salinity & osmoregulation how does salt impact the organisms that live in it? kl oceanography...
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SALINITY & OSMOREGULATION
HOW DOES SALT IMPACT THE ORGANISMS THAT LIVE IN IT?
KL OCEANOGRAPHY
UNIT II: OCEAN PLANET
OCEAN SALINITY
SALINITY= # OF GRAMS OF A DISSOLVED SALT IN 1 KG OF OCEAN WATER
• MEASURED IN PARTS / THOUSAND OR PPT OR ‰
• AVERAGE SALINITY OF OCEAN WATER = 35‰
MAJOR TYPES:
• NACL (SODIUM CHLORIDE)
• KCL (POTASSIUM CHLORIDE)
• MGCL2(MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE)
OCEAN SALINITY
SOME SOURCES OF SALT:
• VOLCANIC ACTIVITY CHLORINE GAS AND SULFUR EMITTED CL- IONS
• EROSION & RUNOFF IN THE MOUNTAINS (WEATHERING) NA+, MG+, K+ IONS
• WAVES & EROSION ALONG THE COAST VARIOUS SALTS CREATED BY ERODING BASALT AND LIMESTONE
IS SALINITY CONSTANT? NO!
• WHERE RUNOFF ENTERS FRESH WATER (ESTUARIES) DILUTES IT (LOWER SALINITY)
• EVAPORATION (SHALLOW WATER BODIES) INCREASES SALINITY CONCENTRATES THE AMOUNT OF SALT
SOURCES OF SALT
WATER & CELL MEMBRANES
WATER FACILITATES CHEMICAL REACTIONS BOTH OUTSIDE OF AND WITHIN LIVING SYSTEMS
• THE JOB OF THE CELL MEMBRANE IS TO KEEP THE CONTENTS OF THE CELL SEPARATE FROM ITS ENVIRONMENT.
• CELL MEMBRANE IS MADE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS THAT ARE POLAR MOLECULES
• HEADS ARE POSITIVE
• TAILS ARE NEGATIVE
WATER & CELL MEMBRANES• POLAR MOLECULES
ATTRACTED TO WATER ARE HYDROPHILIC(WATER LOVING).
• LIKE THE “HEADS
• EX>SPONGE
• NONPOLAR MOLECULES/SUBSTANCES THAT CANNOT ATTRACT WATER ARE HYDROPHOBIC (WATER FEARING).
• LIKE THE “TAILS”
• EX> WAX
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
OSMOREGULATION
• ISOTONIC SOLUTION- SOLUTIONS HAVE SAME CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE
• HYPERTONIC SOLUTION- HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE (MORE MOLECULES)
• HYPOTONIC SOLUTION- LOWER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE (LESS
MOLECULES)
• OSMOREGULATION= REGULATING THE AMOUNT OF WATER IN THE CELL THROUGH OSMOSIS AS A CELL RESPONDS TO OTHER DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES IN ITS ENVIRONMENT (LIKE SALINITY FLUCTUATIONS).
• OSMOSIS= MOVEMENT OF WATER INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
ISOTONIC SOLUTION
ISOTONIC=SAME AMOUNT OF SOLUTE INSIDE THE CELL AS IS IN THE SOLUTION ITS IN
• HAVING EQUAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE AS THE COMPARISON SOLUTION.
• SAME AMOUNT OF WATER FLOWS INTO AS FLOWS OUT OF THE CELL
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION• HYPOTONIC= GREATER
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE INSIDE THE CELL, THAN OUTSIDE THE CELL
• CELL HAS A HIGHER OSMOTIC PRESSURE (INTERNALLY) THAN A COMPARISON SOLUTION
• OSMOTIC (TURGOR) PRESSURE- FORCE EXERTED ON THE MEMBRANE/WALL
• HIGH OSMOTIC PRESSURE CAN CAUSE CYTOLYSIS-WHICH IS THE BURSTING OF CELL MEMBRANES
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
• HYPERTONIC= A GREATER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE OUTSIDE THE CELL, THAN INSIDE THE CELL.
• CELL HAS A LOWER OSMOTIC PRESSURE (INTERNALLY) THAN A COMPARISON SOLUTION
• LOW TURGOR PRESSURE CAUSES PLASMOLYSIS, WHICH IS “CELL SHRINKING”.
• CAUSES PLANTS TO WILT
OSMOREGULATION• ORGANISMS ARE EITHER:
• OSMOCONFORMERS- DO NOT HAVE ADAPTATIONS TO HELP REGULATE SALT
OR
• OSMOREGULATORS- HAVE SOME SORT OF ADAPTATION TO MAINTAIN OSMOTIC BALANCE
OSMOCONFORMERS
OSMOCONFORMERS= ANIMALS WHOSE INTERNAL OSMOTIC CONCENTRATION IS THE SAME AS THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT.
• MOST MARINE INVERTEBRATES
• NEED TO STAY WHERE THE SALINITY OF THE WATER MATCHES THAT OF THEIR BODY FLUIDS, OR ELSE THEY COULD SWELL AND BURST (IF PLACED IN FRESHWATER).
OSMOREGULATORS
OSMOREGULATORS= ANIMALS THAT MAINTAIN AN OSMOTIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEIR BODY FLUID AND THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT.
• MARINE BONY FISH
• THEY HAVE SPECIALIZED KIDNEYS HELP THEM RETAIN WATER BY PRODUCING CONCENTRATED SALTY URINE.
• MARINE REPTILES
• DO INGEST SEA WATER FOR NUTRIENTS
• DO HAVE SALT GLANDS THAT EXCRETE THE EXCESS SALT
OSMOREGULATORS• MARINE MAMMALS
• DO NOT INGEST SEA WATER DUE TO DEHYDRATION.
• THEY DO HAVE HIGHLY EFFICIENT KIDNEYS THAT PRODUCE VERY SALTY, CONCENTRATED URINE.
• OBTAIN FRESH WATER FROM CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND FROM FEEDING ON FISH AND INVERTEBRATES.
• CARTILAGINOUS FISHES
• DO NOT HAVE SPECIALIZED KIDNEYS LIKE FISH
• DO PRODUCE A CHEMICAL CALLED UREA IN THEIR BLOOD THAT THEY REGULATE THE AMOUNT OF WATER IN THEIR CELLS.
• DO HAVE AN EXCRETORY GLAND CALLED THE RECTAL GLAND THAT ELIMINATES EXCESS SALT.
OSMOREGULATION IN SHARKS
OSMOREGULATION IN MARINE FISHES
OSMOREGULATION IN FRESH WATER FISHES
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