõ" fidaúhÜ
foaYfha Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka ìysfjÉp fidaúhÜ foaYh iudc
wêrdcHhlah- wxl tfla y;=frlah- ke;slrkak Tkehs úkdY
lrkak ́ kehs lsh, lE.yk ñksiaiq álla bkafka" udfjdajd§ lsh,"
wr 1971 ud¾;= 6 fjksÞ wefußlka ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,hg fmg%,a
fnda;,a álla úislr, isßughs" weka'weïghs" mSg¾ghs yÈis kS;sh
Þ, u,l|ka whska lsÍfï ksfhda. ksl=;a lrkak pdkaia tlla ,nd
ÿkak' jekav¨fí- we;a; m;%h fjkqfjka idËs fokak tkj¨'
fudkj lshkako@ uu mqj;am;a idlÉcd ;sõjhs lshkako@ th;a
t;k ysáhhs lshkako@ uyskao úfÊfialr;a tkj¨æ fm%aumd,
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
44
fyajdngf.a;a tkj¨æ fmdä w;=,;a tkj¨æ- úlag¾ whsjka- wvq
lõo okakjo@ tA ,ehsia;=fõ' wmrdO hqla;s úksIaph fldñIka
iNdfjka f,dl= w;=, ú;rhs' we;a; m;a;f¾ nxfldf,d;a Ndjh
n,kak' fkd;shmq mqj;am;a idlÉcdjla ;sínhs lsh," tAl Tmamq
lrkak f.ak ñksiaiq tA ú;rla fkdfjhs' ;j ,iaik fohla
;sfhkj' biair we;a; m;a;f¾g úreoaOj Th jf.a ;sìÉp
wmydi kvqjlÈ tA f.d,af,d Tmamq l<d we;a; m;%fha l;D
msiafila lsh,' ^iNdfjka yskd& isßj¾Ok msiafila lsh, ;uhs
Tmamq lf<a' tfyu Widúhg Tmamq lr, ;uhs fír.;af;' fuÞ
idËshla f.akjhs lsh, ;sfhkj uu msiafila lsh, Tmamq lrkak'
uu okafka kE ug kï Th f,fâ yeÈ, kE ;du' yenehs yeÈÉp
ñksiaiq bkak nj kï fmakj fldñhqksiaÜ mËfh'mSg¾ flkuka
;rï msiafila kï ;j;a kE' ^iNdfjka w;afmd,ika&
ifydaorjre l,amkd lr, n,kak" f,kska, r;=
Tlaf;danrfha .sh udj; fmakj meyeÈ,sju' Okm;s l%uhg
úreoaOj" Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj" Okm;s mx;shg ks¾Ok mx;sh
mdj, fokafka ke;sj .sh udj;' fï ñksy wdj .uka fldñhqksiaÜ
mËfha kdhlfhla jYfhka" 1943 cQ,s 3 Þ fldñhqksiaÜ mËh
yeÿj .uka .sys,a, hQ'weka'mS' tfla ysgmq kdhlhd ã'î' ch;s,lf.a
kdhl;ajfhka ;sìÉp ,xld cd;sl ix.uhg ßx.=j" úma,jh
lrkak' msiafila fkdfjhs kï fudfllao@ B,Õg t;kska weú,a,
hQ'weka'mS' tl 1947 m%.;sYS,S lghq;= lrkjhs lsh, ckaoh ÿkakd'
iyfhda.h ÿkakd' thdu iajhx úfõpkh lrmq úÈhg - iajhx
úfõpkh fkdfjhs- ,sh, ;sfhk úÈhg' tA f.d,a,kag iajhx
úfõpk yqre keye' B,Õg nKavdrkdhl msg Wkd ú;rhs Tkak
m%.;sYS,shs lsh, iyfhda.h ÿkak' fokafkhs lsõj' yefudau miafi
.shd' yenehs f.kajkjkï f.kajkak mq¨jka jkafka " uu okafka
keye fïl we;a;o lsh,¦ kslï ,ehsia;=j .y, tújo lsh,"
wmg lsh, fjk jevla fldrjkak' wms tA Wkdg tA f.d,af,da
fok ,kq lkafka keye' mSg¾ flkuka," fÞia;r úl%uisxy,"
fla'mS'o is,aj, Tlafldu jkaokdfj hkj jf.a reishdfj hkj'
.shdu yuqfjkjo okafka kE" Th fudf,a frda. ms<sno ffjoHjre'
iurúg tAlg hkjo okafka kE' fldfydug;a wms yq.la i;=áka
bkakj Th idËs ldrfhdhs idËs f.ak we;a; m;a;f¾ Th f,dl=
frdayK úfÊùr
45
Wkakefya, álhs Tlafldu WidúfhÈ yuqfjkak'
fïj fï fõ,dikska ck;djg fy,sorõ lsÍula lrkafka"
uu fï ál lSfõ fïlghs' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha B,.g wmg
W.kak, ;sfhkj fukak fï foa' yeuÞu lïlre mx;shg ;ukaf.a
mx;s wjYH;djhka bIaG lr.kak bÈßhg hkfldg uqyqK mdkak
fjkj tl foalg' Okm;s mx;sfha me;af;ka tk ;¾ck .¾ck
wj,do wmydi kskaÞ Tlafldgu' tAjdg uqyqK fokafka ke;sj r;=
Tlaf;danrhla lrkak nE' r;= Tlaf;dan¾ udjf;a bÈßhg hkak
nE' iudcjd§ iudchla f.dvk.kak hkfldg f,kska,g tÞ
c¾uka T;a;=ldrfhda lsh, lsõj' fjõ¨jo@ f,kska lSj tlla
mËfha kdhlhkag u~.ikjd kï tAjg W;a;r ȧ hkak ld,h
lkak ´k kE kdhlhskaf.a' ´k fohla lshkak wer, fukak wfma
jefâ lrf.k huq lsh,¦ udlaia ´lg fyd| ,iaik lshukla
lsh, ;sfhkj' fï jf.a ñksiaiq .ek lsh, fï /iaùfuka miafi
wjidk lrkakhs yokafka' ;j;a jevla keye lsh,' ldgo ;j
lshkak bkafka' ljqo bkafka ;j w¨;ska Èkd.kak@ ^w;aafmd,ika&
wehs mä ,nd.kak nvf.daia;rh /l.kak tA f.da,af,d ,.g
fj,d bkak ñksiaiq' ±ka n,kak ,xldfj bkak Okm;ska úiska
iQrdf.k lkafka ,xldfj lïlrefjd' wfkla Okm;s hQ'weka'mS'
tfla yd Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËfha Okm;sfhd iQrd lkafka ,xldfõ
lïlre mx;sh' yenehs Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka miafia ±ka w¨;a
;;ajhla we;sfj,d ;sfhkj fï rgj,' fï rgj, ìysfj,d bkak
mrfmdaIs;fhd álla' Wka cd;Hka;r lïlre mx;s úma,jldÍ
jHdmdrhu iQrdf.k lkj' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha ch.%yKfhka
,nd.;a M, m%fhdack iQrdf.k lkj' wms ±ka ,ehsia;=jla yÞf.k
hkj fydog' blaukskau ksl=;a lrkj fmd;a msxpla jYfhka'
kdhlhskaf. <uhska lS fofkla reishdfj bkakjo ±kg@
biamsß;d, lïlrefjla mËfha mQ¾Kld,slfhla Wkd' *q,aghsu¾
flfkla' ÿjg remsh,a ,Ëhl oEjeoaola §, ,.È wmg ,ehsia;=jla
wdj' yeu lïlrefjl=gu mq¿jkao ´j lrkak' tl kdhlfhla
mq;d frdah,a m%hsußhg Þ.kak mSg¾ flkukaf.a bk¾ *a,j¾ frdaâ
tfla ;Ügq ;=fka ksjdifha .DyuQ,slhd fj,d' fukak úma,jh'
tAf.d,a,kag lrkak ;sfhk' f;areï .shdo@ fïj fï lshkafka
l,amkd lr, n,kak' f,kska .ek tÞ y;=frda lsõfj fldfyduo@
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
46
tA ñksyd mroaokak neye' tA wehs@ tA ñksyd ySfkka ys;kafk;a
fï reishdj iudcjd§ lrkafk fldfyduo lsh,' tfyu ñksfyla
mroaokafk fldfyduo lsh, Okm;s mx;sh wykj' tA f,kska'
wfma ñksiaiq ál" mq;d frdah,a m%hsußhg hjkak ´ke' wehs wfkla
wfkla lïlrejkaf. mq;a;= ál .sh biafldaf,g hjk tl yß
kE' wehs fuhd ±ka lïlre mx;sfha b|, mQ¾Kld,slfhla fj,d'
mËfha kdhlfhla fj,d' foaYmd,k uKav,fha idudðlfhla'
ksfhdacH f,alï' b;ska ksfhdacH f,alïf.a mq;d tfia fufia
biafldaf,lg hjkak mq¨jkehs' frdah,a m%hsußhg yer'uu fïj
lshkafka fjk fudlgj;a fkdfjhs' fm!oa.,sl foaj,a wjqiaikak
fkdfjhs' fïj jeo.;a fjkj wj,do .ykafka wehs lsh,' wehs@
tA f.d,a,kag yeu fj,dfju wj,do álla .y, lïlre mx;sh
fkdu. hj, bkak Tk wrj t<sorõ fjkjg' lïlre mx;sfhka
wjqreÿ úis .kkla uqÜá ldis tlalyq l<d' tA jf.a lïlre mx;sh
wdmyq yeß, tAj wykak ́ ke' flda uqÜá ldis@ tAjhska fj,d ;sfhk
iq.;sh fudllao@ reishdfj f,kska, ;Ügq f.j,a yÞ.;af;
keye' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha ;j;a mdvula Tkak u;l ;shd.kak
fydog' ^iNdfjka w;afmd,ika & tAjd jeo.;a ifydaorjreks"
reishdfõ kdhlfhda mx;sh fjkqfjka lem Wkd' Ôú;h
ke;s lr.;a;d' ysrf.j,a j,g .shd' udlaia m%d.aOkh fmd;
,sõfõ m%d.aOkfha úh.iska il, foaYjdiS lïlrejka .,j
.kak' fukafIúla kdhlfhda reishdfj;a fufy;a fudlo lf<a@
yeu ;eku fukafIúla kdhlfhd m%d.aOkhg hgjqkd' ñksiaiq wo
m%d.aOkfha iqjp lSlre f.da,fhda' biairyg wÈkj wms fiaru"
wehs@ wjYHhs wmg wj,do k.k ksid weo, Þkak' ±ka lsõj wms
hQ'weka'mS' tl;a tlal tlalyq fj,d ;sfhkafk ljqo lsh,' fï
ojia lSmhlg biafi,a, újD; l<d m<fjkso fï l,d.drfha
fidaúhÜ fmd;a m%o¾Ykhla' fidaúhÜ m%o¾Ykh újD; lsÍfï
whs;sldrfhda ;uhs iSudiys; uyck m%ldYlfhda iud.u' z
uyck m%ldYlfhda iud.u Z tAl iud.ula ;uhs' fldïmeKshla'
fldïmeKshla ;uhs' tA ,sñgâ ^Limited& tfla whs;sldrfhd ;uhs
Y%s ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha foaYmd,k uKav,fha idudðlfhd'
tAfl fmd;a m%o¾Ykh ;shk fldg tAl újD; lrkak wdfõ lõo@
fidaúhÜ fmd;a" Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha fmd;a" ks¾Ok mx;sfha
frdayK úfÊùr
47
lïlrefjlao@ kE tlai;a cd;sl mËfha m;dl fhdaOfhla' rdcH
mßmd,k weu;s fudkafÜ.= chúl%u Wkakefya ;uhs újD; lf<a"
Wkakefyag fmd,af;,a myk o,ajkak mkaou we,a¨fõ Y%S ,xldfõ
fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha foaYmd,k uKav, iNslhka fokafkla jk
tÉ'Ô'tia' r;akùr iy äõ .=Kfialr ^iNdfõ Wmydid;aul
iskdy~& fndre fkdfjhs we;a;' we;a; m;a;f¾ ;sfhkj
msx;+rhla Þ, ;=kafokdu tlg boka mykla o,ajkj' lïlre
mx;sh fmdâvla fïj .ek l,amkd lr, n,kak ́ ke'fïj f;areï
.;afka ke;akï lïlre mx;shg bÈß .ukla kE" wfma rfÜ'
wo lïlre mx;sh fï ;;ajhg weo, ±ïfu lõo@
wo tlai;a cd;sl mËh lïlre mx;sfha oE;aj, ú,x.= oukak
yokj' wfkla ck fldgiaj," YsIHhkaf.a oE;aj, ú,x.= oukak
yokj' Tjqkag ú,x.= Þkak mq¿jka jk úÈfya jdia:úl" jdisÞhl
jd;djrkhla Okm;s mx;shg ,nd ÿkafka lõo@ fï Üfirf;a,s,
fï fj¾fkd*a, ;uhs ,xldfj' wkak tA ksid wms Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jfhka mdvï bf.k .kakj kï bf.k .kak ´k fiargu
biafi,a," Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhÈ f,kska meyeÈ,s f,iu lf<a"
y;=frla tlal .y.kak ;sfhkj" .y.kak kï w;afol neo,
;sfhoaÈ .y.kak mq¿jkao@ nEfk" biafi,a, lrkak ´k w;a
fol ,syd .kak tl fkao@ wkak tfykï fukafIúla kdhlfhda
ál w;a folu neo, ;sfhkafk lïlre mx;sfha' tAksid ;uhs
lïlre mx;shg neß ;ukaf.a whs;sjdislï i|yd Okm;s
mx;shg úreoaOj bÈßhg hkakg' wkak tA ksid wo m%Odk foa
fukafIúla kdhlhkaf.ka" iq¿ OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ kdhlhkaf.
ka iïmQ¾Kfhkau fjkafj,d iïmQ¾Kfhkau úks¾uqla; fj,d
iïmQ¾Kfhkau bÈßhg hkak wo wêIaGdk lr.kak ´ke'
ifydaorjre' tAl ;uhs wo wmsg bf.k .kak fj,d ;sfhk mdvu'
wehs wms tfyu lshkafka" ifydaorjre l,amkd lr, n,kak
Okm;s mx;s u;jdofhka T¨j mqrjmq iq¿ OfkaYajr mx;sh wmg
f.k,a, ;sfhk fï OfkaYajr u;jdohkaf.ka T¨j mqrjf.k
hkak mq¿jkao bÈßhg' meyeÈ,s bÈß o¾Ykhla ke;sj" meyeÈ,s
bÈß jev ms<sfj,la ke;sj" meyeÈ,s bÈß l%Shdud¾.hla ke;sj'
meyeÈ,s kdhl;ajhla ke;sj nE' lïlre mx;shg lsis fohla
lrkak nE'
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
48
wo lïlre mx;shg wysñ lr, ;sfhkafka wkak tA foa'
Wka lshkj¨ fufyu fohla w¨;ska' yq.la lïlrefjd weú,a,
;sfhkj fï jevfmd,j,g" fld,af,d' Wka fï lsisu bjlanjla
ke;sj jev lrk" tAksid Tjqka fÊ'ù'mS' tlg .sys,a, fuÉpr
l,a lsõfõ lïlrefjd keye lsh,' ±ka yenehs tAfl m%.;shla
;sfhkj' fï bjla njla ke;s fld,af,da- lïlrefjda bkakj¨'
tAl ksid f,dl= wr.,hla lrkak ´ke¨ fír.kak' yenehs
jdikdjlg fï rfÜ lïlre mx;sfha fukak fufyu fohla
fj,d ;sfhkj' weka'weï' fmf¾r," mSg¾ flkuka, jhig .shdg
mekaIka .sfha keye fkao@ Okm;s ydïmq;d,f.a fldïmeKsj,
rcfha fomd¾;=fïka;= ixia:dj, jhi 55 jkúg mekaIka hkj
fkao@ wrf.d,af,d mrïmrdjla l=rej,a l,d' tA l=rej,a lrmq
mrïmrdj fkdfjhs wo jevfmd,j,aj, bkafka' tA f.d,af,d
mekaIka hkfldg" weka'weï, mekaIka fkd.shg lïlre mx;sfha
merKs l=rej,a lrmq wh mekaIka hkfldg ±ka w¿;a fldgia
kj iudchl kejqï n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;sj we;=,a fjkj' wkak
tA Woúhg ;uhs Th wj,do kkafka' ljÞj;a kj;ajkak neyeæ
kj;ajkak fudk fudk fyhshïudre wgjhso okafka keye'
lula keye" Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka wmg bf.k.kak ;sfhk
wfkla uQ,sl jeo.;a mdvu tAlhs ifydaorh' tlla" b;sydifha
ljruÞlj;a tla mx;shlg ;j;a mx;shla fmr,, Þ, n,hg
tkak neye' tkak mq¿jka fj,d keye' tA mx;s u;jdoSuh jYfhka
msßisÿ fjkj jf.au" foaYmd,k jYfhka meyeÈ,s bÈß o¾Ykhlska
hqla; fjkj jf.au" wjfYaI mx;Skaf.ka iajdëk jQ wêIaGdkhla
we;slr .;af;a ke;akï' bÈßfha tk ish¨ ndOlhkag tä;rj
uqyqK §, ks¾Ok mx;sh ;ukaf.a mx;sfha wruqk bIaG lr.kak
bÈßhg hkakg Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh ch.%yKh lrd fufyh
jkakg yelsjQfha tA ksihs' wfkla yeu ;eklu iudc úma,jh
ch.%yKh lrd bÈßhg .sfha Tkak Th fldkafoais we;=jhs' tfyu
wêIaGdkYS,SNdjhla ke;akï lïlre mx;shg lïlre mx;s
wjYH;djhka fjkqfjka bÈßhg hkakg mq¨jka jkafka keye'
ifydaorh ifydaoßh" B,.g m%Yakhla ;sfhkj' fydohs
fï ish¨ ;;ajhka chf.k bÈßhg hkj" bÈßhg hkfldg ndOl
we;s fjkjuhs' ±ka Tkak uu fï ;j kso¾Ykhla lshkafka'
frdayK úfÊùr
49
tA me;af;ka .ykj wj,do udi wfgka wms .sh mdr .eyeõj¨
wdKavqjg" iudcjd§ wdKavqjg' fï mdr udi myf<djla .shd¨
;ju .eyqfj ke;s¨" lshkfldg yskyhs fkao@ fldrkak yokafka
fudllao lsh, okakjfka'±ka we;a; m;a;f¾ wmg lshkj
.ym,a," .ym,a," fm,md<shla ;rï fohlaj;a .sfha ke;s¨' wehs
mSg¾ .sfha fm<md,s" udi myf,djgæ fm<md,s weka'weï' .sfha'
fudkjo lf<a@ fï udi myf,djg tA f.d,af,d fudlo lf<a' wms
udi wfgka .eyqj fkdfjhs wmj ke;s lrkak .sfha tAf.d,af,d" wms
yeu ;eku lsh, ;sfhkj ke;s lrkak .shdu tÞ c¾uksfh 1919
§ we;sjqkd jf.a ;;ajhla we;sjqkd' c¾uka fldñhqksiaÜ mËh
ke;s lrkak fihsâudka, wjia:djd§j l%shdl<d' wkak tA ksid
úma,jjd§kag isoaOjqkd ;ukaf.a ixúOdk wdrËd lr.kak' tAlhs
isoaOjqfka' ±ka udi myf,djla .shdu .ym,a,¨' fudlo okakjo@
fïkafIúlajd§kag wjYHfj,d ;sfhkj ±ka fï rfÜ w¿;ska
yev.efiñka bÈßhg hk ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jldÍ jHdmdrh'
ks¾Ok mx;sfha ienE iudcjd§ jHdmdrh úkdY lrkak' tAlg há
W.=,a udkkj' Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËh;a tAl lrkj' iu iudc
mËh;a tAl lrkj' fldñhqksiaÜ mËh;a tAl lrkj' hQ'weka'mS'
tl ,õj wmsj ke;s lrkak' tA f.d,af,d ldf.;a jevms<sfj,
tAlhs' hQ'weka'mS' tl Okm;s mx;sfha mËh jYfhka ´kEu
fj,djl lïlre mx;sh u¾Okh lrkak iQÞkï" ifydaorjre
l,amkd lr, n,kak' miq.sh udi myf<dj we;=,; foj;djla
udj w;a wvx.=jg .;af;a ke;=j ú;rhs' uu idlÉcd lrñka isá
;ekg w;a wvx.=jg .kak fmd,Sisfhka mekak' hQ'weka'mS' fmd,Sish
kS;s úfrdaë f,i mek, lror l<d' w;a wvx.=jg .;af;a keye'
fudlo@ yeuÞu b;sydifhys w;a wvx.=jg wrka wrka wmsg fj,d
;sfhkafka ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg fïlhs' wr lka*shqIshiaf.a
lshukla ug u;la fjkj' oË;djh kï fkdjeà isàu fkdj
jefgk jefgk mdrla mdid jv jvd;a ffO¾Hh iïmkakj ke.S
isàuhs lsh," ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfka b;sydih .;a;u jeá,
;sfhkj' jefgk jefgk mdrg wms biairyg jvd ke.sg,
;sfhkj ^iNdfjka w;afmd,ika kdoh& ifydaorjreks" fuÞmdr
uu fmdf,dkakrefõ idlÉcdjla l<d' t;kg fmd,Sisfhka mekak'
wd uuhs lSj .uka .shd' wïmdfrÈ ueIska ;=jlal= Wiaidf.k
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
50
weú,a, mekak lïlrefjd tlal idlÉcdjla lrkfldg iSks
lïyf,a mrk wÿrk ifydaorfhla iu. ysrf.or' thd .djg
.shdu lïlrefjda lSmfofkla jgjqkd' jgjqkdu idlÉcd l<d'
uu tAl nia tfla hkfldg lrkj' iuyr ojiaj, jgfjkj'
iuyr úg iS'whs'ã' tfla uy;a;=re fjkag;a we;s" uu ys;kafka"
uu tA f.d,af,d tlal lshkj fï l%uhg m%Yak úi|kak neye"
fï l%uh fjkia lrkak ´kehs lsh,' b;ska tAl yx., lshk
fohlahe@ Tkak Th fjkfldg wrjf.a lvdlmam,aldÍ jev wmg
l<d' iuiudc mËhg" fldñhqksiaÜ mCIhg ´j lrkjo@ wfka
wms;a ±k.kak i;=gqhs' fï .ukdhl ifydaorh wms l=,shdmsáfh
/iaùula ;shmq ojfi fmd,Sisfhka mek,' ;j;a ifydaorjre
.kkdjla tlal meh lSmhla tA ysgmq f.or w;a wvx.=fõ ;shdf.k
ysáh' ifydaorjreks" .sh udfia 27 jeksÞ uu /iaùu lrmq ojfi
l=,shdmsáfh" úisyh fjksÞ ?' ifydaorjreks fï úÈhg tA
me;af;ka u¾okh lrkj' iq¿ iq¿ jYfhka' tA me;af;ka u¾okh
lrkfldg" fï me;af;ka lshkj Tkak úma,jh w;yer, lsh,d'
y¾ ÿlla we;sfj,d mSg¾g úma,jh .ek' weka'weï' fmf¾r,g'
^iNdfõ iskd& kE ifydaorjreks" ´klu ;sfhkafka fïlhs'
fïl f;areï lrf.k hkak' f,kska,g úreoaOj tÞ ì;a;shg
;sh, fjä ;shkak ksfhda. lf<a fukafIúla kdhlfhd' f,kska,
yex.s, ysáfh fukafIúlhkaf. md,k ld,fha' tÞ fukafIúla
ldrhkaf.a fï rfÜ
weka'weï',f.a mSg¾ flkuka,f.a md,kh hgf;a wfma
ifydaorjre w,a,, mKmsáka msÉpqj' tl ;ek Þy;afofkl=f.a
ll=,a ìkao' wkak wr tyd me;af;a f.dvke.s,a,g ifydaorjre
.sys,a, fkao wdfõ' wkak mSg¾, weka'weï, lshmqj ;sfhkj"
m;a;r lE,sj, t,a,, wms' n,kak tAj' Okm;s fmd,Sish rlskak
yxi yuqÞ yeÿj weka'weï, mSg¾,' f,kska, frâ ì%f.a%â yeÿfj
Okm;s l%uh ke;s lrkak' fï ñksiaiq frâ ì%f.aâ yeÿfj Okm;s
l%uh rlskak' tAj lr, tÞ neßj wo fldfydu yß Okm;s
mx;sh ,õju uqkaj ;,jkak ´kE lsh, ma,Eka yokj" isßud
nKavdrkdhl;a ±ka yokj¨ fufyu wdhqO folla' .e,ùfï
frdayK úfÊùr
51
ud¾. folhs ;sfhkafka thdg' tlla cd;sjdoh iqmqreÿ mßÈ'
uu fïl;a fï wjia:dfjÈ lshkafka" ±ka yokj isxy, uyck
fmruqK lsh, tlla' foaYmd,k fíofhka f;drj isxy,fhda
tlalyq fjkak lsh,' 1947 g biafi,a, isxy, uy iNdj lsh,
mËh yo, cd;sjdoh wjqiai, n,hg tkak yeÿj' 1956 cd;sjdoh
wjqiai, n,hg wdfj' b;sydih uq¿,af,au cd;sjdoh weúiaiqj'
±ka wjqiaikak fohla keye' ±ka fudkj lshkako@ hQ'weka'mS'
wdKavqj m%Yak úiokafka kE' nE Okm;s l%uh ;=,' tjqka Bg
fjkia l%uhla f.kshkjhs lshkafkhs' kE" ksoyia fj<o l<dmh
thd wfydais lrkjhs lshkafkhs' rdcika;l lrkj lshkafkhs"
wm jf.a' kE tfyu lshkafk kE' tA ksid weú,a, ;sfhkj ´kak
cd;sjdoh wjqiaif.k' tA tlla' thd ys;kj cd;sjdoh weúiaiqju
cd;sjdofha ry jeá, biai jf.a fld,af,d ál biaflda,j,hs"
.ïj,hs"fiaru tlal cd;sjdohg isßuf. miafika ÿjhs lsh,'
tAlg uu tÞ lsõj l;djuhs lshkak ;sfhkafka' l;dj lshkak
hkafk keye uu' ±ka bkak mrïmrdj tA ;rï fudav keye tA
miafika ÿjkak' B,.g wfkla tl ;sfhkafka fldfydu yß
idlÉcd ;shkj¨ hQ'weka'mS' tl ,õj ;,jkak ´kehs lsh,'
fÊ'wd¾' uerej lsh, lshdf.k hkak ,nk mdrg' wehs isßu
uerej lshdf.k fÊ'wd¾' fï mdr .shd u;lo@ fÊ'wd¾g lsUq,a
lÿ¨ bkqj' uu .ek' uu ^Wmjdi lr,& yx.¾ iag%hsla lr,
bkakfldg ue.iska nkaOkd.drfha" m;a;f¾ ±ïu¨ ckaoál
.kak ;reKhskaf.a" ;reK mrïmrdfõ' wr fld,a, wysxilh
wkak ysf¾ bkakj" tia'ã' nKavdrkdhl .shd ^iNdfõ yskd& ro,
j,õjlska thd wdj ksid .shd" fuhd kE' ckaoh ÿkak 51] la' ±ka
fuhd yokj tAlu wfkla me;a;g .ykak'
´lg wdfh;a lshkak ;sfhkafka wms m%Yakh f;areï
wrf.k bkakj' fï ;uqkakdkafia,dg lshkafka m%Yakh f;areï
.kak" wms ;,, ±ïuu wms kE" bjrhs' .shmdr jf.a' b;ska ,nk
mdr ckaohg hkfldg ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK fudl=;a kE bjrhs
lsh, ;uhs thd .kka .kafka' tfyufka" thd .kka yokafka' tu
ksid wfkla mdr hQ'weka'mS' tlg úreoaOj lshkak;a mq¿jka lsh,'
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
52
tA ksid ±ka thdf.a ys;j;a;= bkak fmd,Sisj,ska wms fydh, ne¨j
y;r mia fmd,lska" Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËhg iïmQ¾K iyfhda.h
fok ;ekaj,' úfYaI Wjukdfjka wfkla ;ekaj,g;a jvd lsisu
fohla ke;sj lror lrkj" lr, ;sfhkj' wfkla ;eka j,;a
lrkj" Okm;s mx;sh ks¾Ok mx;shg mdvqfõ hkak ÿkako@
kE' lula keye f,dalfha flfyaj;a tfyu hkak ÿkafka keye'
Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha§æ tA;a tfyuhs" wms tA ksid thd fldks;a;k
foaj,g lE.ykak hkafka keye'wms wfma m%cd;ka;%jd§ whs;sjdislï
b,a,, lE.ykj ú;rhs' kuq;a ifydaorjreks" ±ka jevms<sfj,la
yß.iaika ;sfhkj" fldfydu yß wms ;,kak ´kehs lsh,' kuq;a
wms lshkafka Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï bf.k .kakd ojfia
ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa idudðlfhdhs" ys;j;a;=hs fï rfÜ
m%.;sYS,S ixj¾Okhla wjxlj n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk ljqre yß yeu
flkdu wêIaGdk lr.kak ´kE fï mdr Okm;s mx;shg ks¾Ok
mx;sfha lïlre mx;sfha" ienE iudcjd§ jHdmdrh ;,kak wms
lShgj;a ;,kak bv fokafka kE lsh,' ^iNdj mqrdu WKqiqï
w;afmd,ika kdoh;a iu. ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg chfõjdhs
igkamdG& tA wêIaGdkh we;slr.kak .kak ´k' we;slr.
kafka ke;akï wehs@ ±ka ks¾Ok mx;sfha úma,jldÍ mËhla"
fldñhqksiaÜ mËhla f.dvke.Sfï wruqfKka" wms hïlsis jev
fldgila lr, ;sfhkj' tA fldgi wld,fha úkdY lr, ±ïu'
úkdY lr, ±ïug miafi wms wdfh;a ierhla jev álla lrf.k
hkj' mËhla f.dvk.kak iQÞkñka' mËhla f.dvk.kakg;a
biafi,a, ;uhs Okm;s mx;shghs" wjia:djd§kag Wjukdj
;sfnkafka' kuq;a wjia:djd§kag .sh mdr jf.a fï mdr fïj lrkak
nE' .sh mdr n,fha ysáh" fmd,Sish mdúÉÑ l<d" T¨ mef,õj"
tA f.d,a,kag;a t;fldg ysáh lgqál lkak mqreÿ fjÉp ñksiaiq
jeäfhka' tA f.d,a,ka fkdfhla foa lrd' wo tAj lr.kak nE'
wo tAj lrkak ñksiaiq kE' iuyr Èia;%slal ;sfhkj
jlalv levqj jf.a lv, .sys,a, ljqre;a kE' lr.kak fohla
keye' y;rmia fokhs bkafka' fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha Nd.hla
ysáfha ud;r Èia;%slalfha wo ud;r Èia;%slalfha fldñhqksiaÜ
frdayK úfÊùr
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mËhla we;af;u keye' uqka tA ksid mqmqr mqmqrd bkakj fudk
úÈfyka yß fudk f,vla yß Þkak' iuyrúg mqÿu fjkak tmd"
wr wefußlka ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,hg fndaïn úisl<d jf.a' meÜr,a
fnda;,hla úisl<d jf.a fi,a,kq;a lrkj' wm tA .ek ±ä
fiú,af,ka bkafka'
wms lïlre mx;shg lshkafka fï rfÜ ienE ks¾Ok
mx;s úma,jldÍ jHdmdrh úkdY lrkak" Okm;s mx;sh ,õj
tA jefâ lrjkak tA f.d,af,d iQÞkï" lrkak mq¿jka' wr ud´
jd§ka lSmfofklau fï ia:dkfha§u lsh, .sys,a, ;sfhkj" /
iafj,d wjidkfha lsh, ;sfhkj' ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK" tAl
fla'cS'î' ixúOdkhla lsh,' biafi,a, iS'whs'tA' ±ka fla'cS'î' tAl
úkdY lrkak ´kE' iS'whs'tA' tl fkdfjhs" ±ka Nhdkl fla'cS'î'
tl" iïmQ¾Kfhka ke;s lrkak ´kehs lsh, ckdêm;s W;=udkka
jykafiag wdhdpkhla lr, ;sfhkj fï wk;=r jgyd .kak
lsh,' wr weußlka ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,hg meÜr,a fnda;,a úis
lrmq ydoh;a uQ,difka b|, ;sfhkj" fï wdhdpkh ckdêm;s
W;=udKkag lrk fldg' tA jf.a ie,iqï ;sfhkak mq¨jks' fï
me;af;ka fïj lshk .uka wfma mrK hd¨fjla wmg fydog
.=ia;s §mq hdmfka ysrf.or ±ka tia'mS' uy;a;fhla" fírej,§
lsh, ;sfhkj¨ ,.È iqudk follg ú;r biafi,a, z Th ñksy
fndre lshkafka" iqÿÆkq fmdä lrkafka" úma,jh lrkafka keye
lsh,' wms wdKavqjg okaj, ;sfhkafka fldhs fj,dfõ .yhso
lsh, okafka keye" lsh,' ifydaorjreks" uu fï lïlre mx;shg
lshkafka" lïlre mx;sh okakj iudc úma,jhla lshk fohla
ñksfyl=gj;a" lSmfofkl=gj;a ´kE yeáhg lrkak neyefka'
iudc úma,jhla' tAl ft;sydisl wjYH;djhla' tAl úIhuQ,
wjYH;djhka ;=,ska mekk.sk tlla' úma,jh ldgj;a lrkak
neye jf.au ldgj;a kj;ajkak;a neye' lïlre mx;shg tAl
lrkak ´k fjkfldg" iudc l%uh fjkia lrkak ´k fjkfldg
lïlre mx;sh tAl lrhs' tAl ug lrkak neye' .ukdhlg
tAl lrkak neye' fldÉpr ´kE Wk;a" tA jf.au mSg¾gj;a"
weka'weïgj;a" isßugj;a" fÊ'wd¾gj;a tAl kj;ajkak;a neye'
r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï
54
uf.a fï flá l:dj wjika lrkak biafi,a, ,nk udfia 16 fjkso
fï ia:dkfha W;aijdldrfhka újD; flfrkj zz úhÜkduh iq/
lSfï ,xld lñgqj ZZ wms tÞ foaYkhla ;sh, fhdackdjla wkqu;
lr, úhÜkduh iq/lSfï ,xld lñgqj yeÿj' tA ,xld lñgqj
W;aijdldrfhka újD; lrkj fï ia:dkfha§ ,nk ufi 16 Þ'
whlsÍula kE tA lshkafka ia:dkh i|yd hk úhou ck;d úuqla;s
fmruqK úiska mshjkj' wdrdOkd lrkj ish¿ fokdgu" tA
W;aijhg yjq,afjkak lsh, ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ;djld,sl
uOH lñgqj fjkqfjka'
ifydaorjreks" wms wo l;dlrkak wdfõ Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jfha mdvï' uu uQ,sl lreKq lSmhla ;uqkakdkafia,dg
bÈßm;a l<d' tlla ;uhs Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha bÈßm;a lrk
uQ,sl mdvï ;uhs" miq.dó OfkaYajr ixj¾Okhla ;sfhk rgj,
wo ojfia lghq;a; yeáhg bÈßhg weú,a, ;sfhkafka ks¾Ok
mx;s iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh' Okm;s mx;sh fï rgj, m%.;sYS,S
l¾;jHhka bgqlrkafka keye' ;jÿrg;a tfyu m%.;sYS,S lshk
Okm;s mx;shla keye' keye lshk tl Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka
Tmamq l<d' wo ;sfhk l¾;jHh ;uhs lïlre mx;shhs È<sÿ
f.dùkqhs we;=¨" mSä; mx;Skqhs ish¨ fokdu lïlre mx;s
kdhl;ajfhka ixúOdkh fj,d" OfkaYajr mx;s u;jdofhka
úks¾uqla; fj,d OfkaYajr mx;shg hg fkdù" OfkaYajr mx;sh
iu. lsisu wjia:djd§ ixOdkhlg tkafka ke;sj tA jf.au
OfkaYajr mx;sfha jdykh fjÉp OfkaYajr mx;sfha msgqmi ÿjk
wjia:djd§ka ksid fkdu. hkafka ke;sj" /jfgkafka ke;sj tA
wjia:djd§kag;a úreoaOj tA wjia:djd§kaf.a n,mEfukq;a ksoyia
fj,d ienE kj mkakhl ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jldÍ mËhla
f.dvk., OfkaYajr l%uh mrdch lr, iudcjd§ iudc l%uh
f.dvke.Su i|yd bÈßhg hEu' wkak tal ;uhs Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jfhka .kak ;sfhk w;a±lSu" wdo¾Yh' wkak tA wdo¾Yh
.ksñka Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha§ ñh .sh" tA ft;sydisl lïlre mx;s
úuqla;s wr.,fha§" iudcjd§ iudc úma,jfha§ ñh.sh tA ùfrdaodr
úma,jjd§kag wfma m%kduh mqolrñka wkd.;fha ,xldfõ;a uq¨
frdayK úfÊùr
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uy;a f,dalfha;a ienE iudcjd§ úma,jh ch.%ykh lr .ekSug
ffO¾Hh" Yla;sh" tla/ia lrñka bÈßhg hdug wdhdpkh
lrñka tA hdmkfha ysrf.or wÿre ysr ueÈßhl wfma i.fhla
tÞ w.=re lE,a,lska ,sh, ;sìÉp fï úma,ùh .S;fha wjidk
mo y;ßka Tng wdhdpkhla lrñka uu uf.a l:dj kj;ajkak
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkj'
wmf.ka .s,sfyk hq;=lï /l=ug oi oyiska tAkï
oE;ska .s,sfyk r;= fldä ke.=ug ck w;a tifõ kï
wm u< .u fjkqfjka .ufka fida.S .ehqug wh tAkï
ure yuqjk fld;ekl§ jqj Tyq ms<s.ekqug wm iQÞkï
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