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Russian Government Before Revolution
Monarchy: The Czar (Tsar) Until 1905 the Tsar's powers were
unlimited. Russia had no constitution, No political party system to check the
Tsar's power A strong secret police which terrorized
the people.
Czar Alexander II
• He implemented important reforms, notably the abolition of serfdom.
• In 1867, he sold Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the United States.
• Killed by the Revolutionary Group: The People’s Will
Czar Alexander III
• Alexander III's reign was during an industrial revolution in Russia .
• His reign was harsh, against revolutionaries and other liberal movements.
Czar Nicholas II (1894)Last Czar of Russia
Nicholas II was a harsh and weak ruler The Russian economy was bankrupt because
of the Russo-Japanese War and WWI Russia’s entry into WWI became very unpopular.
Russia and World War I
Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary
War becomes unpopular Rationing leads to starvation Nicholas II leaves St. Petersburg to war
front
March Revolution (1917)
1917- protests spread through St. Petersburg and the Royal palace is taken over.
Czar abdicates Provisional government (Duma) takes
control lead by Alexander Keresnky Provisional government unpopular
after decision to stay in WWI
October (Bolshevik) Revolution-1917
Lead by VI Lenin “Peace, Land, and Bread”
Won support of people (especially peasants)
Rule of Lenin 1920-1924
Economic Reforms included the New Economic Plan (NEP)
-moderate mix of capitalism and socialism
Political Reforms
-Bolshevik party became Communist Party
-Russia becomes the United Soviet Socialist Republics
Communism
A Form of Socialism Central Planning of the Economy by the State
Gov’t (Communist Party) makes decisions on individual jobs and pay
1924
Lenin Dies Power Vaccuum Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin Stalin takes control Now must decide how he will maintain
power Decides to create a totalitarian state
Characteristics of a Totalitarian State
Dictatorship- Absolute Authority Dynamic Leader- Vision for the nation State Control Over All Sectors of Society
Business, Family Life, Labor, youth groups, housing, religion, education, the arts
State Control Over the Individual Obedience Denies basic liberties
Organized Violence Uses force to crush opposition
Stalin’s Totalitarian State
State Control of the Economy 5 year plan, collective farms
Police Terror Great Purge, crush opposition
Religious Persecution Control of the individual
Propaganda (socialist realism) Molding peoples minds
Education Controlled by the government
Nikita Khrushchev
Supporter of Stalin’s Purges
Came to Power after Stalin’s Death. Led until 1964.
Met Alexander Solzhenitsyn, the author of Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.
Although Russia still oppressive, some reforms were clearly on the way…
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Russian novelist, whose work was suppressed while he lived in Russia.
Fierce critic of totalitarianism Brought worldwide attention (and acclaim)
for One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, based on his own experiences in the Soviet Union’s forced labor camp system under Stalin
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