rosids : fabids

Rosids: Fabids

Spring 2013

Fig. 8.1

Rosids – Major Points• Comprise about 25% of all angiosperms

• Includes two main clades: fabids and malvids

• Main support for monophyly from molecular data

• No clear morphological synapomorphies, but tendencies to have perianths with unfused parts and a stamen merosity > calyx or corolla, although there are many exceptions

• Extreme variation in habit (trees, shrubs, herbs, vines, etc.) as well as extensive proliferation of floral syndromes, including wind, insect, bird, and bat pollination

• Transition from apocarpy to syncarpy as seen before; fusion and embellishment of floral parts

Fig. 8.30

Core Eudicots: The RosidsFabids:

Order Malpighiales Order Fabales Order Rosales Order Cucurbitales Order Fagales

Malvids: Order Brassicales Order Malvales Order Sapindales

Core Eudicots: The Rosids - FabidsOrder Malpighiales

Euphorbiaceae* – SpurgesSalicaceae* – Willows and poplars Violaceae – Violets

Order FabalesFabaceae* – Beans

Order RosalesRosaceae* – RosesMoraceae – Figs, mulberriesUlmaceae – Elms

Order CucurbitalesCurcurbitaceae* – Cucumbers, squashesBegoniaceae – Begonias

Order FagalesBetulaceae – BirchesFagaceae* – Oaks, beeches, chestnutsJuglandaceae – Walnuts, hickories

*Family required for recognition

Rosids-Fabids: Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae

(The Spurge Family)• Widespread, but most diverse in tropical regions• Trees, shrubs, herbs, or vines, sometimes

succulent; leaves usually alternate• Diversity: ca. 6,300 species in 218-245 genera• Flowers: Unisexual; sepals 2-6; petals 0-5; carpels

usually 3, ovule 1 per locule; styles usually 3 and sometimes divided; inflorescences often highly modified; fruit a schizocarp, seeds usually arillate

• Significant features: Often with latex/laticifers (toxic)

• Special uses: rubber (Hevea), cassava/manioc (Manihot), poinsettia (Euphorbia), ornamentals

• Required family; required genus: Euphorbia

Unisexual flowers in Euphorbiaceae

female male

Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia• Ca. 2,400 species• White latex (usually)• One female and few to many male

flowers aggregated into a cyathium (one type of false flower or pseudanthium)

• Cyathium subtended by modified leaves (cyathophylls)

Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia cyathium

From the EuphorbiaPBI website

Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia

Digital Flowers

Euphorbiaceae

castor bean ~ poisonous seeds

• Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis)

Euphorbiaceae

• Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)

Euphorbiaceae• Tapioca, Cassava (Manihot)

Manihot esculentacassava, tapioca

Euphorbiaceae

• Tung oil (Aleurites)

Aleurites fordiitung-oil tree

Rosids-Fabids:Malpighiales: Salicaceae

(The Willow or Poplar Family)• Widespread, from tropical to north temperate and

boreal regions• Trees or shrubs• Diversity: 1,200 species in 54-55 genera• Flowers: bisexual or unisexual; sepals 3-8; petals 3-

8; stamens 2-∞; carpels 2-4, connate, in superior ovary; fruit variable

• Significant features: leaves simple, often with salicoid teeth; salicin in most; includes what was formerly called the “Flacourtiaceae”

• Special uses: lumber, shade trees, ornamentals• Required family

Salicaceae: Salix

-bud scale single-catkins usually erect or ascending-flowers unisexual-each flower with 1-4 basal nectar glands-stamens 1-12-mainly insect pollination

Salicaceae: Populus

-bud scales several, overlapping-catkins arching or drooping-flowers unisexual-each flower with a basal cup-like disk-stamens 8-numerous-wind-pollination

Rosids-Fabids:Malpighiales: Violaceae

(The Violet Family)• Widespread, but predominantly herbs of

temperate regions• Herbs, shrubs, or trees• Diversity: 700-800 species in 23-24 genera• Flowers: Sepals 5; petals 5; 5 connivent

stamens; carpels usually 3, connate, superior ovary; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule

• Significant features: Zygomorphy, nectar spurs; floral cleistogamy

• Special uses: Violets grown primarily as ornamentals

• Family not required

Violaceae: zygomorphic flowers

connivent stamens

nectar spur

Violaceae: dual breeding systems-spring flowers open-pollinated, summer flowers remaining closed (cleistogamous)

Rosids-Fabids:Fabales: Fabaceae

(The Legume Family)• Nearly cosmopolitan• Herbs, vines, trees, shrubs with usually alternate, stipulate, pinnately to

palmately compound leaves (sometimes unifoliolate or simple)• Diversity: 19,500 species, 720-730 genera – THIRD LARGEST FAMILY of

angiosperms• Flowers: a short, cup-like hypanthium present; sepals & petals usually 5,

free or connate; petals all alike or the uppermost 1 differentiated (banner), the lower 2 forming a keel or flaring apart; stamens 5 or 10-many, if connate then monadelphous or diadelphous; carpel 1, on a short stalk (gynophore); fruit is a legume (Duh!) but sometimes modified

• Significant features: High nitrogen metabolism w/ unusual amino acids, often with root nodules with N-fixing bacteria; leaf and leaflet pulvinuses well developed; endosperm often lacking; wide range of floral diversity Special uses: Many!! Beans, peas, peanuts, soybean, clover, ornamentals (Mimosa, Bauhinia); lumber, dyes, resins

• Required family; required taxa: Mimosoideae, “Caesalpinioideae”, Faboideae

Fabaceae vegetative characters

root nodules pulvinus

compound leaves

Fabaceae floral charactersDiadelphous stamens: 9 + 1

Marginal (parietal) placentation

Perigynous flower, short hypanthium

gynophore

Fabaceae fruit and seed characters

non-endospermous seeds at maturity

legumes,loments,

etc.

Mimosoideae

Leaves usuallytwice pinnatelycompound

Fls actinomorphic,petals valvate, distinct or basallyfused

Stamens 10-many,distinct or basallyfused

“Caesalpinioideae”

Leaves usually oncepinnately or twicepinnately compound

Fls + weakly zygomorphic,upper petal usually innermost; petals distinct

Stamens 5 or 10, distinct

Faboideae

Leaves pinnatelycompound to trifoliolate

Fls zygomorphic,upper petal (banner)outermost; welldefined wings and keel

Stamens 10,monadelphous ordiadelphous

Fabaceae – Subfamily Mimosoideae

Albizia julibrissin

Acacia sp.

Fabaceae: MimosoideaeActinomorphictubular flowers in heads

many stamens, not fused

Albizia julibrissinmimosa, silktree

Fabaceae: Mimosoideae: Mimosa

Bullhorn acacias: “My enemy’s enemy is my friend.”

Tropical dry forest

elaiosomes

stipular spines

extrafloral nectaries

Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”

Senna obtusifoliasicklepod

pulvinus

Stamens not fused-10 or fewer

zygomorphic flower

Fabaceae – Subfamily “Caesalpinioideae”

Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”

Cercis canadensis - redbud

Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”

Honey locust (Gleditsia)

Fabaceae: Faboideae

Lathyrussweet-pea

Digital Flowers

Fabaceae: Faboideae

Crotalaria spectabilis

showy rattleboxbacterial root nodule

monadelphous stamens

Petals unequal:• banner• wings• keel

Fabaceae – Subfamily Faboideae

Fabaceae: Faboideae

Glycine (Soybean)

Beans, peas, lentils, chickpeas, etc.

extraordinaryeconomic importance

Fabaceae: Faboideae

Trifolium(Clover)

Medicago (sweet clover)

Rosids-Fabids:Rosales: Rosaceae

(The Rose Family)• Cosmopolitan, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere• Herbs, shrubs or trees (75% woody plants)• Diversity: 2,500-3,000 species in 85-90 genera• Flowers: Showy, actinomorphic, hypanthium present;

sepals 5; petals 5; stamens usually numerous; carpels 1 to many, apocarpous or syncarpous; ovary superior or inferior; fruit can be a follicle, achene, pome, drupe, or associated with expanded receptacle

• Significant features: Wide range of fruit evolution within family; leaves alternate, stipules present

• Special uses: Fruits (apples, pears, berries), ornamental herbs, trees, and shrubs; lumber, perfumery

• Required family

Rosaceae: Rosa

Rosaceae: Rubus

Rosaceae: Prunus

Rosaceae: Malus and Pyrus

Rosids-Fabids:Rosales: Moraceae

(The Fig Family)• Widespread, from tropical to temperate regions• Trees, shrubs, or vines (sometimes herbs)• Diversity: 1,500 species in 53 genera• Flowers: Unisexual, inconspicuous; tepals 0-4 or 5

(-8); carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary; inflorescences cymose, highly modified, compact, receptacle expanded; fruit is a drupe, often in a multiple fruit structure (syconium).

• Significant features: laticifers/latex throughout the plant

• Special uses: figs (Ficus), mulberries (Morus), breadfruit (Artocarpus), ornamentals, e.g. osage orange (Maclura)

• Family not required

Moraceae

Ficus carica – Cultivated Fig

Morus rubra - Mulberry

Maclura pomifera Osage orange

Artocarpus(breadfruit)

Dorstenia

Moraceae: Ficus-shrubs or trees-about 800 species worldwide-flowers minute, borne inside the syconium-wasp-pollinated-possible keystone species in tropical forests

Moraceae – The Fig and The Fig Wasp

Rosids-Fabids:Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae

(The Cucumber or Squash Family)• Widespread in the tropics and subtropics, a few in temperate

regions• Herbaceous or soft woody vines with scabrous stems and

palmately veined/lobed leaves and usually with tendrils• Diversity: 900 species in 118-122 genera• Flowers: hypanthium present; sepals & petals 5, usually

connate; stamens 3-5; carpels usually 3; ovary half-inferior or inferior; fruit usually a berry (with hardened rind a pepo); seeds flattened, the seed coat with several layers

• Significant features: wide range of floral diversity, “toothed” leaves lacking stipules; female flowers epiperigynous

• Special uses: cucumbers (Cucumis), pumpkins, gourds, and squashes (Cucurbita), watermelons (Citrullus) etc. are eaten for fruits and seeds; Luffa, some ornamentals

• Required family

Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbitagourds, squashes, pumpkin

Rosids-Fabids:Fagales: Fagaceae

(The Oak and Beech Family)

• Widespread, in tropical to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere

• Trees and shrubs• Diversity: 670-970 species in 7 genera• Flowers: Unisexual (monoecious); tepals usually 6

and reduced, inconspicuous; stamens 4-many; carpels 3 (-12), connate, inferior ovary; fruit a nut, associated with a spiny or scaly cupule

• Significant features: Male inflorescences in dangling catkins; female inflorescences in sessile clusters

• Special uses: edible nuts (chestnuts), lumber, tannin, cork; ornamental trees

• Required family