safety, health and work environment – a study of employees in the norwegian offshore oil & gas...
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Safety, Health and Work Environment – a Study of Employees in the Norwegian Offshore Oil & Gas Industry
Anne Mette Bjerkan
PhD Student
Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture
University of Oslo
E-mail: a.m.bjerkan@tik.uio.no
Study Objectives
1) Examine associations between self-reported health, work environment, perceived risk and work safety climate
2) Examine changes with regard to perception of work factors and self-reported health in two different samples collected in 2001 and 2003
Theoretical Background
Work environment Perceived risk Safety
Health
- Physical conditions E.g. noise, lighting conditions, ergonomic design of the workplace (Parkes, 1999)- Psychosocial conditions E.g. job demands, control etc.-Organization of work Management etc. (Mearns & Flin, 1996)
- The subjective assessment of risk influenced - Stress - Health - Well-being - From a study Of Norwegian Offshore Oil employees (Rundmo, 1992)
- The employee's perception of the safety work within an organization has in previous studies been linked to job stress and perceived risk at work (Cree & Kelloway, 1997)
- Musculoskeletal diseases- Cardiovascular disorders- Psychological complaints - General health status
Methodological Background• Cross sectional survey design (2001 & 2003)
2001: Questionnaire distributed to nurses on selected offshore oil installations
2003: Questionnaire distributed to all heliports which shuttle employees to
the Norwegian Continental Shelf• Population:
– “All individuals employed on Norwegian offshore installations”
• Sample: – Employees at work in a given time-period – Different installations, and different companies operating on
the NCS
Questionnaire
• Describe the employees perception of health, environment and safety (HES) within the industry
• Describe what contributes to the perception of HES work
Sample
• 2001– N=3310– Response rate: 49.1 % – Mostly male
(90.5 %, N=2994)– Age, majority between
31 and 50
(65.4%, N= 2167)
• 2003– N=8567– Response rate: 45.8 %– Mostly male
(90.0 %, N=7741)– Age, majority between
31 and 50
(64.6 %, N= 5542)
Data Analyses
• Exploratory factor analyses – Chronbach’s alpha
• Confirmatory factor analyses
• MANOVA– Examine changes between 2001 and 2003
– Age as a covariate
• Linear structural equation modelling (LISREL)– MIMIC modelling (analysing subgroup effects)
Results / Dimensions
• Self-reported health – Six symptoms (e.g. impaired
hearing, musculoskeletal problems)
• Perceived limitations in daily activities while offshore
– Seven items (e.g. walking in stairs and ladders )
• Perceived safety at work– Four dimensions, four single
items (e.g. communication about safety)
• Perceived risk
– Two dimensions (controllable and uncontrollable sources of risk)
• Work environment– Three dimension (e.g. the
physical and psychosocial work environment)
• Age – Three contrasts
Estimated Model – 2001
Method of estimation: WLS Χ2=7685.167, d.f.=358, RMSEA=0.078, GFI=0.959, CFI=0.921, NNFI=0.910 • Accounted for 13.9% of the
variance in self-reported health status (R2=0.139)
• Age a significant contributor:
– Employees between 31-40 experienced less symptoms of self reported ill-health
• Self-reported health explained a large amount of the variance in perceived limitations in daily activities while offshore (R2=0.572).
Workenvironment
Riskperception
Safety
C1*
C2*
C3*
δ=0.99 S1
δ=0.14
δ=0.99
δ=0.77
δ=0.58
S2
S3
S4
S5
δ=0.79
δ=0.78
δ=0.60
S6
S7
S8
0.12
-0.93
0.10
0.47
0.65
0.63
-0.48
0.46
δ=0.45
δ=0.79
R1
R2
0.76
0.79
δ=0.69
δ=0.56
δ=0.63
W1
W2
W3
0.56
0.67
0.61
δ=0.00 C1 1.00
δ=0.00 C2 1.00
δ=0.00 C2 1.00
ε=0.27
ε=0.47
ε=0.82
ε=0.83
ε=-0.16
ε=0.90
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
0.86
0.73
0.42
0.42
1.08
0.32
Health
ε=0.35
ε=0.25
ε=0.53
ε=0.30
ε=0.37
ε=0.58
ε=0.27
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
0.80
0.87
0.68
0.83
0.80
0.65
0.86
Limitations
-0.05 (-6.16)
R2=0.13
R2=0.57
-0.76 (-37.46)
Workenvironment
Riskperception
Safety
C1*
C2*
C3*
δ=0.52 S1
δ=0.36
δ=0.70
δ=0.70
δ=0.71
S2
S3
S4
S5
δ=0.76
δ=0.73
δ=0.59
S6
S7
S8
0.69
-0.80
0.54
-0.52
-0.54
-0.64
-0.55
-0.49
δ=0.49
δ=0.78
R1
R2
0.72
0.47
δ=0.65
δ=0.51
δ=0.61
W1
W2
W3
0.59
0.70
0.63
δ=0.00 C1 1.00
δ=0.00 C2 1.00
δ=0.00 C2 1.00
ε=0.31
ε=0.51
ε=0.66
ε=0.62
ε=0.30
ε=0.96
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
0.83
0.70
0.58
0.62
0.84
0.20
Health
ε=0.37
ε=0.30
ε=0.58
ε=0.34
ε=0.38
ε=0.47
ε=0.37
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
0.79
0.84
0.65
0.81
0.79
0.72
0.80
Limitations
-0.10 (-11.96)
-0.84 (-55.09)
R2=0.71
R2=0.11
• Accounted for 11 % of the variance in self-reported health symptoms (R2= 0.11)
• Age contributed significantly to the perception of symptoms of ill-health. – 31-40 year olds
experience less symptoms of ill-health
• Self-reported health accounted for a large proportion of the respondents’ perceived limitations in daily activities offshore (β=-0.84).
Estimated Model – 2003Method of estimation: WLS, χ2=20232.851, d.f.=358, RMSEA=0.080, GFI=0.951, CFI=0.877, NNFI=0.859
Self-reported Health
• Year group – 2003: slightly better perceived
general health status
– 2003: less limitations in daily activities due to health status
• Age group – Older employees less satisfied
with general health status– Older employees more
symptoms of ill-health – Older employees: More
limitations in daily activities due to ill-health
Year group Age group
General health status
[F(1,11643)=6.30, p<0.05]
[F(3,11643)=4.69, p<0.05]
Sum score ill-health
No significant differences
[F(3,11643)=65.56, p<0.000]
Perceived limitations
[F(1,11643)=61.77, p<0.00]
[F(3,11643)=122.90, p<0.00]
Safety, Risk and the Working Environment
• Year group – 2003 employees were more
satisfied with the safety climate, perceived less risk and evaluated the work environment more favourably
• Age group – Older employees more
satisfied with the perceived safety climate and the work environment
– Younger employees perceived more dangers associated with work
Year group Age group
Perceived safety climate
[F(1,11803)=848.09, p<0.000]
[F(3,11083)=22.47, p<0.000]
Perceived risk [F (1,11803) = 88.33, p<0.000]
[F (3,11803) = 6.13, p<0.000]
Work environment
[F (1,11803) = 78.81, p<0.000]
[F (3,11803) = 10.25, p<0.000]
Summary • A small percentage of the variance in self-reported health
status was accounted for by perceived safety climate, perceived risk and perception of the working environment (between 10 and 20 percent)
• Strong relationship between self-reported health symptoms and perceived limitations in daily activities while offshore
• Age appeared to be the strongest predictor for self-reported health of the variables included
• Differences between the groups were identified with regard to:• Health
– 2003 sample more satisfied• Perception of safety, risk and the work environment
– Overall the 2003 employees appeared to be more satisfied with the before-mentioned aspects.
Conclusions– Safety climate, risk perception and work
environment contribute significantly to the explained variance in health, although this contribution is modest in both samples
– Physical aspects of the working situation and other factors need to be included to further understand what contributes to ill-health among Norwegian offshore employees
– People who are absent from work during the time of the study, should also be included in order to obtain a more complete picture
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