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SAND HILL WIND REPOWERING PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

P R E P A R E D B Y :

AlamedaCountyCommunityDevelopmentAgency224W.WintonAvenue,Room111Hayward,CA94544Contact:AndrewYoung510.670.5400

W I T H T E C H N I C A L A S S I S T A N C E F R O M :

ICF630KStreet,Suite400Sacramento,CA95814Contact:BradSchafer916.737.3000

September2018

AlamedaCountyCommunityDevelopmentDepartment.2018.SandHillWindRepoweringProjectEnvironmentalAnalysis.September.(ICF00631.17.)Hayward,CA.WithtechnicalassistancefromICF,Sacramento,CA.

Sand Hill Wind Repowering Project Environmental Analysis

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Contents

List of Tables and Figures ...................................................................................................................... iii

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... iv

Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1‐1

1.1 Project Overview .............................................................................................................. 1‐1

1.2 Relationship to the PEIR ................................................................................................... 1‐1

1.3 Changes Relevant to the PEIR Analysis ............................................................................ 1‐2

1.4 Organization of this Document ........................................................................................ 1‐6

1.5 References Cited .............................................................................................................. 1‐6

Chapter 2 Project Description ................................................................................................... 2‐1

2.1 Project Location and Land Ownership ............................................................................. 2‐1

2.2 Project Need, Goals, and Objectives ................................................................................ 2‐2

2.3 Existing Facilities .............................................................................................................. 2‐2

2.4 Proposed Project Features ............................................................................................... 2‐3

2.5 Project Construction ...................................................................................................... 2‐10

2.6 Operation and Maintenance Activities .......................................................................... 2‐17

2.7 Post‐Project Decommissioning ...................................................................................... 2‐18

Chapter 3 Environmental Analysis ............................................................................................ 3‐1

3.1 Aesthetics and Visual Resources ................................................................................... 3.1‐1

3.2 Agricultural and Forestry Resources ............................................................................. 3.2‐1

3.3 Air Quality ..................................................................................................................... 3.3‐1

3.4 Biological Resources ..................................................................................................... 3.4‐1

3.5 Cultural Resources ........................................................................................................ 3.5‐1

3.6 Geology, Soils, Mineral Resources, and Paleontological Resources ............................. 3.6‐1

3.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ........................................................................................... 3.7‐1

3.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials ................................................................................ 3.8‐1

3.9 Hydrology and Water Quality ....................................................................................... 3.9‐1

3.10 Land Use and Planning ................................................................................................ 3.10‐1

3.11 Noise ........................................................................................................................... 3.11‐1

3.12 Population and Housing .............................................................................................. 3.12‐1

3.13 Public Services ............................................................................................................. 3.13‐1

3.14 Recreation ................................................................................................................... 3.14‐1

3.15 Transportation/Traffic ................................................................................................ 3.15‐1

3.16 Utilities and Service Systems ...................................................................................... 3.16‐1

Chapter 4 List of Preparers ....................................................................................................... 4‐1

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Appendix A Air Quality Technical Memorandum

Appendix B Biological Resources Evaluation Report

Appendix C Cultural Resources Survey Report

Appendix D Sound Technical Report

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Tables and Figures

1‐1 Turbine Specifications Contemplated in the PEIR and for Use with the Proposed Project .......... 1‐3

1‐2 Operational, Approved, or Foreseeable Projects in the APWRA .................................................. 1‐5

2‐1 Parcels and Proposed Uses ........................................................................................................... 2‐1

2‐2 Turbine Specifications ................................................................................................................... 2‐4

2‐3 Updated Alameda County Turbine Setback Requirements .......................................................... 2‐4

2‐4 Estimated Disturbance Associated with Project Construction (acres) ....................................... 2‐11

3.4‐1 Approximate Acreage of Land Cover Types ............................................................................... 3.4‐1

Figures appear at the end of the chapter or section in which they are referenced

1‐1 Project Location

2‐1 Parcel Boundaries

2‐2a Sand Hill Wind Repowering Project—Layout 1

2‐2b Sand Hill Wind Repowering Project—Layout 2

2‐2c Sand Hill Wind Repowering Project—Layout 3

3.1‐1 Visual Simulation Viewpoint Locations

3.1‐2 Viewpoint 1—Looking Southwest from California Aqueduct Bikeway at Bethany Reservoir

3.1‐3 Viewpoint 2—Looking East along Christensen Road near Bethany Reservoir Entrance Road

3.1‐4 Viewpoint 3—Looking South along Bruns Road from 0.15 mile South of Kelso Road

3.1‐5 Viewpoint 4—Looking Southwest along Mountain House Road from 1.4 miles South of Kelso

3.1‐6 Viewpoint 5—Looking North by Northwest along Mountain House Road from North of West

Grant Line Road Intersection

3.1‐7 Viewpoint 6—Looking West by Northwest from California Aqueduct Bikeway at Grant Line

Road Crossing

3.1‐8 Viewpoint 7—Looking West by Northwest from Westbound I‐580 at the West Grant Line Road

Onramp

3.1‐9 Viewpoint 8—Looking Northeast from Altamont Pass Road at Unnamed Access Road

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

APE areaofpotentialeffectsAPLIC AvianPowerLineInteractionCommitteeAPWRA AltamontPassWindResourceAreaBMPs bestmanagementpracticesCDFW CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlifeCEQA CaliforniaEnvironmentalQualityActCNDDB CaliforniaNaturalDiversityDatabaseCounty AlamedaCountyCommunityDevelopmentAgencyCRHR CaliforniaRegisterofHistoricResourcesCUP conditionalusepermitCUPA CertifiedUnifiedProgramAgencydBA A‐weighteddecibelEACCS EastAlamedaCountyConservationStrategyECAP EastCountyAreaPlanEIR environmentalimpactreportFAA FederalAviationAdministrationgen‐tie generation‐tieGHG greenhousegasH&S HealthandSafetyHDD horizontaldirectionaldrillingHMBP HazardousMaterialsBusinessPlanI‐ InterstatekV kilovoltMW megawattNAHC NativeAmericanHeritageCommissionNRHP NationalRegisterofHistoricPlacesO&M Operations&MaintenancePG&E PacificGasandElectricCompanyPRD PermitRegistrationDocumentProjectorproposedProject SandHillWindRepoweringProjectQA/QC qualityassurance/qualitycontrolRPS RenewablesPortfolioStandardSandHill SandHillWind,LLCSF6 sulfurhexafluorideSMARTS StormwaterMultipleApplicationandReportTrackingSystemSPCC SpillPreventionControlandCountermeasuresSWPPP stormwaterpollutionpreventionplan

Sand Hill Wind Repowering Project Analysis

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Chapter 1 Introduction

InNovember2014,theAlamedaCountyCommunityDevelopmentAgency(County)certifiedtheAltamontPassWindResourceAreaRepoweringFinalProgramEnvironmentalImpactReport(PEIR).ThePEIRincludesadetailedaccountofthehistoryandlegalactivitiesculminatinginpreparationofthePEIR,andprovidesaframeworkforconsiderationofsubsequentprojects,providedtheyareconsistentwiththePEIRandwouldbedevelopedtobeconsistentwiththeCounty’sgoals,objectives,andconditionsassetforththerein.ThisanalysishasbeenpreparedspecificallytoaddresstheSandHillWindRepoweringProject(Project),inaccordancewiththepurposesofthePEIR.

LeadAgencyContactInformation ProjectSponsorContactInformation

AlamedaCountyCommunityDevelopmentAgency SandHillWind,LLC

Mr.AndrewYoung,SeniorPlanner KorinaCassidy

224WestWintonAvenue,Room111 2180South1300East,Suite600

Hayward,CA94544 SaltLakeCity,UT84106

510.670.5400 415.692.7727

1.1 Project Overview SandHillWind,LLC(SandHill)isproposingtheSandHillWindRepoweringProject(Projectorpro‐posedProject)on15privatelyownedparcelsintheAltamontPassWindResourceArea(APWRA)(Figure1‐1).TheproposedProjectwouldentailinstallationofupto40newwindturbinesandisexpectedtoutilizeturbineswithgeneratingcapacitiesbetween2.3and4.0megawatts(MW),allgenerallysimilarinsizeandappearance,todevelopupto144.5MW.Threeconceptualalternativelayoutsareproposed,eachusingupto40windturbines.Thelayoutsaresubstantiallysimilar,mainlyvaryingaccordingtothelocationof11turbinesinthecenteroftheProjectarea,southandwestofBethanyReservoirandtheirrelativedistancefromtheprimaryaccessroadfortheProject.Thefinallayoutwouldbeselectedbasedonsiteconstraints(e.g.,aviansitingconsiderations),dataobtainedfrommeteorologicalmonitoringofthewindresources,andturbineavailability.Eachofthesefactorswouldbeconsideredwhenmicrositingturbines,withthefinallayoutreflectingoneorsomecombinationofthealternativelayouts.Existingroadswouldbeusedwherepossible,andtemporarywideningandsomenewroadswouldbenecessary.TheProjectwouldalsorequirethreegeneration‐tie(gen‐tie)linesconnectingtheProjecttotwosubstations.

1.2 Relationship to the PEIR TheCountyhaspreparedthisanalysisandtheassociatedchecklisttovalidatetheproposedProject’sconformancewiththeanalysisandmitigationpresentedinthePEIR,andtoensurethattheSandHillProjectisincompliancewithrequirementsoftheCaliforniaEnvironmentalQualityAct(CEQA).The

Alameda County Community Development Agency Introduction

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summaryanalysisinthechecklistisintendedtoinformdecisionmakersandthepublicoftheProject’sconformitywiththeanalysisinthePEIRandtoidentifythespecificimpactsandmitigationmeasuresrelevanttotheProject.ThisanalysisandchecklistsupportthedecisionnottoprepareasubsequentEIRpursuanttoSection15168(c)(2)oftheStateCEQAGuidelines.Therelationshipofthechecklist(supportedbythisanalysis)tothePEIRisconsistentwiththeintentofaprogramEIRasestablishedinStateCEQAGuidelinesSection15168(d),whichcallsforuseofaninitialstudytodeterminewhetheralater,directlyrelated(ortiered)projectwouldhavenewordifferentenvironmentaleffectsthatwerenotdisclosedinthePEIRorthatwouldwarrantanewEIR.TheenvironmentalchecklistpreparedfortheproposedProjectconstitutesaninitialstudyforthepurposeofSection15063,includingitsprovisionforusewithapreviouslypreparedEIR(Section15063(b)(1)(B)).Moreover,anypublicnoticerequiredbyCountyordinancewillstate,asrequiredbyStateCEQAGuidelinesSection15168(e),thattheactivitiesassociatedwiththeSandHillProjectarewithinthescopeofthePEIRandthatthePEIRadequatelydescribedandassessedtheseactivities.

AsshowninChapter3,EnvironmentalAnalysis,despitethechangesmentionedinthenextsection,theproposedProjectwouldnotresultinanyimpactsnotaddressedinthePEIR,norwoulditresultinimpactsofgreaterseveritythanthosepresentedinthePEIR.

1.3 Changes Relevant to the PEIR Analysis SincepreparationofthePEIR,fivefactorsrelevanttothePEIRanalysishaveemerged.First,someoftheturbinesunderconsiderationfortheproposedProject,whilemostlywithinthedimensionalspecificationsoftheturbinesanalyzedinthePEIR,exceedtheindividualnameplatecapacityoftheturbinesanalyzedinthePEIRbyasmallmargin.Theconsequencesofthischangearetwo‐fold:fewerturbineswouldberequiredtoachievethesameProject‐levelgenerationcapacity,andthelargerturbineswouldhavealargerrotor‐sweptarea.

ThesecondfactorinvolvesquestionsregardingthereliabilityofestimatedavianmortalityratesaspresentedinthePEIR.ThisissueisaddressedbrieflybelowandindetailinSection3.4.2,Environ‐mentalImpactsandMitigationMeasures.

Third,thesizeoftheproposedProject—144.5MW—islargerthantheoriginallyproposedSandHillProjectasconsideredinthePEIR.WhiletheoriginallyproposedSandHillProjectwas34MW,itoccupiedasmallerareathanthecurrentProject.TheproposedProjectnowencompassestheoriginalareaaswellasadditionalareasthatwereconsideredfordevelopmentinthePEIR.Overall,themixofforeseeablefuturewindprojectshaschangedfromthatcontemplatedinthePEIR,buttheoveralllevelofanticipatedwinddevelopmentremainsthesame.

Fourth,whilethePEIRdidnotincludediscussionofOperationsandMaintenance(O&M)(Project‐levelanalysesdidincludeO&Mbuildings),SandHillproposestoinstallsuchafacility.

Finally,theCountyisawarethatinformationregardingnighttimelightingduringoperationoftheturbines,aswellasFAArequirements,mayinfactbedifferentfromtheinformationinthePEIR.ThesefiveissuesaredescribedandevaluatedindetailinthefollowingsubsectionsandinChapter3,EnvironmentalAnalysis,ofthisdocument.

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1.3.1 Turbine Size

SandHillproposestwotypesofturbines:a2.3MWmodelanda3.6or3.8MWmodel.BecauseSandHillhasnotyetselectedthespecificturbinemodels,itretainstheoptionofusingturbinesupto4.0MW,dependingonproductavailabilityattimeofconstruction.However,regardlessoftheturbinemodelselected,theProjectwouldnotexceedtheproposed144.5MWcapacity,andtheoveralldimensionsofindividualturbineswouldnotexceedthosecurrentlyproposed.

ThePEIRanalyzedprojectswitharangeofturbinesizes.Table1‐1showsthemaximumdimensionsofthisrangeforcomparisonwiththelargestofthreeturbinetypesunderconsiderationfortheproposedProject.

Table 1‐1. Turbine Specifications Contemplated in the PEIR and for Use with the Proposed Project

TurbineModel PEIRMaximum—3.0MW GeneralElectric3.6MWa

Rotortype 3‐blade/horizontalaxis 3‐blade/horizontalaxis

Bladelength 62.5m(205ft) 67.2m(220ft)

Rotordiameter 125m(410ft) 137m(449ft)

Rotor‐sweptarea 12,259m2(131,955ft2) 14,741m²(158,671ft2)

Towertype Tubular Tubular

Tower(hub)height 96m(315ft) 83.6m(274ft)

Totalheight(fromgroundtotopofblade) 153m(502ft) 152m(499ft)

Bladeheight(fromgroundtobottomofblade)b 17.5m(57ft) 16.4m(54ft)aA3.8MWturbineandanas‐yet‐undeterminedturbinewithacapacityupto4.0MWhavealsobeenconsidered;however,the3.6MWturbineislargerinalldimensionsthanthe3.8MWandthe4.0MWturbines,andisthereforepresentedhereasthelargestoftheproposedturbinetypes.bThePEIRevaluatedhubheightsrangingfrom80to96metersandbladelengthsrangingfrom41.25to62.5meters.Measurementsassumingthelowestdistancefromthegroundsurfacetothebottomofthebladetiparepresentedhere.

Asshowninthetable,theproposedSandHillturbineswouldbewithinthespecificationsestablishedinthePEIRforrotortype,towertype,tower(hub)height,andtotalheight.However,bladelengthswouldbeupto15feet(approximately7%)longer,rotordiametersupto39feet(approximately9%)greater,androtor‐sweptareaupto2,482m2(approximately17%)larger.

BecausesomeoftheproposedProjectspecificationsexceedthosedescribedinthePEIR,additionalreviewofpotentiallyaffectedenvironmentalresourcesisprovidedinthisdocument.Largerturbinescouldaffectthreeresources:aesthetics(Section3.1),hazards(i.e.,setbacks)(Section3.8),andbiologicalresources(i.e.,birdsandbats)(Section3.4).Atthesametime,itshouldbeborneinmindthatwhilea3MWturbinewasthelargestconsideredinthePEIR,forpurposesoftheanalysisofavianmortality,theturbineusedasthebasisfordevelopingestimatesoffutureortypicalprojectimpactswastheVascoWinds2.3MWturbine.Theconsequenceoftheincreasednameplatecapacitytoa3.6,3.8oreven4.0MWturbine,however,wouldbelowerimpactsperMWforcertainenvironmentaltopicareas,becausea144.5MWprojectwouldrequire62turbinesofthecapacityoftheVascoWindsturbines,whereasthesame144.5MWcapacitywouldbeachievedwith40oftheturbinesproposedfortheSandHillProject.Thisdecreaseddensityofturbineswouldresultinproportionallylesserimpactsassociatedwithairqualityemissions,traffic,andgrounddisturbance.

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1.3.2 Avian Mortality Estimates

SubsequenttocertificationofthePEIR,thefirstrepoweringproject,GoldenHills,wascompletedaspartoftheoverallAPWRArepoweringeffort.Inlate2017,H.T.Harvey&AssociatespreparedtheGoldenHillsWindEnergyCenterPostconstructionFatalityMonitoringReport:Year1,presentingtheresultsofthefirstyear’smonitoringeffortandanalysisofthoseresults.ThemonitoringeffortindicatedpotentiallyhighermortalityratesthanthoseestimatedinthePEIR(particularlyforgoldeneaglesandred‐tailedhawks).However,asexplainedindetailinthediscussionofImpactBIO‐11inSection3.4.2,EnvironmentalImpactsandMitigationMeasures,theseresultsdonotindicatenewormoreseveresignificanteffectsbeyondthoseanticipatedinthePEIR.ThePEIRanalyzedeffectsonavianandbatspeciesusinginformationonmultiplerepoweredprojectscollectedovermultipleyears,notingthat“…fatalityratesintheAPWRAarehighlyvariable(thatisbecausetheydifferacrossyears,turbinetypes,geographies,andtopographies…”).Consequently,thenewinformationonavianandbatfatalitiesfrom1yearofmonitoringasingleprojectduringanabnormallywetyearwithinthelargerAPWRA—andsuggestingmoresevereimpactsonbirdsandbats—cannotbeextrapolatedtoimplythattheSandHillProjectwouldresultinnewsignificanteffectsorasubstantialincreaseintheseverityofeffects.Abodyofinformationspanningmultipleprojectsandmultipleyearsofmonitoringarenecessarytoformconclusionsregardingeffects.

1.3.3 Megawatt Cap

ThePEIRidentifiedtwoalternativesforrepoweringtheAPWRA,analyzingbothatanequallevelofdetail.BecausetheCountyadoptedandcertifiedthePEIRwithoutidentifyingapreferredalterna‐tive,theCountymayauthorizeeitheralternative.Alternative2wasthelargeralternative,assumingamaximumcapacityof450MWfortheAPWRAatfullrepowering.ThePEIRalsoanalyzedtwoprojects,GoldenHillsandPattersonPass,andconsideredfourotherfutureprojects(Table1‐2).WhilethePEIRdidnotcontemplatethesequencingofprojectsconsideredinthefuture,CountystaffconsiderthatthefutureprojectsidentifiedinthePEIRshouldbeconsideredfirstinallocatingthetotalnameplatecapacity.Subsequentprojectswouldbereviewedonafirst‐come,first‐servedbasis.AsoutlinedinTable1‐2,thetotalcapacityofapproved,operational,orforeseeablefutureprojectsconsideredinthePEIRis316.5MW.TheSandHillProjectwouldincreasethattotalto425MW.Becausethisislessthanthe450MWcapestablishedbyAlternative2,theproposedProjectwouldnotconflictwiththePEIR.However,theRooneyRanchProjectsite(alsoknownastheSantaClarasite)isalsounderconsiderationforrepowering;thisprojectwouldhavea25.1MWnameplatecapacity.IftheRooneyRanchProjectwereauthorizedunderthePEIR,thetotalcapacityoftheprogramareawouldincreaseto450.1MW,a0.02%exceedanceofthe450MWcontemplatedinAlternative2ofthePEIR.Forallresources,thisminordifferencecannotrealisticallybemeasuredandiswithintheroundingalreadyusedinthePEIR;itwouldnotresultinnewsignificanteffectsorasubstantialincreaseintheseverityofeffectsalreadydescribedinthePEIR.

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Table 1‐2. Operational, Approved, or Foreseeable Projects in the APWRAa

Project Owner/Operator Status TotalMW

PattersonPassb EDF Approved(PEIR) 19.8

GoldenHillsc NextEra Operational(PEIR) 85.9

GoldenHillsNorth NextEra Operational 40.8

SandHilld Ogin(nowsPower) Foreseeable(PEIR) 36

MulqueenyRanch Brookfield Foreseeable(PEIR) 80

SummitWinde AWI(nowSalka,LLC) Approved 54

Subtotal 316.5

SandHill(additional)d sPower CUPApplicationSubmitted 108.5

RooneyRanchf sPower Foreseeable 25.1

Total 450.1aCountyplanningstaffhasreceivedinformationfromtwoadditionalcompanies,DunoAir‐AltamontandNRG,indicatingtheyaredevelopingprojectsintheAPWRA.BecausethenumberofMWstobedevelopedundertheseprojectsisnotyetknowntheyarenotlistedinthistable.ReviewoftheseprojectsunderthePEIR,ifultimatelyproposed,wouldoccuratalaterdate.

bCountyplanningstaffhasindicatedthatthePattersonPassProjectisundernewownershipandisnolongerownedbyEDF.

c GoldenHillswasidentifiedinthePEIRasupto88.4MWbut85.9MWwereultimatelyconstructed.dTheSandHillProjectwasidentifiedinthePEIRasupto34MW.Underadditionalreview,itwasultimatelyapprovedforupto36MW.sPower,thecurrentprojectowner,hasappliedtoexpandtheProjecttoatotalof144.5MW(36MW+108.5MW=144.5MW).

e TheSummitWindProjectwasidentifiedinthePEIRasupto95MWbutwasapprovedin2016foratotalof54MW.

f TheRooneyRanchProjectproposedbysPowerwouldbesubjecttoapprovalbytheCityofSantaClara.

1.3.4 Operations and Maintenance Facility

ThePEIRdidnotaddressO&Mfacilitiesattheprogramlevel;however,thetwoindividualprojectsevaluatedinthatdocumentbothincludedO&Mfacilities,aswouldtheSandHillProject.WhilethePEIRstatedthatnosepticorotherwastewatertreatmentsystemswouldbepartofrepoweringprojects,SandHillproposestoinstallsuchasysteminconjunctionwithitsO&Mfacility.Inaccord‐ancewithlocalregulations,theinstallationofsuchasystemwouldbesubjecttoapprovalandpermittingbyAlamedaCountyDepartmentofEnvironmentalHealth.Ifpreconstructioninvestigationsindicatethatthesoilsonsitearenotsuitabletosupportsuchasystem,portabletoilets,suppliedandservicedbyacommercialvendor,wouldbeusedinstead.

1.3.5 Turbine Lighting

TheCountyhasnotedthatalthoughthePEIRstatedthatlightingforrepoweredturbineswouldbesimilartothelightingofpreviouslyexistingturbines,infactthenewturbineshaveFAA‐mandatedlightingthatdiffersobservablyfromthelightingusedonpreviouslyexistingturbines.TheFAA‐mandatedlightingismorenoticeabletothepublic.Theanalysisevaluatesandsupportsadetermination,however,thatthischangeisnotcauseforpreparationofaSupplementalEIRtoaddressthechange.Thischangeinobservableeffectsisnottheconsequenceofafeatureofthe

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ProjectthatisdifferentfromtheanticipatedfeaturesdescribedinthePEIR,orinitscircumstances;itisinsteadsolelyachangeininformation.Inthiscase,CEQAprohibitsasupplementalreviewoftheissuebecausethecorrectinformationabouttherelativelightingimpactsofnewversusoldturbineswasreadilyavailableduringpreparationofthePEIR.Forexample,theVascoWindsProject,whichhasnighttimelighting,couldhavebeenobservedatthetimethePEIRwasprepared.Thus,CEQAprohibitstheCountyfrompreparingasupplementalEIRunderPublicResourcesCodeSection21166(c)andCaliforniaCodeofRegulationsTitle14Section15162(a)(3)onthebasisofthelightingissuebecauseitconstitutesinformationthatcouldhavebeenknownwiththeexerciseofreasonablediligenceatthetimethepreviousEIRwascertifiedascomplete.

AsdiscussedinSection3.1.2,SandHillhasagreedtoworkwiththeCountytotheextentpossibletoimplementlightmanagementtechniquesaspartoftheProject.Consequently,consideringtheanalysisaboveandwithSandHill’scooperation,thisanalysisconfirmsthattheProjectwouldnotresultinanewsourceofsubstantiallightorglarebeyondthatdescribedinthePEIR.

1.4 Organization of this Document ThisanalysishasbeenstructuredtoparallelthePEIR;accordingly,allresourcetopicsareaddressed—eventhosethatclearlywouldfallwithintheanalysisandconclusionsinthePEIR.Followingthisintroductorychapter,theanalysiscomprisesthechaptersandappendiceslistedbelow.

Chapter2,ProjectDescription,describestheProjectfeatures,sequenceofconstruction,anddetailsofoperationsandmaintenance.

Chapter3,EnvironmentalAnalysis,providestheanalysisofeachresourcetopicconsideredinthePEIR,withaconclusionregardinganydivergencefromtheconclusionspresentedinthePEIR.

Chapter4,ListofPreparers,identifiesthepersonsinvolvedinthepreparationofthisdocument.

AppendixA,AirQualityTechnicalMemorandum,providestheassumptionsandmodelingresultsusedtosupporttheairqualityanalysisfortheproposedProject.

AppendixB,BiologicalResourcesEvaluationReport,istheProject‐specificreportdetailingbiologicalconditionsintheProjectarea.

AppendixC,CulturalResourcesSurveyReport,isthereportpreparedbyICFculturalresourcesstafffortheproposedProject.

AppendixD,SoundTechnicalReport,isthereportdetailingthenoiseanalysispreparedfortheproposedProject.

1.5 References Cited AlamedaCountyCommunityDevelopmentAgency.2014.AltamontPassWindResourceArea

RepoweringFinalProgramEnvironmentalImpactReport.StateClearinghouse#2010082063.October.(ICF00323.08.)Hayward,CA.WithtechnicalassistancefromICFInternational,Sacramento,CA.

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H.T.Harvey&Associates.2017.GoldenHillsWindEnergyCenterPostconstructionFatalityMonitoringReport:Year1.December15.PreparedforGoldenHillsWind,LLC,Livermore,CA.

Livermore

Patterson Pass Rd

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W Byron Rd

N Vasco Rd

W Bethany Rd

County Hwy J2

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Tesla Rd

W Grant Line Rd

Byron Hwy

Altamont Pass Rd

Vasco Rd

Figure 1-1 Project Location

Project Location

0 1 20.5Miles E

Imagery Source: ESRI/NAIP 2016

LegendProject Area

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Chapter 2 Project Description

2.1 Project Location and Land Ownership TheProjectareacomprises15parcels(Table2‐1andFigure2‐1),mostofwhichwerepreviouslyusedforwindproduction.LanduseintheProjectareaandthesurroundingAPWRAconsistslargelyofcattle‐grazedlandsupportingoperatingwindturbinesandancillaryfacilities.

Generallycharacterizedbyrollingfoothillsofannualgrassland,themostlytreelessregionissteeperonthewestandgraduallyflattertotheeastwhereitslopestowardtheflooroftheCentralValley.Elevationsinthearearangefromapproximately600to1,200feetabovesealevel.

SandHillhasleaseagreementswiththelandownerstoinstall,operate,andmaintaintherepoweredwindturbineswhilepermittingongoingagriculturalactivitiestocontinue.

Table 2‐1. Parcels and Proposed Usesa

Assessor’sParcelNumber Acreage ProposedUse

99B‐7750‐6 101 Windturbinesandassociatedfacilities

99B‐6325‐1‐4 69 Accessandsetback

99B‐6325‐1‐3 224 Windturbinesandassociatedfacilities

Total 2,595 aThegen‐tielinesandsubstationsarenotincludedinthislistbecausetheyareexistingfacilitiesthatwouldbeupgradedaspartoftheproposedProject.

Alameda County Community Development Agency Project Description

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2.2 Project Need, Goals, and Objectives TheProjectobjectiveistorepowertheexistingwindProjectonprivatelyownedlandtodevelopa144.5MWcommerciallyviablewindenergyfacilitythatwoulddeliverrenewableenergytotheelectricalgrid.

2.3 Existing Facilities

2.3.1 Wind Turbines and Foundations

TheproposedProjectmayincludetheremovalofoldturbinefoundationswheretheyconflictwiththelocationofrepoweredProjectcomponents(e.g.,roadwaysandgroundequipment).

2.3.2 Access Roads

PrimaryaccesstotheProjectareaisthroughlockedgatesoffAltamontPassRoadandMountainHouseRoad.Onsiteroadsaregraveledandvaryinwidthfrom12to20feet.

2.3.3 Meteorological Towers

Four50‐meter(164‐foot)meteorologicaltowersarepresentonsite.Thesetowersmonitorandrecordmeteorologicaldatasuchaswindspeed,winddirection,andatmosphericpressure.

2.3.4 Power Collection System

ElectricitygeneratedbyaportionofthepreviousprojectwascollectedfromeachwindturbineandtransmittedtotheAMLandDyerRoadsubstations,wherethevoltagewasincreasedforinterconnectionwiththePacificGasandElectricCompany’s(PG&E’s)transmissionlines.Thecollectionsystemcomprisespad‐mountedtransformers,undergroundcables,overheadcablesonwoodenpoles,assortedcircuitbreakersandswitches,electricalmetering/protectiondevices,andthesubstations.

2.3.4.1 Substations

ThepointofinterconnectionattheDyerRoadsubstationhasbeenrelocatedtotheSantaClarasubstation.TheexistingAMLsubstationencompasses0.6acrenorthofAltamontPassRoad;theexistingSantaClarasubstationencompasses0.2acresouthofAltamontPassRoad.

2.3.4.2 Transmission Lines

SeveralPG&EtransmissionlinesbisecttheProjectparcels.

2.3.5 Cattle Handling and Staging Areas

SeveralcattlehandlingandstagingareasarelocatedintheProjectarea.

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2.4 Proposed Project Features TheproposedProjectcharacteristicsarelistedbelow,illustratedinFigures2‐2athrough2‐2c,anddiscussedingreaterdetailinthefollowingsubsections.

Atotalnameplategenerationcapacityofupto144.5MW.

RemovalofoldwindturbinefoundationswheretheyconflictwithnewProjectcomponents.

Installationofupto40newwindturbinegenerators,towers,foundations,andpad‐mountedtransformers.

DevelopmentofProjectroadsandinstallationofapowercollectionsystem.

Useofexistingroadstotheextentpossible.

Useofexistingsubstations(withupgradestotheequipment).

Constructionofanoperationsandmaintenance(O&M)facility.

Installationofthreepermanentmeteorologicaltowers.

2.4.1 Wind Turbines

MostoftheturbinesbeingrepoweredintheAPWRAwereinstalledinthe1980sandrepresentfirst‐andsecond‐generationutility‐gradecommercialwindturbinetechnology,nowconsideredoldtechnology.Thetermsfirst‐generation,second‐generation,third‐generation,andfourth‐generationareusedtogroupwindturbinetypeswithsimilartechnologiescurrentlyinstalledortobeinstalledintheprogramarea.Inthiscontext,first‐generationwindturbinesarethosedesignedandinstalledduringthe1980s.Second‐generationturbinesarethosedesignedandinstalledinthe1990s.Third‐generationturbinesarethoseinstalledinpreviousrepoweringprojectsthatusesimilardesigntoturbinesproposedfortheProjectbutthatareofsmallersize(i.e.,upto1MW).Fourth‐generationturbines—suchasthoseproposedforinstallation,arelarge,1.6–4MWturbines.

TheproposedrepoweringProjectwouldentailinstallationofupto40fourth‐generationturbinesintheProjectarea.ArangeofturbinesisbeingconsideredfortheproposedProject.Turbinesbeingconsideredrangeinnameplatecapacityfrom2.3to4.0MW,arotordiameterof90–140meters(295–459feet),towerheightof80–110meters(262–361feet),andamaximumtotalturbineheightof152meters(499feet).ThecurrentProjectlayoutassumestheuseofturbineswiththespecificationspresentedinTable2‐2.

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Table 2‐2. Turbine Specificationsa

TurbineModel

TurbineCharacteristic GeneralElectric2.3‐116GeneralElectric3.6‐137

GeneralElectric3.8‐130

Rotortype 3‐blade/horizontalaxis 3‐blade/horizontalaxis

3‐blade/horizontalaxis

BladeLength 56.9m(187ft) 67.2m(220ft) 63.7m(209ft)

Rotordiameter 116m(381ft) 137m(449ft) 130m(427ft)

Rotor‐sweptarea 10,568m²(113,753ft2) 14,741m²(158,671ft2)

13,273m²(142,869ft2)

Rotationalspeed Variable:5.0–14.9rpm Variable:6.3–13.6rpm Variable:6.95–12.1rpm

Towertype Tubular Tubular Tubular

Tower(hub)height 80m(308ft) 83.6m(274ft) 85m(279ft)

Rotorheight(fromgroundtolowesttipofblade)

22m(72.2ft) 15.1m(49.5ft) 20m(65.6ft)

Totalheight(fromgroundtotopofblade)

138m(453ft) 152m(499ft) 150m(492ft)

aDependingonavailabilityatthetimeofconstruction,turbinesofupto4.0MWmaybeusedfortheproposedProject.TurbinedimensionswouldnotexceedthoseshowninthetableandtheProjectcapacitywouldnotexceed144.5MW.

2.4.1.1 Siting Requirements

SandHillwilladheretotherequirementsofAlamedaCountytomaintainconsistencywithregionalplanningthathasbeenconductedtodate.SetbackrequirementswereoriginallydevelopedforAlamedaCountywindfarmsinthe1980sand1990sinconsiderationofavarietyoffactors,suchasappropriatedistancebetweenupwindanddownwindturbinesforeffectivewindproduction,noiseeffectsonsensitivelanduses,visualimpactsresultingfromproximitytoresidencesandpossibleshadowflicker,concernswithtowercollapse,andbladethrowhazard(whereallorpartofarotorblademaybreakloosefromthenacelleandstrikeanoccupiedareaorinfrastructure).Setbackshavehistoricallybeendeterminedonaproject‐by‐projectbasisinaccordancewiththestandardconditionsofapprovalforaconditionalusepermit(CUP).However,whilethestandardconditionsappliedinthe1980sand1990swereappropriatefortheoldergenerationturbines,theymaynotsufficeforthefourth‐generationturbinesproposedforrepowering.Accordingly,theCountyhasdevelopedasetofupdatedstandardstobeusedforproposedrepoweringprojects.TheseareshowninTable2‐3.

Table 2‐3. Updated Alameda County Turbine Setback Requirements

AffectedLandUseorCorridor

GeneralSetback

SetbackAdjustmentforTurbineElevationAboveorBelowAffectedUsea AlternativeMinimumb

AdjacentparcelwithapprovedwindenergyCUPc

1.1timesrotorlength

1%TTHaddedorsubtractedper10ftofturbineelevation,respectively,aboveorbelowaffectedparcel

50%ofgeneralsetback

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AffectedLandUseorCorridor

GeneralSetback

SetbackAdjustmentforTurbineElevationAboveorBelowAffectedUsea AlternativeMinimumb

AdjacentparcelwithoutapprovedwindenergyCUP

1.25timesTTH

1%TTHper10ftaboveorbelowaffectedparcel

1.1timesrotorlength

Adjacentdwellingunit 3timesTTH

1%TTHper10ftaboveorbelowaffectedunit

50%ofgeneralorelevationdifferentialsetback

Publicroad(includingI‐580),trail,commercialorresidentialzoning

2.5timesTTH

1%TTHper10ftaboveorbelowaffectedright‐of‐way

50%ofgeneralsetbackwithreportbyqualifiedprofessional,approvedbyPlanningDirector

Recreationareaorproperty

1.25timesTTH

1%TTHper10ftaboveorbelowaffectedproperty

Transmissionlined 2timesTTH

1%TTHper10ftaboveorbelowpathofconductorlineatgroundlevel

50%ofgeneralsetbackwithreportbyqualifiedprofessional,approvedbyPlanningDirector

Note: TTH=totalturbineheight:theheighttothetopoftherotorat12:00position.Setbackdistancetobemeasuredhorizontallyfromcenteroftoweratgroundlevel.

a TheGeneralSetbackbasedonTTHwillbeincreasedorreduced,respectively,basedonwhole10‐ftincrementsinthegroundelevationoftheturbineaboveorbelowanaffectedparcel,dwellingunit,roadright‐of‐way,ortransmissioncorridorconductorline.Anyportionofa10‐ftincrementingroundelevationwillbedisregarded(orroundeddowntothenearest10‐ftinterval).

bAlternativeMinimumreferstoareducedsetbackstandard,includinganyadjustmentforelevation,allowedwithanotarizedagreementoraneasementontheaffectedproperty(ifapplicable),subjecttoapprovalofthePlanningDirector.

c CUP=conditionalusepermit.NosetbackfromparcellinesisrequiredwithinthesamewindenergyCUPboundary.KnowledgeofproposedwindenergyCUPsonadjacentparcelstobebasedonbestavailableinformationatthetimeofthesubjectapplication.

DMeasuredfromthecenteroftheconductorlinenearesttheturbine.

2.4.1.2 Wind Turbine Installation

Foundations

Thetypeofturbinefoundationuseddependsonterrain,windspeeds,andwindturbinetype.TwofoundationtypesmaybeusedinrepoweringAPWRAwindprojects:aninverted“T”slabfoundationoraconcretecylinderfoundation.AninvertedTslabfoundationisatypeofspreadfootingfoundation.Asingleconcretepadisplacedatgroundlevel,althoughpartofthepadmaybeplacedbelowgroundleveldependingontheslope.Atthecenterofthepadisacylindricalconcretepedestaltowhichthewindturbinetowerisbolted—hencethename,invertedT.

Aconcretecylinderfoundationisalargeconcretecylinderwithaconcretepedestalthatisslightlylargerthanthetowerbasediameter.Thesizeoftheconcretecylinderandpadisdeterminedbywindturbinesizeandsite‐specificconditions(e.g.,expectedmaximumwindspeeds,soilcharacteristics).Itsweightmustbesufficienttoholdthewindturbineinplace.

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Eithertypeoffoundationistypicallyformedbyplacingconcreteinanexcavatedfootingwithreinforcedsteel.Thefoundationwouldbeinstalledimmediatelywithintheturbineworkareaadjacenttothecranepad.Whilethefoundationtypeisdeterminedbyterrain,windspeeds,andturbinetype,ingeneral,thefoundationisformedbyplacingconcreteinanexcavatedfootingwithreinforcedsteel.Asmallgraveledareawouldencircleeachfoundationtofacilitatemaintenanceaccess.ThetotaldiameterofthefinalProjectfootprintforeachturbine,includingthegraveledarea,wouldbeapproximately60feet.

Construction

Repoweredturbineconstructionentailsplacementofafoundation,newtower,rotor,nacelle,andtransformer.ConstructionandinstallationofrepoweredturbinesisregulatedbyCountyconditionsofapproval,buildingpermitrequirements,andgradingpermitrequirements.

Ateachturbinesite,alevelturbineworkareawouldbegradedtosupporttheconstructionoftowerfoundationsandtosupporttheuseoflargecranestolifttheturbinecomponentsintoplace.Theextentandshapeofgradingateachturbinesitewoulddependonlocaltopography;however,eachsitewouldrequireapproximately2.9acresofgradedareatosupporttheconstructionoffoundationsandinstallationofturbines.Acranepadwouldbeleveledandgradedwithintheturbineworkareaateachturbinesite.Thecranepad—aflat,level,andcompactedarea—wouldprovidethebasefromwhichthecranewouldworktoplacetheturbine.Mostwindturbineconstructionactivitieswouldtakeplacewithintheturbineworkarea.Followingconstruction,theturbineworkareawouldbereclaimed.

ConstructionandinstallationofturbinesinthisareaisregulatedbytheCounty’sconditionsofapproval,buildingpermitrequirements,andgradingpermitrequirements.Theturbinetowers,nacelles,andbladesaredeliveredtoeachturbinelocationintheorderofassembly,oncetheconcreteofthefoundationhasbeenpouredandhascuredsufficiently.Largecranesarebroughttoeachsitetoliftandassembletheturbinecomponents.First,thebasesectionofthetowerissecuredtothefoundationusinglargebolts.Theremainingtowersectionsarethenliftedwiththecraneandconnectedtothebasesection.Afterthenacelleandrotoraredeliveredtotheturbinesite,theturbinebladesareboltedtotherotorhub,andthenacelleandrotorareliftedbyacraneandconnectedtothemainshaft.

Excessrockgeneratedbyfoundationconstructionwouldbespreadonexistingroadsandmaintenanceareassurroundingtheturbines.Oldfoundationsfromthepreviouswindprojectonsitemayberemovediftheyarewithinproposedconstructionareas,ifremovalisnecessaryfortheinstallationofnewturbines,ortocomplywithlandowneragreementsorCountyrequirements;suchremovalswouldinvolveworkersdemolishingthefoundationsusingjackhammersorsimilartools.ThematerialfromoldturbinefoundationsmaybereusedforroadbaseorhauledoffsitetotheAltamontLandfill.

2.4.2 Site Preparation and Access Roads

Fourth‐generationturbinetowersandbladesaresignificantlylongerthanolderturbinecomponentsandrequirelargerandlongertrucksandcranesfortransportandinstallation.ThesevehiclesrequirewiderroadswithshallowerturnsandgradientsthanarecurrentlypresentintheProjectarea.Consequently,theexistingroadinfrastructuremustbeupgradedtoaccommodateconstructionoftheturbines.Roadinfrastructureupgradeswouldincludegrading,widening,andre‐gravelingof

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theexistingroads.Existingroadwidthsvaryfrom12to20feet;futureroadsareexpectedtobeapproximately20feetwide.Newroadsmaybeneededinareaswhereexistingroadsdonotprovideaccesstoproposedturbinelocations.

MostroadsintheportionoftheProjectareawherenewturbineswouldbeinstalledwouldbetemporarilywidenedtoapproximately40feettoaccommodatelargertowersaswellasthelargerequipmentnecessarytoinstallthem.Itislikelythatthelocationswhereroadscurveastheyclimbhillstotheridgetopswouldrequiremoreroadworkandwouldbewidenedtomorethan40feetinsomespotstosafelyaccommodatethelargerequipment.Inaddition,accessroadentrancesfrommainroadsontotheProjectsitewouldneedtobewidenedtoprovidesufficientspacefortheminimumturningradiusofconstructioncranesandotherflatbeddeliverytrucks.Landssubjecttotemporaryroadwideningbeyonda20‐footpermanentwidthwouldbereclaimedafterconstruction.

Culverts aregenerally installedaspartof the roaddrainage systemon slopes, although someareinstalledatsmallstreamcrossings.Existingculvertsmayneedtobereplacedwithlargerculvertsorreinforcedtoprovideadequatesizeandstrengthforconstructionvehicles.

2.4.3 Staging Areas

Sevenstagingareasofvarioussizes,totalingupto34acres,wouldbeestablishedintheProjectarea.Theseareaswouldbeusedforthestorageofturbinecomponents,constructionequipment,watertanks,officetrailers,andothersuppliesneededforProjectconstruction.Thetrailerswouldbeusedtosupportworkforceneedsandsitesecurity,andwouldalsohouseafirstaidstation,emergencyshelter,andhandtoolstorageareafortheconstructionworkforce.Parkingareaswouldbelocatednearthetrailers.Vegetationwouldbeclearedandthestagingareaswouldbegradedlevel.Theseareaswouldusenativematerial,supplementedwithgravelorsoilstabilizer,ifneeded,andappropriateerosioncontroldevices(e.g.,earthberm,siltfences,strawbales)wouldbeinstalledtomanagewaterrunoff.Diversionditcheswouldbeinstalled,asnecessary,topreventstormwaterfromrunningontothesitefromsurroundingareas.Followingcompletionofconstructionactivities,thecontractorwouldrestorethetemporarystagingareas.Thegravelsurfacewouldberemoved,andtheareaswouldbecontourgraded(ifnecessaryandifenvironmentallybeneficial)toconformwiththenaturaltopography.Stockpiledtopsoilwouldbereplaced,andtheareawouldbestabilizedandreseededwithanappropriateseedmixture.

2.4.4 Meteorological Towers

Threepermanentmeteorologicaltowerswouldbeinstalledinstrategiclocationsonsitetomonitorwindspeedsandtocalibrateturbines.Thepermanentmeteorologicaltowerswouldbeafreestandingtowerdesignwithoutguywires,approximately80meterstall.Thepermanentmeteorologicaltowerswouldeachrequireasmallconcretefoundationandgraveledareaaroundthetower,aswellasanaccessroadtofacilitatemaintenanceactivities.Thesmallfoundationandgraveledareawouldbeapproximately30feetindiameter.

2.4.5 Power Collection System

Eachnewwindturbinemustbeconnectedtothemedium‐voltageelectricalcollectionsystemviaapad‐mountedtransformer.Thecollectionsystemcarrieselectricitygeneratedbytheturbinestoasubstation,wherethevoltagelevelofthecollectionsystemissteppeduptothatofthepowergrid.Fromthesubstation,electricityiscarriedthroughaninterconnectionpointtothetransmissionlines

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thatdistributeelectricitytothepowergrid.TransmissionlinesintheProjectvicinityaremaintainedbyPG&E.Eachofthecollectionsystemcomponentsisdiscussedbelow.

2.4.5.1 Collection Lines

Medium‐voltagecollectionlineswouldcollectpowerfromeachturbineforconveyancetothesubstation.Medium‐voltagelinesarenormallyupto35kilovolts(kV).Thenewmedium‐voltagecollectionlineswouldbeinstalledundergroundasclosetoProjectroadsaspossibletominimizegrounddisturbanceaswellastofacilitateaccessforanynecessaryO&Mactivitiesonthelines.

Installationofundergroundmedium‐voltagelinesisaccomplishedinmostcasesusingacut‐and‐coverconstructionmethod.Adisturbancewidthof20feetisgenerallystandardtoallowforthetrenchexcavationandequipment,butthiswidthmayvarydependingonthetopographyandsoiltype.Typically,thetopsoilisseparatedfromthesubsurfacesoilforlaterreplacement.A3‐foot‐widetrenchisthenplowedusingaspecialbulldozerattachmentthatburiesthelineinthesamepassinwhichitdigsthetrench.Oncethecollectionlinesareinplace,thetrenchispartiallybackfilledwithsubsurfacesoil.Typically,communicationlinesarethenplacedinthetrench.Thetrenchisthenbackfilledwiththeremainingsubsurfacesoil,compacted,andcoveredwiththereservedtopsoil.

Tominimizesurfacedisturbancewithinwetlandsandstreams,collectionlinesmaybeinstalledunderwetlandsandotherwatersusinghorizontaldirectionaldrilling(HDD)techniques,wherefeasible.HDDinvolvestheuseofasteereddrillinghead,whichallowstheboremachinetositatgroundlevel,boredownalongonthecollectionlineroute,andtodirecttheborebackuptothesurfaceatadistantpoint.Theboremachineusesadrillingfluidintheprocess,typicallyamixtureoffineclay(suchasbentonite)andfreshwater.Theclayandwatermixturecoatsthewalloftheboreholetohelpholditopenandtoprovidelubricationforthedrillstemandconduitbeinginstalled.Excessdrillingfluidistypicallycapturedusingavacuumtruck.

Collectionlineswouldterminateneartheedgeofthepropertywherepowerwouldbeconveyedoffsitetothesubstationsthroughgen‐tielines.Thegen‐tielineswouldbeinstalledundergroundoroverhead,makinguseofexistingoverheadpowerpoleswherepossible.Ifgen‐tielinesarecarriedonexistingpoles,theselineswouldneedtobestrungwithnewconductingwire(i.e.,reconductored),requiringworkareas(i.e.,pullsites)tostringtheupgradedpowerline.Additionally,somepowerpolesmayneedtobereplaced.Ifnewoverheadcollectionorgen‐tielinefacilitiesarerequired,theywouldbecompletedincompliancewiththelatestrecommendationsoftheAvianPowerLineInteractionCommittee(APLIC).

Threeoffsitegen‐tiecorridorswouldbeusedfortheProjectaslistedbelowandshowninFiguresFigure2‐2athrough2‐2c.

Gen‐tie1—HeadingwestfromtheProjectareaapproximately3.4milesadjacenttoAltamontPassRoad,0.14milesouthalongaprivateroad,intotheSantaClarasubstation.

Gen‐tie2—HeadingeastfromtheProjectareaapproximately1mileadjacenttoAltamontPassRoad,0.5milenorthandwestonprivateland,intotheAMLsubstation.

Gen‐tie3—HeadingsouthfromtheProjectareaapproximately0.4mileadjacenttoMountainHouseRoad,0.8milesouthwestadjacenttoGrantLineRoad,0.6milewestadjacenttoAltamontPassRoad,0.5milenorthandwestonprivateland,intotheAMLsubstation.

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Gen‐tie3maynotbeneededifcollectionlinesfromthenorthernandeasternparcelsarerouteddirectlyacrosstheCaliforniaAqueductwhereitbisectstheplanareaasopposedtothealignmentsdescribedabove.

2.4.5.2 Transformers and Power Poles

Transformersboostthevoltageoftheelectricityproducedbytheturbinestothevoltageofthecollectionsystem.Eachturbinewouldhaveitsowntransformeradjacenttoorwithintheturbine,eithermountedonasmallpadadjacenttotheturbineorwithinthetower.

Theinstallationofoverheadpowerlinesandpolesonsitewouldbelimitedtolocationswhereundergroundlinesareinfeasibleandlocationsimmediatelyoutsidethesubstationswhereundergroundmedium‐voltagelinescomeabovegroundtoconnecttothesubstations.

Toinstallpowerpoles,alaydownareaisrequired.Tomountthemedium‐voltagelinesonapowerpole,apullsiteandatensionsitearerequired.Polesites,pullsites,tensionsites,accessroads,andlaydownareasarecleared(i.e.,mowed)ifnecessary.Poleholesandanynecessaryanchorholesareexcavated.Wherepossible,amachineaugerisusedtoinstallpoles.Thewidthanddepthofthesettingholedependsonthesizeofthepole,soiltype,span,andwindloading.

Powerpolesareframed,devicesinstalled,andanyanchorsandguywiresareinstalledbeforethepoleisset.Anchorsandguywiresinstalledduringconstructionareleftinplace.Aftersettingthepole,conductorsarestrung.

2.4.5.3 Substations

Themainfunctionsofacollectorsubstationaretostepupthevoltagefromtheturbinecollectionlinestothetransmissionlevelandtoprovidefaultprotection.Thebasicelementsofthesubstationfacilitiesareacontrolhouse,abankofoneortwomaintransformers,outdoorbreakers,capacitorbanks,relayingequipment,high‐voltagebuswork,steelsupportstructures,anundergroundgroundinggrid,andoverheadlightning‐suppressionconductors.Themainoutdoorelectricalequipmentandcontrolhouseareinstalledonaconcretefoundation.TheProjectwouldconnecttotwoexistingsubstationsasdescribedbelow.

TheAMLsubstationservedasthecollectorsubstationforaportionofthepreviouswindproject.TheAMLsubstationconsistsofagraveledfootprintareaofapproximately0.6acre,a12‐footchain‐linkperimeterfence,andanoutdoorlightingsystem.TheAMLsubstationwouldnotbeexpanded;however,equipmentwithintheexistingfencemaybeupgradedfortherepoweringProject.Anynewlightswouldbeshieldedordirecteddownwardtoreduceglare.Theupgradedsubstationwouldremainfencedinkeepingwiththefencingaroundtheexistingsubstation(i.e.,12‐footchainlinkperimeterfencing).

TheSantaClarasubstationconsistsofagraveledfootprintareaofapproximately0.2acre,a12‐footchain‐linkperimeterfence,andanoutdoorlightingsystem.TheSantaClarasubstationwouldnotbeexpanded;however,equipmentwithintheexistingfencemaybeupgradedfortherepoweringProject.1Anynewlightswouldbeshieldedordirecteddownwardtoreduceglare.Theupgraded

1TheSantaClarasubstationistheconnectionpointfortheRooneyRanchWindRepoweringProject,proposedbythesamedeveloper.IftheRooneyRanchWindRepoweringProjectisconstructed,itwouldincludeanexpansionofthesubstationtoa0.3‐acrefootprint.

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substationwouldbefencedinkeepingwiththefencingaroundtheexistingsubstation(i.e.,12‐footchainlinkperimeterfencing).

2.4.6 Operations and Maintenance Facility

AnO&Mbuildingwouldbeconstructedonsite.Operations,storage,andrepairswouldtakeplaceatthefacility.Uponcompletionofconstruction,theO&MfacilitywouldreceivepowerfromtappingintotheexistingPG&Epowerlines.Thelinetapwouldbeundergroundedalongproposedaccessroads.Portablerestroomswouldbeusedduringtheconstructionphase,andtheO&Mbuildingrestroomfacilitieswouldbeusedduringoperation.AnonsitewastewatertreatmentsystemwouldberequiredforthepermanentrestroomfacilitiesandwouldbesubjecttopermittingbytheAlamedaCountyDepartmentofEnvironmentalHealth.Ifanonsitewastewatertreatmentsystemisdeterminedtobeinfeasible,portabletoilets,servicedbyacontractor,wouldbeusedinstead.TheO&Mbuilding,parking,andequipmentstoragecouldoccupyapproximately2acres;thebuildingorbuildingswouldhavefloorspacenogreaterthan10,000squarefeet.TwolocationsarebeingconsideredfortheO&Mbuilding(Figures2‐2athrough2‐2c),referredtoasO&MOptionAandO&MOptionB.ThefinallocationwouldbeselectedbySandHillbasedonsiteconditionsandfinalleaseagreements.

2.5 Project Construction TurbineswouldbedeliveredtothesitefromthePortofStocktonorothernearbyportorrailtransferlocations.Towerassemblyrequirestheuseofonelargetrack‐mountedcraneandtwosmallcranes.Theturbinetowers,nacelles,androtorbladeswouldbedeliveredtoeachfoundationsiteandunloadedbycrane.Alargetrack‐mountedcranewouldbeusedtohoistthebasetowersectionverticallythenloweritoverthethreadedfoundationbolts.Thelargecranewouldthenraiseeachadditionaltowersectiontobeboltedthroughtheattachedflangestothetowersectionbelow.Thecranethenwouldraisethenacelle,rotorhub,andbladestobeinstalledatopthetower.Twosmallerwheeledcraneswouldbeusedtooffloadturbinecomponentsfromtrucksandtoassistintheprecisealignmentofthetowersections.EstimateddisturbanceareasassociatedwithProjectconstructionandwerecalculatedbyestimatingdisturbanceassociatedwitheachalternativelayout,andusingthescenariothatwouldresultinthemostextensiveimpacts(Table2‐4).

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Table 2‐4. Estimated Disturbance Associated with Project Construction (acres)a

ProjectComponent/Activity PermanentImpacts TemporaryImpacts

Powercollectionsysteminstallation 0.0 31.5

Gen‐tieinstallation 0.0 15.0

Stagingareasinstallation 0.0 34.5

O&Mfacilityinstallation 2.0 3.0

Newaccessroads 10.6 7.6

Accessroadexpansionb 7.9 24.3

Turbinefoundationinstallation 2.6 107.0

Meteorologicaltowerinstallation 0.2 0.6

Total 23.3 223.5a Threealternativelayoutsareproposed;theestimateddisturbancereflectsthelayoutwiththemostextensiveimpacts.

b Existingaccessroadswouldbereusedtotheextentpossible;however,somesectionsofnewaccessroadwouldberequired.

2.5.1 Schedule

Projectconstructionwouldproceedafterallconstruction‐relatedpermitsareissued.Theseactivitiesareanticipatedtoproceedaccordingtothesequencedescribedbelow.Construction‐relatedbestmanagementpractices(BMPs)wouldbeimplementedduringtheNovember–Aprilwetseason.ThefinalapprovedworkhourswouldbespecifiedintheproposedProject’sCUP.Ifextendedhoursarenecessaryordesired,theappropriateapprovalswouldbesought.

2.5.2 Construction Sequence

Typicalconstructionstepsarelistedbelow.

Demarcationofconstructionareasandanysensitivebiological,cultural,orotherresourcesneedingprotection.

Constructionoftemporarystagingareas.

Roadinfrastructureupgrades.

Erosionandsedimentcontrol.

Windturbineconstruction.

Finalsitepreparation.

Cranepadconstruction.

Foundationexcavationandconstruction.

Towerassembly.

Installationofnacelleandrotor.

Powercollectionsystemandcommunicationlineinstallation.

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Gen‐tieinstallation

Upgradestothesubstation.

Permanentmeteorologicaltowerinstallation.

Finalcleanupandrestoration.

ConstructionoftheO&MbuildingwouldnotdependonthesequenceofconstructionfortherestoftheProject.

TheconstructioncontractorswouldpreparetheProjectarea,deliverandinstalltheProjectfacilities,overseeconstruction,andcompletefinalcleanupandrestorationoftheconstructionsites.SandHillwouldimplementBMPsconsistentwithstandardpracticeandwiththerequirementsofthePEIRaswellasanystateorfederalpermitstominimizesoilerosion,sedimentationofdrainagesdownslopeoftheProjectarea,andanyotherenvironmentalimpacts.Examplesoflikelyerosioncontrolmeasuresarelistedbelow.

Useofstrawwattles,siltfences/strawbaledikes,andstrawbalestominimizeerosionandcollectsediment(toprotectwildlife,nomonofilament‐coveredsedimentcontrolmeasureswouldbeused).

Reseedingandrestorationofthesite.

Maintenanceoferosioncontrolmeasures.

Regularinspectionandmaintenanceoferosioncontrolmeasures.

Theconstructionactivitiesandtheapproximatedurationofeacharelistedbelow.

Stagingareas:2weeks.

Roadconstruction:8weeks.

Foundations/electrical:8weeks.

Turbinedeliveryandinstallation:12weeks.

Electricaltrenchingandsubstationupgrades:12weeks.

Cleanup:12weeks.

2.5.3 Demarcation of Sensitive Resources

Sensitiveresourcesinandadjacenttoconstructionareaswouldbemarkedtoensureadequateavoidance.Sensitiveareasidentifiedthroughtheenvironmentalapprovalandpermittingprocesseswouldbestakedandflagged.Priortoconstruction,theconstructioncontractorandanysubcontractorswouldconductawalk‐throughofareastobeaffected,orpotentiallyaffected,byconstructionactivities.Thepreconstructionwalk‐throughswouldbeconductedregularlytoidentifysensitiveresourcestobeavoided,limitsofclearing,locationofdrainagefeatures,andthelayoutforsedimentationanderosioncontrolmeasures.Followingidentificationofthesefeatures,specificconstructionmeasureswouldbereviewed,andanymodificationstoconstructionmethodsorlocationswouldbeagreeduponbeforeconstructioncouldbegin.

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2.5.4 Workforce

Basedondataprovided for typicalwindenergyprojectsof similarsize,anaverageof75workerswouldbeemployedduringconstruction,withapeakworkforceof150workers.Craftworkerswouldincludemillwrights,ironworkers,electricians,equipmentoperators,carpenters,laborers,andtruckdrivers.Localconstructioncontractorsandsupplierswouldbeusedtotheextentpossible.

2.5.5 Construction Equipment

Equipmentusedforconstructionofrepoweringactivitiesoftenincludesthetypeslistedbelow.

Cranes

Lowboys/trucks/trailers

Flatbedtrucks

Servicetrucks(e.g.,pickuptrucks)

Backhoes

Bulldozers

Excavators

Graders

Dumptrucks

Track‐typedozers

Rockcrushers

Watertrucks

Compactors

Loaders

Rollers

Drillrigs

Trenchingcable‐layingvehicles

Cementtrucks

Concretetrucksandpumps

Smallhydrauliccranes

Heavyandintermediatecranes

Forklifts

Generators

2.5.6 Hazardous Materials Storage

Hazardousmaterials(e.g,fuel,lubricants,otheroils)wouldbestoredatthestagingarea(useofextremelyhazardousmaterialsisnotanticipated).Tominimizethepotentialforharmfulreleasesof

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hazardousmaterialsthroughspillsorcontaminatedrunoff,thesesubstanceswouldbestoredwithinsecondarycontainmentareasinaccordancewithfederal,state,andlocalrequirementsandpermitconditions.Storagefacilitiesforpetroleumproductswouldbeconstructed,operated,andmaintainedinaccordancewiththeSpillPreventionControlandCountermeasures(SPCC)PlanthatwouldbepreparedandimplementedfortheproposedProject(Title40CodeofFederalRegulationsPart112).TheSPCCPlanwouldspecifyengineeringstandards(forexample,secondarycontainment);administrativestandards(forexample,trainingwithspecialemphasisonspillprevention,standardoperatingprocedures,inspections);andBMPs.

AHazardousMaterialsBusinessPlan(HMBP)wouldbedevelopedfortheproposedProject.TheHMBPwouldcontainspecificinformationregardingthetypesandquantitiesofhazardousmaterials,aswellastheirproduction,use,storage,spillresponse,transport,anddisposal.

2.5.7 Traffic and Parking

ConstructiontrafficroutingwouldbeestablishedinaConstructionTrafficPlan,whichwouldincludeatrafficsafetyandsigningplanpreparedbySandHillincoordinationwiththeCountyandotherrelevantagencies.Theplanwoulddefinehours,routes,andsafetyandmanagementrequirements.

Thisplanwouldincorporatemeasuressuchasinformationalsigns,trafficcones,andflashinglightstoidentifyanynecessarychangesintemporaryroadwayconfiguration.Flaggerswithtwo‐wayradioswouldbeusedtocontrolconstructiontrafficandreducethepotentialforaccidentsalongroads.Speedlimitswouldbesetcommensuratewithroadtype,trafficvolume,vehicletype,andsite‐specificconditionsasnecessarytoensuresafeandefficienttrafficflow.OnsiteconstructiontrafficwouldberestrictedtotheroadsdevelopedfortheproposedProject.Useofexistingunimprovedroadswouldberestrictedtoemergencysituations.

Vehicletripstothesiteduringconstructionwouldincludeoversizedvehiclesdeliveringwindturbinegeneratorandsubstationmaterials,heavyequipment,andotherconstruction‐relatedmaterials.ConstructionoftheproposedProjectcomponents(roads,turbines,substation,andelectrical/communicationlines)wouldtakeplaceconcurrently,usingindividualvehiclesformultipletasks.Therewouldalsobedailyroundtripsofvehiclestransportingconstructionpersonneltothesite.ThetotalnumberoftripswouldbeestimatedtosupportsubsequentanalysisbytheCounty.

Construction‐relatedparkingwouldbedirectedtotheconstructionstagingareas.Carpoolingwouldbeusedwheneverpossible.

Afterconstruction,O&MoftheproposedProjectwouldrequirefewertrips,consistingmostlyofpickupsorotherlight‐dutytrucks.

2.5.8 Water and Wastewater Needs

Waterforconstructionactivitieswouldbeprovidedthroughanagreementwithmunicipalorprivatesuppliers.Temporaryonsitewatertanksandwatertruckswouldbemadeavailableforfirewatersupport,dustsuppression,andconstructionneeds.Dailywaterusewouldvary,dependingontheweatherconditionsandtimeofyear,bothofwhichaffecttheneedfordustcontrol.Hot,dry,windyconditionswouldnecessitategreateramountsofwater.Tankertruckswouldapplywatertoconstructionareaswhereneededtoaidinroadcompactionandreduceconstruction‐generated

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dust.Aminimalamountofwaterwouldberequiredforconstructionworkerneeds(drinkingwater,sanitationfacilities).Thiswaterwouldbetruckedinordeliveredasbottleddrinkingwater.Alocalsanitationcompanywouldprovideandmaintainappropriateconstructionsanitationfacilities.Portabletoiletswouldbeplacedateachofthestagingareas.Whennecessary,additionalfacilitieswouldbeplacedatspecificconstructionlocations.AppropriateBMPtrainingwouldbeprovidedtotruckoperatorstopreventrunofffromdustsuppressionandcontrolactivities.Waterusedforcementmixingandtruckwashingwouldbemanagedinaccordancewithapplicablepermitconditions(andBMPs).

WhiletheproposedProjectwouldrequireonlyaminimalamountofwateronatemporarybasisduringconstruction,andanevensmalleramountofwaterduringoperationsfortheO&Mbuilding,SandHillhasvoluntarilypreparedawatersupplyassessment(WSA)forthepurposeofensuringthatsufficientwatersupplyisavailablefortheproposedProject.Waterforconstruction(primarilyfordustcontrol)wouldbeobtainedfromZone7WaterAgency,Byron‐BethanyIrrigationDistrict,theCityofLivermore,orotherapprovedwaterdistrictoragencyifavailable.Waterforoperationswouldbeobtainedfromagroundwatersourcebyinstallinganonsitewell.TheWSAconcludesthatthereisanadequatewatersupplyavailabletomeettheneedsoftheproposedProjectforbothconstructionactivitiesandoperations.

2.5.9 Inspection and Startup Testing

Priortooperation,eachcompletedturbinewouldbeinspectedandcheckedformechanical,electrical,andcontrolfunctionsinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’sspecificationsbeforebeingreleasedforstartuptesting.Aseriesofstartupprocedureswouldthenbeperformedbythemanufacturer’stechnicians.Electricaltestsonthetransformers,undergroundpowerlines,andcollectorsubstationswouldbeperformedbyqualifiedengineers,electricians,andtestpersonneltoensurethatelectricalequipmentisoperatingwithintolerancesandthattheequipmenthasbeeninstalledinaccordancewithdesignspecifications.TheabovegroundpowerlinesinterconnectingtothePG&Esystemwouldbetestedandinspectedasrequired.

2.5.10 Restoration

Clearinganddisposingoftrash,debris,andscrubonthoseportionsofthesitewhereconstructionwouldoccurwouldbeperformedattheendofeachworkdaythroughallstagesofconstruction.Existingvegetationwouldbeclearedonlywherenecessary.Allexcavationswouldbebackfilledwithcompactedearthandaggregateassoonascableinfrastructureistested.Disposalofcuttingsanddebriswouldbeinanapprovedfacilitydesignedtohandlethewaste.

Beforeconstructioniscomplete,allremainingtrashanddebriswouldberemovedfromthesite.AnydebriswouldbeproperlydisposedofoffsiteconsistentwithrestorationrequirementsfornearbyprojectsanddescribedinaReclamationPlan,whichwouldbedevelopedpriortoconstructionaspartoftheconstructionplanningandpermittingprocess.Anymaterialplacedintheareasofthefoundationsorroadswouldbecompactedasrequiredforsoilstability.

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2.5.11 Safety and Environmental Compliance Programs

2.5.11.1 Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Aqualityassurance/qualitycontrol(QA/QC)programwouldbeimplementedtoensurethatconstructionandstartupofthefacilityarecompletedasspecified.SandHillwouldberesponsibleforensuringimplementationoftheQA/QCprogrampriortoconstruction.TheprogramwouldspecifyimplementingandmaintainingQA/QCprocedures,environmentalcomplianceprogramsandprocedures,andhealthandsafetycomplianceprogramsandprocedures,andwouldintegrateSandHill’sactivitieswiththecontractorsduringProjectconstruction.Theengineeringprocurementandconstructioncontractorandturbinesupplierwouldberesponsibleforenforcingcompliancewiththeconstructionproceduresprogramforalloftheirsubcontractors.

2.5.11.2 Environmental Compliance

OrientationofconstructionstaffwouldincludeeducationonthepotentialenvironmentalimpactsofProjectconstruction.Theconstructionmanagerwouldestablishproceduresforstafftoformallyreportanyissuesassociatedwiththeenvironmentalimpacts,tokeepmanagementinformed,andtofacilitaterapidresponse.

2.5.11.3 Stormwater Control

BecausetheProjectwoulddisturbmorethan1acre,itwouldrequirecoverageunderthestate’sGeneralPermitforStormWaterDischargesAssociatedwithConstructionandLandDisturbanceActivities(Order2010‐0014‐DWQ)(ConstructionGeneralPermit).Permitcoveragewouldbeobtainedbysubmittingpermitregistrationdocuments(PRDs)totheStateWaterResourcesControlBoardthroughitsStormwaterMultipleApplicationandReportTrackingSystem(SMARTS)website.ThePRDsincludeanoticeofintent,sitemaps,astormwaterpollutionpreventionplan(SWPPP),arisklevelassessment,andothermaterials.TheSWPPPwouldincludetheelementsdescribedinSectionAoftheConstructionGeneralPermitandmapsthatshowthelocationandtypeoferosioncontrol,sedimentcontrol,andnon‐stormwaterBMPs,allofwhichareintendedtopreventsignificantwaterqualityimpactsonreceivingwaters.TheSWPPPwouldalsodescribesiteinspection,monitoring,andBMPmaintenanceproceduresandschedules.

2.5.11.4 Safety Compliance

SandHillanditsconstructioncontractorsandsubcontractorswouldberesponsibleforconstructionhealthandsafetyissues.Thecontractorwouldprovideahealthandsafety(H&S)coordinator,whowouldensurethatapplicablelaws,regulations,ordinances,andstandardsconcerninghealthandsafetyarefollowedandthatanyidentifieddeficienciesarecorrectedasquicklyaspossible.TheH&Scoordinatorwouldconductonsiteorientationandsafetytrainingforcontractandsubcontractemployeesandwouldreportbacktotheonsiteconstructionmanager.Uponidentificationofahealthandsafetyissue,theH&Scoordinatorwouldworkwiththeconstructionmanagerandresponsiblesubcontractorordirecthireworkerstocorrecttheviolation.

2.5.11.5 Emergency Situations

Ifseverestormsresultinadownedpowerline,standardO&Mprocedureswouldbeapplied.Theturbineswouldbeequippedwithinternalprotectivecontrolmechanismstosafelyshutthemdown

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intheeventofahigh‐voltagegridoutageoraturbinefailurerelatedtofireormechanicalproblems.Aseparatelow‐voltagedistributionservicefeedmightbeconnectedtothelow‐voltagesideofthecollectorsubstationsasabackupsystemtoprovideauxiliarypowertoProjectfacilitiesincaseofoutages.Forsafety,thecollectorsubstationswouldbefenced,locked,andproperlysignedtopreventaccesstohigh‐voltageequipment.Safetysignagewouldbepostedaroundturbines,transformers,andotherhigh‐voltagefacilitiesandalongroads,asrequired.

2.5.11.6 Public Access and Security

TheProjectwouldbelocatedentirelyonpropertieswithrestrictedpublicaccess.OnlyauthorizedaccesstotheProjectsitewouldbeallowed.Thesiteisfencedandthecollectorsubstationswouldbefencedwithanadditional12‐foot‐highchain‐linkfencetopreventpublicandwildlifeaccesstohigh‐voltageequipment.Safetysignswouldbepostedinconformancewithapplicablestateandfederalregulationsaroundallturbines,transformers,andotherhigh‐voltagefacilitiesandalongaccessroads.VegetationclearancewouldbemaintainedadjacenttoProjectingressandegresspointsandaroundthecollectorsubstations,transformers,andinterconnectionriserpoles.

2.5.11.7 Hazardous Materials Storage and Handling

TheCounty’sHazardousMaterialsProgramDivisionistheCertifiedUnifiedProgramAgency(CUPA)forallareasofAlamedaCounty.ManagementofhazardousmaterialswouldbeconductedinaccordancewithaCounty‐approvedHMBPdevelopedfortheproposedProjectpursuanttotherequirementsoftheCUPA.HazardousmaterialsusedduringO&MactivitieswouldbestoredwithintheproposedO&MbuildinginabovegroundcontainerswithappropriatespillcontainmentfeaturesasprescribedbythelocalfirecodeortheSPCCPlanfortheO&Mbuildingasstipulatedbytheappropriateregulatoryauthority.SuchmaterialswouldbesimilarintypeandamounttothosecurrentlystoredandusedforO&Mfortheexistingfacility.

Lubricantsusedintheturbinegearboxarepotentiallyhazardous.Thegearboxwouldbesealedtopreventlubricantleakage.Thegearboxlubricantwouldbesampledperiodicallyandtestedtoconfirmthatitretainsadequatelubricatingproperties.Whenthelubricantshavedegradedtothepointwheretheyarenolongeradequate,thegearboxwouldbedrained,newlubricantadded,andtheusedlubricantsdisposedofatanappropriatefacilityinaccordancewithallapplicablelawsandregulations.

Transformerscontainoilforheatdissipation.Thetransformersaresealedandcontainnopolychlorinatedbiphenylsormovingparts.Thetransformeroilwouldnotbesubjecttoperiodicinspectionanddoesnotneedreplacement.

O&Mvehicleswouldbeproperlymaintainedtominimizeleaksofmotoroil,hydraulicfluid,andfuel.Duringoperation,O&MvehicleswouldbeservicedandfueledattheproposedO&Mbuilding(usingmobilefueltanks)oratanoffsitelocation.Nostoragetanksarelocatedattheexistingproject,andnoneareproposed.

2.6 Operation and Maintenance Activities Maintenanceofturbinesandassociatedinfrastructureincludesawidevarietyofactivities.Routinemaintenanceinvolvesactivitiessuchascheckingtorqueontowerboltsandanchors;checkingfor

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cracksandothersignsofstressontheturbinemainframeandotherturbinecomponents;inspectingforleakageoflubricants,hydraulicfluids,andotherhazardousmaterialsandreplacingthemasnecessary;inspectingthegroundingcables,wireropesandclips,andsurgearrestors;cleaning;andrepainting.Mostroutinemaintenanceactivitiesoccurinandaroundthetowerandthenacelle.CleanupfromroutinemaintenanceactivitieswouldbeconductedatthetimemaintenanceisperformedbytheO&Mpersonnel.Whileperformingmostroutinemaintenanceactivities,O&Mstaffwouldtravelbypickuporotherlight‐dutytrucks.Inaddition,nonroutinemaintenancesuchasrepairorreplacementofrotorsorothermajorcomponentscouldbenecessary.Suchmaintenancewouldinvolveuseofoneormorecranesandequipmenttransportvehicles.

MonitoringofProjectoperationswouldbecomputer‐based;computersinthebaseofeachturbinetowerwouldbeconnectedtotheO&Mfacilitythroughfiber‐opticorwirelesstelecommunicationlinks.

TheO&Mworkforcewouldconsistofturbinetechnicians,operationspersonnel,administrativepersonnel,andmanagementstaff.O&Mstaffwouldmonitorturbineandsystemoperation,performroutinemaintenance,shutdownandrestartturbineswhennecessary,andprovidesecurity.AllO&MstaffwouldbetrainedregularlytoobserveBMPs.Approximatelyfourtosixfull‐timestaffwouldberequiredtoconductO&Mactivities.

2.7 Post‐Project Decommissioning Theanticipatedlifeofthewindfarmismorethan30years,asupgradingandreplacingequipmentcouldextendtheoperatinglifeindefinitelywithappropriatepermitapprovals.However,thelifeoftheProjectforCEQApurposeswouldbe35years.

Decommissioningwouldinvolveremovingtheturbines,transformers,andrelatedinfrastructureinaccordancewithlandowneragreements.Substationsandmettowersmayberemovedandthesitesreclaimed;alternatively,thesitescouldberetainedforcontinueduse.Asinglelargecranewouldbeusedtodisassembletheturbines,andsmallercraneswouldliftthepartsontotruckstobehauledaway.Generally,turbines,electricalcomponents,andtowerswouldeitherberefurbishedandresoldorrecycledforscrap.Allunsalvageablematerialswouldbedisposedofatauthorizedsitesinaccordancewithfederal,state,andlocallaws,regulations,ordinances,andadoptedpoliciesineffectatthetimeoffinaldecommissioning.Existingserviceroadswouldbeused.Roadreclamationwouldbeaccomplishedusingscrapersandgraveltrucks.Sitereclamationafterdecommissioningwouldbesubjecttoalocallyapprovedreclamationplan.Basedonsite‐specificrequirements,thereclamationplanwouldincluderegrading,spotreplacementoftopsoil,andrevegetationofdisturbedareaswithanapprovedseedmix.

Mountain House Creek

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Figure 2-2cSand Hill Wind Repowering Project—Layout 3

Project AreaProposed ProjectComponents!( Turbine (2.3MW)!(

Turbine (3.6 MW or3.8MW)

") AML Substation")

Santa ClaraSubstation

#*PermanentMeteorological TowerAccess Roads*Gen-tie 1Gen-tie 2

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Figure 2-2bSand Hill Wind Repowering Project—Layout 2

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Figure 2-2a Sand Hill Wind Repowering Project—Layout 1

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Chapter 3 Environmental Analysis

AsdiscussedinChapter1,Introduction,theanalysisinthisdocumentparallelstheorganizationofthePEIR.Whilesomeresourcetopicsmighthavebeensummarilydismissed,itwasdeemedpreferabletoprovideabriefargumentsupportingthedecisiontoomitamoredetailedanalysis.

Theresourcediscussionsareorganizedasshownbelow.Wherereferencesarecited,theyareprovidedattheendofeachsection.

Section3.1—AestheticsandVisualResources

Section3.2—AgriculturalandForestryResources

Section3.3—AirQuality

Section3.4—BiologicalResources

Section3.5—CulturalResources

Section3.6—Geology,Soils,MineralResources,andPaleontologicalResources

Section3.7—GreenhouseGasEmissions

Section3.8—HazardsandHazardousMaterials

Section3.9—HydrologyandWaterQuality

Section3.10—LandUseandPlanning

Section3.11—Noise

Section3.12—PopulationandHousing

Section3.13—PublicServices

Section3.14—Recreation

Section3.15—Transportation/Traffic

Section3.16—UtilitiesandServiceSystems

Alameda County Community Development Agency Environmental Analysis

Agricultural and Forestry Resources

3.1‐1 September 2018

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3.1 Aesthetics and Visual Resources ThePEIRpresentedabroadandthoroughanalysisoftheimpactsonaestheticsandvisualresourcesthatwouldresultfromrepoweringtheprogramarea,selectingkeyviewpointstodevelopphotosimulationscomparingtheviewunderexistingconditionswiththesameviewunderrepoweredconditions.ToconducttheProject‐levelanalysis,analystsselectedeightProject‐specificviewpointstocharacterizevisualchangesthatwouldresultfromProjectimplementation(Figure3.1‐1).

Viewpoint1—LookingsouthwestfromtheCaliforniaAqueductBikewayonthenorthshoreofBethanyReservoir.

Viewpoint2—LookingeastalongChristensenRoadneartheBethanyReservoirentranceroad.

Viewpoint3—LookingsouthalongBrunsRoadfrom0.15milesouthoftheKelsoRoadintersection.

Viewpoint4—LookingsouthwestalongMountainHouseRoadfrom1.4milessouthoftheKelsoRoadintersection.

Viewpoint5—LookingnorthbynorthwestalongMountainHouseRoadfromjustnorthoftheGrantLineRoadintersection.

Viewpoint6—LookingwestbynorthwestfromtheCaliforniaAqueductBikewayattheGrantLineRoadcrossingoftheCaliforniaAqueduct.

Viewpoint7—LookingwestbynorthwestfromwestboundInterstate(I‐)580attheWestGrantLineRoadonramp.

Viewpoint8—LookingnortheastfromAltamontPassRoadatanunnamedaccessroad.

Areviewofeachofthealternativelayoutswasconductedtodetermineifanyparticularlayoutwassubstantiallydifferentfromavisualanalysisperspective.Theresultsofthatreviewindicatedthatthelayoutswerenotsubstantiallydifferent;Layout2wasselectedforthevisualsimulations(thelayoutwiththe“middle”groupofturbines).Asnotedpreviously,the“middle”groupof11turbineslocatedsouthofBethanyReservoirhavedifferentlocationsineachofthethreelayouts.Visualsimulationswerepreparedforeachviewpointusingthelargestandtallestturbinesconsideredtoensurethatthemostseverevisualimpactswouldbeconsidered.

3.1.1 Existing Conditions

AsdescribedinthePEIR,theProjectvicinity,inthenortheasternportionoftheAWPRA,ismostlycharacterizedbygrass‐covered,rollinghills,withroadcutstoaccommodateruralroadsandI‐580.Stringsofturbines,powerlines,transformers,accessroads,andsubstationsarethemostvisuallydistinctartificialfeaturesthroughoutmostthevicinity.Ruralresidencesdotthevicinitysurround‐ingtheProjectarea,butonlyasingleresidenceiswithinit.TheCaliforniaAqueduct,theCaliforniaAqueductBikeway,andBethanyReservoirliebetweentheeasternandwesternportionsoftheProjectarea.TheeasternterminusoftheBrushyPeakRegionalPreservetoBethanyReservoirregionalmultiusetrailisimmediatelyoutsidethenorthwesternboundaryoftheProjectarea.

MountainHouseRoad,aCounty‐designatedscenicroadway,passesthroughtheeasternportionoftheProjectarea(Figure3.1‐1).Theareanorthwestoftheroadiscurrentlyundeveloped,althoughit

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supportedwindturbinesinthepast.Numerousoldergenerationturbinesarepresentonthesoutheastsideoftheroad.

3.1.2 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

TheProject‐levelanalysiswasbasedonreviewofthePEIRandonthevisualphotosimulationslistedabove.ThesephotosimulationsarepresentedinFigures3.1‐2through3.1‐9.

ThePEIRreliedonaqualitativeevaluationofthevisualimpactsofrepoweringtheprogramareaoverall.Ingeneral,thePEIRcharacterizedthenewrepoweredturbinesacrosstheprogramareaincomparisonwiththeexistingold‐generationturbines.TheSandHillProject’sturbineswouldhaveaslightlylongerbladelength(i.e.,15feet)androtor‐sweptareathantheturbinesevaluatedinthePEIR,buttheProjectwouldrequirefewerturbinesbecauseeachwouldhaveahighercapacitythanthosecontemplatedinthePEIR.ThelongerbladelengthisnotexpectedtobevisuallynoticeablefromnearbyroadsorresidencesbecausetheproposedturbinesareconsistentwiththeoveralldimensionsofthoseevaluatedinthePEIR;consequently,theanalysisinthePEIRisrelevantandappropriatefortheProject.Accordingly,theapplicant’sproposaltouseslightlylargerturbineswouldnotconstituteanewsignificanteffectorasubstantialincreaseintheseverityofeffectsonvisualresourcescomparedtothosedescribedinthePEIR.AdditionalanalysisspecifictotheProjectisprovidedbelow.

ImpactAES‐1:Temporaryvisualimpactscausedbyconstructionactivities(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatconstructionactivitiescouldresultinasignificantimpact,particularlyforhighlysensitiveviewerssuchasresidentsandrecreationists.TheanalysisspecificallycalledoutBethanyReservoir,whichissurroundedbytheSandHillProjectarea,aswellasscenicroadwaysandrecreationaltrails.Accordingly,thepotentialvisualimpactsassociatedwithconstructionasaddressedinthePEIRwouldapplytotheProject;asconcludedinthePEIR,implementationofMitigationMeasureAES‐1,Limitconstructiontodaylighthours,wouldreducetheseimpactstoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactAES‐2:Haveasubstantialadverseeffectonascenicvista(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatwhilethenew,largeturbinesmaybemorevisuallyevidentthantheolder,smallerturbines,theirwidespacingonthelandscapewouldbelessdisruptiveofthelandscapefeatures.Theprogram‐levelanalysisraisedthegreatestconcernforareaswithoutturbines;intheProjectarea,suchconditionsexistonlyoncertainparcelseastandsouthofBethanyReservoir.MitigationMeasureAES‐2a,Requiresitedevelopmentreview,specificallystates:

Newturbinesalongridgelinesorhilltopsthathavenotpreviouslybeendevelopedwithcommercial‐scalewindturbineswillnotbeallowed,unlessaseparateSiteDevelopmentReviewiscompletedthatdeterminesthatthevisualeffectswillbesubstantiallyavoidedbydistancefrompublicviewpoints(e.g.,morethan2,000feet),interveningterrain,screeninglandscaping,orcompensatoryimprovementstoequivalentandnearby(radiusof1mile)scenicfeatures,asapprovedbythePlanningDirector.

Accordingly,whileaportionoftherepoweringProjectisbeingplannedinanareathatwaspreviouslydevelopedwithwindturbines,thoseturbineswereremovedpriortoissuanceofthe

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NoticeofPreparationforthePEIRin2010.TheProjectwouldintroducesubstantialchangestocurrentviewswithinandoftheProjectareaalongMountainHouseRoadbyconstructingnewturbineswherenonehavebeensincebefore2010.Forthepurposesoffullandconservativedisclosure,anddespitethefactthattheareawasdevelopedwithwindturbinesinthepast,theconstructionofturbinesinthisareacouldhaveasubstantialadverseeffectonascenicvista;thisimpactisconsideredpotentiallysignificant.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureAES‐2a,Requiresitedevelopmentreview,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.VisualimpactsfromotherareasoftheProjectarealsoconsideredpotentiallysignificantforthereasonscommontootherwindrepoweringprojects—specifically,theappearanceofmultiplepiecesofconstructionequipment.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresAES‐2b,Maintainsitefreeofdebrisandrestoreabandonedroadways,andAES‐2c,Screensurpluspartsandmaterials,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.TheseconclusionsareconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddresstheseimpacts.

ImpactAES‐3:Substantiallydamagescenicresources,includingbutnotlimitedtotrees,rockoutcroppings,andhistoricbuildingsalongascenichighway(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

Asdescribedabove,MountainHouseRoadintheeasternportionoftheProjectareaisaCounty‐designatedscenicroadway.AsstatedinthePEIR:

TherearealsoportionsofI‐580,AltamontPassRoad,FlynnRoad,MountainHouseRoad,PattersonPassRoad,andtheproposedRoute239Freeway…wherenoturbinescurrentlyexist,butmotoristsontheseroadsareaccustomedtoseeingwindturbinesalongtheroute,sotheywouldnotbeadverselyaffected.

AlthoughtheareanorthwestofMountainHouseRoaddoesnotcurrentlysupportturbinedevelopment,ithasdonesointhepast.Moreover,theoppositesideoftheroadwayisheavilydevelopedwitholdergenerationturbines,whichwillberemovedin2018.Althoughtheseconsiderationsservetominimizetheseverityofthisimpact,thePEIRconcludedthatitwaslessthansignificantwithmitigation.Accordingly,thisanalysisconcludesthatimplementationofMitigationMeasuresAES‐2a,AES‐2bandAES‐2cwouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactAES‐4:Substantiallydegradetheexistingvisualcharacterorqualityofthesiteanditssurroundings(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthat,ingeneral,replacingnumeroussmallturbineswithfewer,muchlargerturbineswouldnotdegradetheexistingvisualcharacteroftheareabutratherwouldimprovethevisualquality.Theanalysisraisedconcernsaboutareaswhereturbinesdonotcurrentlyexist,butasdisclosedinthediscussionofImpactAES‐3,theareanorthwestofMountainHouseRoadwasconsideredtohavepotentiallysignificantimpactstriggeringsitedevelopmentreviewunderMitigationMeasureAES‐2a.WhileitmightbearguedthatthisimpactasitpertainstotheSandHillProjectmightbeconsideredlessthansignificantbecausetheareawasdevelopedwithwindturbinesinthepast(priortodevelopmentofthePEIR),forpurposesoffullandconservativedisclosure,thisimpactisconsideredpotentiallysignificant.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresAES‐2a,AES‐2bandAES‐2wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

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ImpactAES‐5:Createanewsourceofsubstantiallightorglarethatwouldadverselyaffectdaytimeornighttimeviewsinthearea(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatlightingrequiredbytheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)intheProjectareaandvicinityandlightingassociatedwiththesubstationswouldbeshieldedanddirecteddownwardtoreduceglare,andthatthecolorofnewtowersandrotorswouldbeneutralandnon‐reflective.SincethepreparationofthePEIR,theCountyhasnotedthatlightingassociatedwiththeturbinesmayhaveeffectsbeyondthosedescribedinthePEIR.However,asdiscussedinSection1.3.5,TurbineLighting,theseeffectscouldhavebeenknownwhenthePEIRwasprepared.Consequently,thisanalysisconfirmsthattheProjectwouldnotresultinanewsourceofsubstantiallightorglarebeyondwhatisdescribedinthePEIR.

However,thePEIRalsoconcludedthatshadowflicker—causedbybladerotation—couldcreateadisruptivevisualintrusiontoresidentswhoareexposedtotheconditionforextendedperiods:morethan30minutesinagivendayor30hoursinagivenyear.InaccordancewithMitigationMeasureAES‐5,Analyzeshadowflickerdistanceandmitigateeffectsorincorporatechangesintoprojectdesigntoaddressshadowflicker,SandHillwillretainaqualifiedengineeringfirmtoconductashadowflickeranalysis.ThetermsofthemitigationmeasurerequirethatSandHillimplementmeasurestominimizetheeffectinconsultationwiththeowneroftheaffectedresidence.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureAES‐5wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactAES‐6:Consistencywithstateandlocalpolicies(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

AsdisclosedinthePEIR,theCountywouldbeobligatedtocomplywithmeasuressetforthtoprotectvisualresourcesalongscenicroadwaysandopenspaceareasidentifiedforprotection,asdetailedintheScenicRouteandOpenSpaceElementsoftheAlamedaCountyGeneralPlan(AlamedaCounty1966).Inaddition,theCountyisobligatedtocomplywithmeasuressetforthintheEastCountyAreaPlan(ECAP)toprotectvisualresourcessuchassensitiveviewsheds,streetsandhighways,scenichighways,andareasaffectedbywindfarms(AlamedaCounty2000).TheproposedProjectissimilarlysubjecttotheserequirements.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresAES‐2b,AES‐2c,AES‐3,andAES‐5wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

3.1.3 References Cited

AlamedaCounty.1966.ScenicRouteElementoftheGeneralPlan.May.ReprintedJune1974,AmendedMay5,1994.

———.2000.EastCountyAreaPlan.AdoptedMay1994.ModifiedbypassageofMeasureD,effectiveDecember22,2000.Oakland,CA.

BethanyReservoir SRA

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Simulation Viewpoint Locations with Direction and Number

Proposed 2.3 MW Turbine Locations, Layout 2

Receptor

Proposed 3.6 MW Turbine Locations, Layout 2

Scenic Routes

Sand Hill Project Area

0 0.25

Figure 3.1-1Visual Simulation Viewpoint Locations

Figure 3.1-2Viewpoint 1—Looking Southwest from California Aqueduct Bikeway

at Bethany Reservoir

Existing View

Simulation

Figure 3.1-3Viewpoint 2—Looking East along Christensen Road

near Bethany Reservoir Entrance Road

Existing View

Simulation

Figure 3.1-4Viewpoint 3—Looking South along Bruns Road

from 0.15 mile South of Kelso Road

Existing View

Simulation

Figure 3.1-5Viewpoint 4—Looking Southwest along Mountain House Road

from 1.4 miles South of Kelso Road

Existing View

Simulation

Figure 3.1-6Viewpoint 5—Looking North by Northwest along Mountain House Road

from North of West Grant Line Road Intersection

Existing View

Simulation

Figure 3.1-7Viewpoint 6—Looking West by Northwest from California Aqueduct Bikeway

at Grant Line Road Crossing

Existing View

Simulation

Figure 3.1-8Viewpoint 7—Looking West by Northwest from Westbound I-580

at the West Grant Line Road Onramp

Existing View

Simulation

Image source: Google Street View, 10/2017.

Figure 3.1-9Viewpoint 8—Looking Northeast from Altamont Pass Road

at Unnamed Access Road

Existing View

Simulation

Image source: Google Street View, 8/2015.

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3.2 Agricultural and Forestry Resources ThePEIRidentifiedapproximately24acresofPrimeFarmlandintheextremenortheastcorneroftheprogramareaandfoundthatconversionofthisagriculturallandwouldconstituteasignificantimpact,whichcouldbemitigatedtoaless‐than‐significantlevel.However,becausethePrimeFarmlandisoutsidetheSandHillProjectarea,therewouldbenoimpact.Similarly,thePEIRfoundthatbecausewindturbinesareaconditionallypermitteduseongrazinglandunderWilliamsonActcontract,therewouldbenoimpactpertainingtoconflictswithexistingzoning.Finally,thereisnoforestlandintheprogramarea.Accordingly,agriculturalandforestryresourcesarenotdiscussedfurtherinthisanalysis.

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3.3 Air Quality ThePEIRevaluatedimpactsassociatedwithdevelopmentofupto450MWincombinednameplatecapacitywithintheprogramarea.Project‐levelcriteriapollutantemissionsandassociatedairqualityimpactswereassessedusingmanyofthesamemethodsandmodelsasdescribedinthePEIR.Specifically,analystsestimatedcombustionexhaustandfugitivedustbasedonProject‐specificconstructionandoperatingdata(e.g.,schedule,equipment,truckvolumes)providedbytheProjectengineerandacombinationofemissionfactorsandmethodologiesfromCalEEMod,version2016.3.2;CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard’s(ARB’s)EMFAC2017model;theU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency’s(EPA’s)AP‐42CompilationofAirPollutantEmissionFactors,andseveralotherindustry‐acceptedtools.AppendixAprovidesadditionalmodelingdetail,includingequipmentandvehicleassumptions.

AsdescribedinthePEIR,theproposedProjectislocatedinAlamedaCounty,whichisintheBayAreaAirQualityManagementDistrict(BAAQMD).Concentrationsofozone,carbonmonoxide(CO),nitrogendioxide(NO2),sulfurdioxide(SO2),lead(Pb),andparticulatematter(PM10andPM2.5)arecommonlyusedasindicatorsofambientairqualityconditions.ThesepollutantsareknownascriteriapollutantsandareregulatedbyEPAandARBthroughnationalandCaliforniaambientairqualitystandards(NAAQSandCAAQS),respectively.TheNAAQSandCAAQSestablishlimitsofcriteriapollutantconcentrationstoprotecthumanhealthandpreventenvironmentalandpropertydamage.OtherpollutantsofconcernintheProjectareaarenitrogenoxides(NOX)andreactiveorganicgases(ROG),whichareprecursorstoozone,anddieselparticulatematter(DPM),whichcancausecancerandotherhumanhealthailments.Ingeneral,theProjectareaisgenerallywellventilatedbywinds,resultinginrelativelygoodambientairqualityconditions.

ConstructionemissionswouldprimarilyoccurintheProjectareaintheBAAQMD.However,someequipmentandmaterialswouldoriginatefromthePortofStocktonandthecityofTracy,bothofwhicharewithintheSanJoaquinValleyAirPollutionControlDistrict(SJVAPCD).Accordingly,heavy‐dutytrucktripexhaustemissionsthatwouldbegeneratedintheSJVAPCDhavebeenquantifiedandincludedintheconstructionanalysis.OperationalemissionswouldoccurexclusivelyintheBAAQMD.ConsistentwiththePEIR,thresholdsdevelopedbytheBAAQMDandSJVAPCDareusedtoevaluatethesignificanceoftheProject’semissionsandassociatedairqualityimpacts(SanJoaquinValleyAirPollutionControlDistrict2015;BayAreaAirQualityManagementDistrict2017).

ImpactAQ‐1:Conflictwithorobstructimplementationoftheapplicableairqualityplan(lessthansignificant)

ThePEIRconcludedthatrepoweringprojectsunderbothalternativeswouldnotconflictwiththegoalsofBAAQMD’sCleanAirPlanorSJVAPCD’sairqualityattainmentplans.Accordingly,becausetheSandHillProjectisconsistentwiththeassumptionsusedinthePEIR,thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificant,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

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ImpactAQ‐2:Violateanyairqualitystandardorcontributesubstantiallytoanexistingorprojectedairqualityviolation(significantandunavoidable)

ThePEIRconcludedthatmaximumdailyunmitigatedROGandNOXfromconstructionofrepoweringprojectswouldexceedBAAQMD’ssignificancethresholds,resultinginasignificantimpact.FugitivedustwouldalsoconstituteasignificantimpactwithoutapplicationofBMPs.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresAQ‐2a,Reduceconstruction‐relatedairpollutantemissionsbyimplementingapplicableBAAQMDBasicConstructionMitigationMeasures,andAQ‐2b,Reduceconstruction‐relatedairpollutantemissionsbyimplementingmeasuresbasedonBAAQMD’sAdditionalConstructionMitigationMeasures,wouldensurethatimpactsrelatedtofugitivedustwouldbelessthansignificant.However,implementationofthesemeasureswouldnotreduceROGorNOXemissionstoaless‐than‐significantlevel.Accordingly,theimpactofconstruction‐relatedROGandNOXemissionswouldbesignificantandunavoidableintheBAAQMD.Neitherlong‐termoperationoftheProjectnormaterialhaulinginSJVAPCDduringconstructionwouldexceedanyairdistrictthresholds,andimpactswouldbelessthansignificant.TheseconclusionsareconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

ImpactAQ‐3:Resultinacumulativelyconsiderablenetincreaseofanycriteriapollutantforwhichtheprojectregionisanonattainmentareaforanapplicablefederalorstateambientairqualitystandard(includingreleasingemissionsthatexceedquantitativethresholdsforozoneprecursors)(significantandunavoidableforconstructionandlessthansignificantforoperation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatconstructionofrepoweringprojectswouldexceedBAAQMD’sROGandNOXthresholdsevenafterimplementationoffeasiblemitigation.Accordingly,thePEIRdeterminedthatcumulativeconstructionimpactsintheBAAQMDwouldbesignificantandunavoidable.Long‐termoperationoftherepoweredprojectswasfoundtohavealess‐than‐significantcumulativeairqualityimpact.

AsdiscussedunderImpactAQ‐2,neitherlong‐termoperationoftheproposedProjectnormaterialhaulinginSJVAPCDduringconstructionwouldexceedairdistrictthresholds.Accordingly,cumulativeimpactsduringconstructionintheSJVAPCDandduringoperationintheBAAQMDwouldbelessthansignificant.Construction‐relatedNOxandPMemissionsintheBAAQMDwouldexceedtheairdistrict’sthresholds,resultinginapotentiallysignificantimpact.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresAQ‐2aandAQ‐2bwouldensurethatimpactsrelatedtofugitivedustwouldbelessthansignificant.However,NOXemissionswouldremainsignificantandunavoidableandcumulativelyconsiderable.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

ImpactAQ‐4:Exposesensitivereceptorstosubstantialpollutantconcentrations(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatreceptorexposuretoDPMfromconstructionoftherepoweringprojectswouldbelessthansignificantwithimplementationofMitigationMeasuresAQ‐2aandAQ‐2b,whichwouldreducebothcriteriapollutantsandDPMemissions.

Long‐termoperationoftheproposedProjectwouldnotresultinasignificantnewsourceofemissions.Offsitetrucktripsduringconstructionwouldbetransitory,usingmultipleroadsoverawidespreadarea,therebyhelpingtodispersetoxicpollutantsandminimizeexposure.OnsiteconstructionactivitieswouldgenerateDPM,butthesewouldoccuroverarelativelyshortperiod—approximately1year,farlessthantheexposuredurationof30yearsthatistypicallyassociated

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withchroniccancerrisk(OfficeofEnvironmentalHealthHazardAssessment2015).EmissionswouldalsobespatiallydispersedthroughouttheProjectareaandatmultipleturbinelocations.

WhileexposuretoDPMemissionswouldbeofshortduration,tworeceptorsarewithin1,000feetofturbineworkareas.Thesereceptorsmaybeexposedtoincreasedhealthrisksduringconstructionattheseindividuallocations.Accordingly,thisimpactisconservativelyconcludedtobepotentiallysignificant.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresAQ‐2aandAQ‐2bwouldreduceDPMemissionsandassociatedhealthriskstosensitivereceptors.Thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificantwithmitigation.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

ImpactAQ‐5:Createobjectionableodorsaffectingasubstantialnumberofpeople(lessthansignificant)

ThePEIRconcludedthatneitherconstructionnoroperationoftherepoweringprojectswouldresultinsignificantodorimpacts.OdoremissionsundertheproposedProjectwouldbesimilartothoseevaluatedattheprogramlevel;theywouldbeprimarilylimitedtotheconstructionperiod.Sourcesofodorsduringconstructionwouldbediesel‐poweredtrucksandvehicles.Potentialodorsfromthesesourceswouldbetemporary(1year)andspatiallydispersedovertheProjectarea.Accordingly,theproposedProjectisnotanticipatedtocreateobjectionableodorsthatwouldviolateairdistrictnuisancerules.Thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificant,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

BayAreaAirQualityManagementDistrict.2017.AirQualityGuidelines.May.

OfficeofEnvironmentalHealthHazardAssessment.2015.AirToxicsHotSpotProgramRiskAssessmentGuidelinesGuidanceManualforPreparationofHealthRiskAssessments.February.

SanJoaquinValleyAirPollutionControlDistrict.2015.GuidanceforAssessingandMitigatingAirQualityImpacts.March.

Biological Resources

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3.4 Biological Resources ToevaluatethepotentialProject‐specificimpactsonbiologicalresources,ICFpreparedtheBiologicalResourcesEvaluationfortheSandHillWindRepoweringProject(AppendixB).InadditiontoreviewingpreviousworkconductedinsupportofthePEIRandtheEastAlamedaConservationStrategy(EACCS),aswellassurveysconductedinportionsoftheProjectareaforanearlierwindproject,ICFbiologistssearchedtheCaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife’s(CDFW’s)CaliforniaNaturalDiversityDatabase(CNDDB)(CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife2018)andtheU.S.FishandWildlifeServiceIPaCTrustResourceReportspecieslistfortheProjectarea(U.S.FishandWildlifeService2018).

Inaddition,ICFbotanists/wetlandecologistsconductedaquaticresourcedelineationsurveysinOctoberandNovember2017andJanuary2018.ThesewereformaldelineationsundertakenwiththepurposeofcharacterizingpotentialwatersoftheUnitedStates,includingwetlands,intheProjectarea.

Biologistsconductedhabitatsurveysofthebiologicalstudyarea(i.e.,theProjectareaplusa1.24‐milebufferaroundittoaccountforthepossibledispersaldistanceofCaliforniatigersalamandersfromaquaticbreedinghabitat).ICFalsoconductedasiteassessmentforCaliforniatigersalamanderandCaliforniared‐leggedfrog.

3.4.1.1 Land Cover Types

NotallthelandcovertypesdescribedinthePEIRwerefoundtobepresentintheProjectarea.ThelandcovertypesandtheextentofeachidentifiedthroughthesurveyeffortsareshowninTable3.4‐1.

Table 3.4‐1. Approximate Acreage of Land Cover Types

LandCover/HabitatType Acres

Nonnativeannualgrassland 2,604.7

Alkaliwetland/drainage 20.1

Vernalpool 0.3

Perennialwetlanddrainage 9.7

Pond 6.3

Ephemeraldrainage 3.7

Canal(aqueducts) 1.0

Developed/existinginfrastructure 54.7

Total 2,700.5

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3.4.1.2 Special‐Status Plants

AccordingtotheBiologicalResourcesEvaluation,the10special‐statusplantspecieslistedbelowhavebeenidentifiedashavingthepotentialtooccurintheProjectarea.AllthesespecieswereconsideredinthePEIR,althoughadditionalspeciesthatcouldoccurintheprogramareaweredeterminednottooccurintheProjectareaduetomicrohabitatconditionsorrangeconstraints.

Large‐floweredfiddleneck(Amsinckiagrandiflora)—state‐andfederallylistedasendangered.

SanJoaquinspearscale(Atriplexjoaquiniana)—CRPR1B.2.2

Bigtarplant(Blepharizoniaplumosa)—CRPR1B.11.

Round‐leavedfilaree(Californiamacrophylla)—CRPR1B.11.

Lemmon’sjewelflower(Caulanthuslemmonii)—CRPR1B.21.

Recurvedlarkspur(Delphiniumrecurvatum)—CRPR1B.21.

Diamond‐petaledCaliforniapoppy(Eschscholziarhombipetala)—CRPR1B.11.

Shiningnavarretia(Navarretianigelliformisssp.radians)—CRPR1B.21.

Raylessragwort(Senecioaphanactis)—CRPR2.21.

Caper‐fruitedtropidocarpum(Tropidocarpumcapparideum)—CRPR1B.11.

Fourofthesespecies—SanJoaquinspearscale,caper‐fruitedtropidocarpum,round‐leavedfilaree,anddiamond‐petaledCaliforniapoppy—havebeenpreviouslydocumentedwithinoradjacenttothestudyarea.

3.4.1.3 Special‐Status Wildlife

AccordingtotheBiologicalResourcesEvaluation,thespecial‐statuswildlifespecieslistedbelowhavebeenidentifiedashavingthepotentialtooccurintheProjectarea.AllthesespecieswereconsideredinthePEIR,althoughadditionalspeciesthatcouldoccurintheprogramareaweredeterminednottooccurintheProjectareaduetomicrohabitatconditionsorrangeconstraints.

Vernalpoolfairyshrimp(Branchinectalynchi)—federallylistedasthreatened.

Vernalpooltadpoleshrimp(Lepiduruspackardi)—federallylistedasendangered.

Californiatigersalamander(Ambystomacaliforniense)—state‐andfederallylistedasthreatened.

Californiared‐leggedfrog(Ranadraytonii)—federallylistedasthreatened.

Westernspadefoot(Speahammondii)—CDFWspeciesofspecialconcern.

Westernpondturtle(Actinemysmarmorata)—CDFWspeciesofspecialconcern.

SanJoaquincoachwhip(Masticophisflagellumruddocki)—CDFWspeciesofspecialconcern.

2CRPR = CaliforniaRarePlantRank. 1B.1= rare,threatenedorendangeredinCaliforniaandelsewhere,seriouslyendangeredinCalifornia. 1B.2= rare,threatenedorendangeredinCaliforniaandelsewhere,fairlyendangeredinCalifornia. 2.2 = rare,threatenedorendangeredinCalifornia,butmorecommonelsewhere,fairlyendangeredin

California.

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Blainville’shornedlizard(Phyrnosomablainvillii)—CDFWspeciesofspecialconcern.

White‐tailedkite(Elanusleucurus)—Californiafullyprotected.

Northernharrier(Circuscyaneus)—CDFWspeciesofspecialconcern.

Baldeagle(Haliaeetusleucocephalus)—federallyde‐listed;state‐listedasendangered,fullyprotected.

Goldeneagle(Aquilachrysaetos)—Californiafullyprotected.

Swainson’shawk(Buteoswainsoni)—state‐listedasthreatened.

Westernburrowingowl—CDFWspeciesofspecialconcern.

Loggerheadshrike(Laniusludovicianus)—CDFWspeciesofspecialconcern.

Tricoloredblackbird(Agelaiustricolor)—state‐listedasthreatened.

Americanbadger(Taxideataxus)—CDFWspeciesofspecialconcern.

SanJoaquinkitfox(Vulpesmacrotismutica)—state‐listedasthreatened;federallylistedasendangered.

Californiared‐leggedfrog,burrowingowls,andforaginggoldeneagleswereobservedinthestudyareaduringtheOctober2017surveysaswellasduring2012surveyspreviouslyconductedforanotherwindproject(ICFInternational2013).

ImpactBIO‐1:Potentialforground‐disturbingactivitiestoresultinadverseeffectsonspecial‐statusplantsorhabitatoccupiedbyspecial‐statusplants(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatground‐disturbingactivitiesassociatedwithProjectconstructioncouldresultinadverseimpactsonspecial‐statusplantsandtheirhabitat.BecausetheactivitiesassociatedwiththeSandHillProjectandthespecial‐statusplantspecieswithpotentialtooccurintheProjectareaareunchangedfromthosecontemplatedinthePEIR,theimpactwouldbecomparabletothatpresentedinthePEIR,andthesamemitigationmeasureswouldapply.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresBIO‐1a,Conductsurveystodeterminethepresenceorabsenceofspecial‐statusplantspecies;BIO‐1b,Implementbestmanagementpracticestoavoidandminimizeimpactsonspecial‐statusspecies;BIO‐1c,Avoidandminimizeimpactsonspecial‐statusplantspeciesbyestablishingactivityexclusionzones;BIO‐1d,Compensateforimpactsonspecial‐statusplantspecies;andBIO‐1e,Retainabiologicalmonitorduringground‐disturbingactivitiesinenvironmentallysensitiveareas,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐thansignificantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactBIO‐2:Adverseeffectsonspecial‐statusplantsandnaturalcommunitiesresultingfromtheintroductionandspreadofinvasiveplantspecies(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThepotentialfortheintroductionandspreadofinvasiveplantspeciesintheProjectareaasaresultofconstructionactivitieswouldbethesameasdescribedinthePEIRforrepoweringprojects

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overall.Theintroductionofinvasivenonnativeplantspecieswouldconstituteasignificantindirectimpact.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresBIO‐1b;BIO‐2,Preventintroduction,spread,andestablishmentofinvasiveplantspecies;BIO‐5c,Restoredisturbedannualgrasslands;andWQ‐1,ComplywithNPDESrequirements,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactBIO‐3:Potentialmortalityoforlossofhabitatforvernalpoolbranchiopodsandcurved‐footedhygrotusdivingbeetle(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatrepoweringprojectscouldresultinhabitatlossforanddirectmortalityofindividualvernalpoolbranchiopodaswellascurved‐footedhygrotusdivingbeetles(Hygrotuscurvipes).TheBiologicalResourcesEvaluationdeterminedthatnopotentialhabitatforlonghornfairyshrimp(Branchinectalongiantenna)ispresentintheProjectarea.However,becausepotentialhabitatforvernalpoolfairyshrimp,vernalpooltadpoleshrimp,andcurved‐footedhygrotusdivingbeetleispresentinandneartheProjectarea,mortalityandhabitatlossarepotentiallysignificantimpacts.ThePEIRconcludedthatimplementationofMitigationMeasuresBIO‐1b;BIO‐1e;BIO‐3a,Conductpreconstructionsurveysforhabitatforspecial‐statuswildlifespecies;andBIO‐3b,Implementmeasurestoavoid,minimize,andmitigateimpactsonvernalpoolbranchiopodsandcurved‐footedhygrotusdivingbeetle,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactBIO‐4:Potentialdisturbanceormortalityofandlossofsuitablehabitatforvalleyelderberrylonghornbeetle(noimpact)

AlthoughthePEIRidentifiedthepotentialforimpactsonvalleyelderberrylonghornbeetle(Desmoceruscalifornicus)inportionsoftheprogramarea,noelderberryshrubs(thespecies’hostplant)havebeenidentifiedintheProjectarea;accordingly,therewouldbenoimpactandnomitigationwouldberequired.

ImpactBIO‐5:PotentialdisturbanceormortalityofandlossofsuitablehabitatforCaliforniatigersalamander,westernspadefoot,Californiared‐leggedfrog,andfoothillyellow‐leggedfrog(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatconstructionaswellasoperationandmaintenanceactivitiescouldresultinhabitatlossforCaliforniatigersalamander,westernspadefoot,Californiared‐leggedfrog,andfoothillyellow‐leggedfrog,aswellasmortalityofindividuals.SiteassessmentsconductedfortheBiologicalResourcesEvaluationfoundnosuitablehabitatforfoothillyellow‐leggedfrog;however,becausesuitablehabitatfortheotherthreespeciesispresentintheProjectarea,theProjectcouldresultinsignificantimpacts.ThePEIRconcludedthatimplementationofMitigationMeasuresBIO‐1b;BIO‐1e;BIO‐3c;BIO‐5a,Implementbestmanagementpracticestoavoidandminimizeeffectsonspecial‐statusamphibians;BIO‐5b,Compensateforlossofhabitatforspecial‐statusamphibians;andBIO‐5cwouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

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ImpactBIO‐6:Potentialdisturbanceormortalityofandlossofsuitablehabitatforwesternpondturtle(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatconstructionactivitiescouldresultindirecteffectsonwesternpondturtlesandtheirhabitat.BecausetheBiologicalResourcesEvaluationidentifiedsuitablehabitatforthisspeciesintheProjectarea,suchimpactscouldresultfromProjectconstruction.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresBIO‐1b;BIO‐1e;BIO‐3a;andBIO‐6,Conductpreconstructionsurveysforwesternpondturtleandmonitorconstructionactivitiesifturtlesareobserved,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactBIO‐7:PotentialdisturbanceormortalityofandlossofsuitablehabitatforBlainville’shornedlizard,Alamedawhipsnake,andSanJoaquincoachwhip(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatconstructionactivitiesand,toalesserextent,operationandmaintenanceactivitiescouldresultinhabitatlossforandindividualfatalitiesofBlainville’shornedlizard,Alamedawhipsnake,andSanJoaquincoachwhip.TheBiologicalResourcesEvaluationfoundthatAlamedawhipsnakehadlittletonolikelihoodtooccurintheProjectarea;however,thepotentialremainsfordirectimpactsontheothertwospeciesofspecial‐statusreptiles.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresBIO‐1b;BIO‐1e;BIO‐3a;BIO‐5c;BIO‐7a,Implementbestmanagementpracticestoavoidandminimizeeffectsonspecial‐statusreptiles;andBIO‐7b,Compensateforlossofhabitatforspecial‐statusreptiles,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactBIO‐8:Potentialconstruction‐relateddisturbanceormortalityofspecial‐statusandnon–special‐statusmigratorybirds(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatconstructionactivitiesduringthenestingseasonofwhite‐tailedkite,baldeagle,northernharrier,Swainson’shawk,goldeneagle,westernburrowingowl,loggerheadshrike,andtricoloredblackbirdcouldresultindirecteffectsonthesespecies,aswellasonnon–special‐statusmigratorybirds,iftheyarenestingintheprogramarea.BecauseofthescarcityoftreesintheProjectarea,particularlynearproposedturbinesitesandroadways,thereislimitedpotentialforconstructionactivitiestoaffectnestingeaglesortree‐nestspecies(e.g.,Swainson’shawks,goldeneagles,kites).However,shrub‐andground‐nestingspecies(e.g.,tricoloredblackbird,westernburrowingowl)couldbeaffectedbyconstructionactivities.BecauseconstructionactivitiesdescribedinthePEIRarethesameasthoseanticipatedfortheSandHillProject,theimpactswouldbethesame.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresBIO‐1b;BIO‐1e;BIO‐3a;BIO‐5c;BIO‐8a,Implementmeasurestoavoidandminimizepotentialimpactsonspecial‐statusandnon–special‐statusnestingbirds;andBIO‐8b,Implementmeasurestoavoidandminimizepotentialimpactsonwesternburrowingowl,wouldreducetheseimpactstoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactBIO‐9:Permanentandtemporarylossofoccupiedhabitatforwesternburrowingowlandforaginghabitatfortricoloredblackbirdandotherspecial‐statusandnon–special‐statusbirds(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

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ThePEIRconcludedthatrepoweringprojectswouldresultinthetemporaryandpermanentlossofgrasslandthatissuitableforaginghabitatforburrowingowlsandotherspecial‐statusandnon–special‐statusmigratorybirds.However,thePEIRelectednottoproposecompensatorymitigationforlossofSwainson’shawkforaginghabitat,becausethatspeciesrarelyusesgrasslandintheprogramarea.BecausegrasslandhabitatintheProjectareaisconsistentwiththatthroughouttheprogramarea,thesameimpactswouldapply.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresBIO‐5b;BIO‐5c;andBIO‐9,Compensateforthepermanentlossofoccupiedhabitatforwesternburrowingowl,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactBIO‐10:PotentialinjuryormortalityofandlossofhabitatforSanJoaquinkitfoxandAmericanbadger(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatrepoweringprojectscouldresultintemporaryandpermanentlossofgrasslandhabitatthatcouldsupportSanJoaquinkitfoxesandAmericanbadgers,aswellasindirectmortalityofindividuals.TheBiologicalResourcesEvaluationconcludedthatbadgershaveahighlikelihoodtooccurintheProjectarea,whileSanJoaquinkitfoxesareunlikelytousetheareabuthaveaslightlikelihoodofmovingthroughitbetweenothermoresuitableareas.Becauseofdeclinesinbothspecies,anyimpactswouldbesignificant,especiallyiftheyresultinfatalities.BecauseProjectactivitiesandProjectareaconditionsareconsistentwiththosecontemplatedinthePEIR,theimpactswouldbethesame.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresBIO‐1b;BIO‐1e;BIO‐3a;BIO‐5c;BIO‐10a,ImplementmeasurestoavoidandminimizepotentialimpactsonSanJoaquinkitfoxandAmericanbadger;andBIO‐10b,CompensateforlossofsuitablehabitatforSanJoaquinkitfoxandAmericanbadger,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactBIO‐11:Avianmortalityresultingfrominteractionwithwindenergyfacilities(significantandunavoidable)

ThePEIRconcludedthatrepoweringwouldresultinsignificantandunavoidableimpactsassociatedwithavianmortality,althoughitanticipatedthatmortalityrateswoulddecreasewiththetransitionfromold‐generationtonew‐generationturbines.ThisexpectationwasbasedoncombinedestimatesofavianmortalityfromthreedifferentrepoweringprojectsintheAPWRA,givenasarateofxnumberofbirddeathsperMWperyear,invariouscombinationsofspecies(allraptorspecies,eachofeightindividualraptorspecies,andallnativenon‐raptorspecies).Theseestimatesindicatedreductionsof32–83%inraptorfatalities(e.g.,31–79%fewerAmericankestrelfatalitiesforbuildoutof450MWintheAPWRA.ThePEIRacknowledged,however,thattheavianmortalityestimateswereuncertain,statingthat(AlamedaCountyCommunityDevelopmentAgency2014:3.4‐103):

…whilerepoweringisintendedtoreducefatalities,enoughuncertaintyremainsinlightofproject‐andsite‐specificdatatowarrantaconservativeapproachintheimpactanalysis.Accordingly,thecontinuedorincreasedlossofbirds(includingspecial‐statusspecies)ataratepotentiallygreaterthantheexistingbaselinefatalityratesisconsideredasignificantandunavoidableimpact[emphasisadded].3

3SimilarstatementsarerepeatedthroughoutthePEIR;seepage3.4‐121:

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AsnotedinSection1.3.2,AvianMortalityEstimates,ofthisanalysis,earlymonitoringresultsfromtheGoldenHillsrepoweringprojectthatbeganoperationsinDecember2015,numerousvariablesandinconsistenciesinthemethodsofpreviousmonitoringeffortsintheAPWRAraisequestionsregardingtheaccuracyoftheavianmortalityestimatespresentedinthePEIR.

TheGoldenHillsdatareflectasingleyearofmonitoringduringnorthernCalifornia’swettestyearonrecord,usingsearchmethods(i.e.,searchdogsandshorter,7‐daysearchintervals)thatwerenotusedformostofthebaseline(andrepower)mortalityestimatespresentedinthePEIR.Theshort,1‐yeardurationduringunusuallyhighrainfallconditionsandtheuseofdifferentsearchmethodsmakecomparisonwiththePEIR’sbaselinedatadifficult(H.T.Harvey&Associates2017:51–52).Whiletheinformationinthereportisrelevant,itdoesnotchangethefindingsorconclusionsofthePEIRwithrespecttoavianandbatfatalities—namely,thatimpactswillbesignificantandunavoidableaftermitigation—forthereasonsdiscussedbelow.

TheGoldenHillsestimatedmortalityrateforallraptorscombined(theprimarycriterionforAPWRAavianimpactmeasurement)wassignificantlylowerthanthepre‐repoweringaveragefromtheAPWRA‐wideavianmonitoringstudy(whichalreadyreflectedsignificantmortalityreductionsresultingfromseasonalshutdownandtheremovalofhigh‐riskturbinesinaccordancewiththe2007agreement)(H.T.Harvey&Associates2017:51).APWRA‐widenonrepoweredaveragemortalityratesforallraptorscombinedwas2.43/MW/year.Theall‐raptorscombinedmortalityrateforGoldenHillsinitsfirstyearofoperationwas1.56/MW/year,36%lessthantheaverageAPWRA‐widerateeventhoughthelatterincludedseasonalshutdownsandhigh‐riskturbineremovals.

TheprimarymortalitymodelusedintheH.T.Harveyreportestimatedhighergoldeneaglemortalityratesthanbaseline,nonrepoweredconditions(H.T.Harvey&Associates2017:50).However,theauthorsexplainedthatthemodel“inflate[d]theestimatebyincorporatingsearcherefficiencyandcarcasspersistenceparametersthatrepresentmedium/largebirdsasagroupratherthaneaglesspecifically.”OthermodelsusedintheH.T.Harveyreportthatdidnotincorporatetheseparametersyieldedresultsthatwere“closertoreality.”Thosemodelsestimatedgoldeneaglemortalityratesnearlymatching(0.09/MW/year)orslightlybelow(0.07/MW/year)baselineconditions(0.08/MW/year)(H.T.Harvey&Associates2017:50).AlltheseratesarehigherthantheratesofthethreerepoweredprojectsusedtogenerateestimatesinthePEIR.ButthereportobservedthatallofitsgoldeneaglemortalityratesmaybeoverstatedasaconsequenceofbiasattributabletothepresenceofoldturbinesneartheGoldenHillssitethatprovidedperchingandnestingopportunitiesforraptors,includinggoldeneagles,seenperchingonthemonseveraloccasions(H.T.Harvey&Associates2017:46,50).

Red‐tailedhawkmortalityratesobservedinthefirst‐yearstudybyH.T.HarveyalsoexceededboththeratesofthethreerepoweringprojectsusedtogeneratethePEIR’sestimatesforGoldenHillsand

Asdescribedabove,forallavianfocalspeciesanalyzed,afullyrepoweredprogramareawouldbeexpectedtoreduceestimatedfatalityrates.However,fatalitieswouldstillbeexpectedtoresultfromtheoperationoftherepoweredturbines,anduncertaintysurroundingtheaccuracyoftheestimatedfatalityratesandthetypesofspeciespotentiallyaffectedremains.Consideringthisinformation,anddespitetheanticipatedreductionsinavianimpactscomparedtothebaselinerates,theCountyhasdeterminedtouseaconservativeapproachfortheimpactassessment,concludingthatturbinerelatedfatalitiescouldconstituteasubstantialadverseeffectonavianspeciesbecausetheratesforsomeorallofthespeciescouldbegreaterthanthebaselinerates.Thisimpactwouldbesignificant.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresBIO‐11athroughBIO‐11iwouldreducethisimpact,butnottoaless‐than‐significantlevel;accordingly,thisimpactisconsideredsignificantandunavoidable.

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theAPWRA‐wideestimates,buttheH.T.Harveyreportobservedthatadditionalyearsofstudywouldbeneededtodeterminewhetherthiswasananomalyorastandardpattern(H.T.Harvey&Associates2017:50).Asstatedinthereport,red‐tailedhawkresultsmayalsohavebeenskewedbyperchingandnestingopportunitiescreatedbynearbyoldturbines,theremovalofwhichwouldlikelyreducefatalityrates.TheotherraptorspeciesanalyzedintheH.T.Harveyreport,Americankestrelandburrowingowl,revealedsignificantlylowermortalityratesthanwereestimatedinthePEIR(H.T.Harvey&Associates2017:50).

Batfatalities(499.2at5.81/MW/year)werehigherthanestimatedforGoldenHillsinthePEIR(from148at1.68/MW/yearto347at3.9/MW/year),but,asexplainedintheH.T.Harveyreport,thePEIR’sestimateswerefaultybecauseVascoWind’sbatmortalityratesinthefirstandsecondyearswereinfact5.76/MW/yearand6.69/MW/year,not1.68/MW/year;accordingly,GoldenHills’batmortalityratesforthefirstyearwereinlinewiththecorrectmortalityratesatVascoWinds(H.T.Harvey&Associates2017:52).

ThedifferencesbetweentheH.T.HarveyreportandthemortalityestimatesofthePEIRdonotindicateanewormoreintensesignificantimpactbeyondthescopeofthePEIR.ThePEIRrecognizedtheuncertaintyofitsavianmortalityestimatesandconcludedthatmortalityratesunderthe450MWrepoweringprogramcouldexceedbaseline,nonrepoweredmortalityrates(AlamedaCountyCommunityDevelopmentAgency2014).Morespecifically,whilethePEIRusedthe“bestavailable”datafromthreerepoweringprojectstoestimateapossiblereductionoffatalitiesundertherepoweringprogram,thePEIR’simpactconclusionforthe450MWrepoweringprogramexpresslyacknowledgedtheuncertaintyinherentinsuchdata.

Thus,whilethePEIRpresentedmortalityestimatesthatlookedpromising,thoseestimateswereuncertainandultimatelywerenotrelieduponasthebasisforitsimpactconclusion.LiketheH.T.Harveyreport,thePEIRconcludedthatmoredatawereneeded:“[p]ostconstructionmonitoring,oncetheturbinesareinoperation,willprovidedatatoquantifytheactualextentofchangeinavianfatalitiesfromrepoweringandtheextentofavianfatalityforprojectsintheprogramarea…”(AlamedaCountyCommunityDevelopmentAgency2014:3.4‐119).Inlightofthisuncertainty,thePEIRrequiresadaptivemanagementforanyrepoweringprojectwhere“…fatalitymonitoring…resultsinanestimatethatexceedsthepreconstructionbaselinefatalityestimates(i.e.,estimatesatthenonrepoweredturbinesasdescribedinthisPEIR)…toensurethatthebestavailablescienceisusedtominimizeimpactstobelowbaseline”(AlamedaCountyCommunityDevelopmentAgency2014:3.4‐116).ThePEIRdrewasimilarconclusionandrequiredasimilaradaptivemanagementprogramforimpactsonbats(AlamedaCountyCommunityDevelopmentAgency2014:3.4‐133,3.4‐136).Therefore,eventhoughsomeofthefirst‐yearresultsfromtheGoldenHillsprojectexceedthemortalityestimatesofthePEIR,thoseimpactsarestillwithinthescopeofthePEIR’simpactconclusionsandassociatedmitigationmeasures.

WhilethePEIRsetforthmultiplemeasurestoaddressavianmortality,itconcludedthatthesemeasureswouldnotreducetheimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionholdstruefortheSandHillProject,andalthoughitremainsdifficulttoestimatemortalityrateswithcertainty,continuedmonitoringwillcontributetothebodyofknowledgeinformingthiseffort.ImplementationofthecombinedprogramofMitigationMeasures,BIO‐11a,Prepareaproject‐specificavianprotectionplan;BIO‐11b,Siteturbinestominimizepotentialmortalityofbirds;BIO‐11c,Useturbinedesignsthatreduceavianimpacts;BIO‐11d,Incorporateavian‐safepracticesintodesignofturbine‐relatedinfrastructure;BIO‐11e,Retrofitexistinginfrastructuretominimizerisktoraptors;BIO‐11f,Discouragepreyforraptors;BIO‐11g,Implementpostconstructionavianfatalitymonitoring

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forallrepoweringprojects;BIO‐11h,Compensateforthelossofraptorsandotheravianspecies,includinggoldeneagles,bycontributingtoconservationefforts;andBIO‐11i,Implementanavianadaptivemanagementprogram,wouldreducethisimpactbutnottoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldaddressthisimpact.

ImpactBIO‐12:Potentialmortalityordisturbanceofbatsfromroostremovalordisturbance(lessthansignificant)

ThePEIRidentifiedtwospecial‐statusbatspecies—pallidbat(Antrozouspallidus)andTownsend’sbig‐earedbat(Corynorhinustownsendii)—ashavingthepotentialtoroostintheprogramarea.However,theBiologicalResourcesEvaluationfoundthatnosuitableroostinghabitatispresentintheProjectarea.Accordingly,thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificant,andnomitigationisrequired.

ImpactBIO‐13:Potentialforconstructionactivitiestotemporarilyremoveoralterbatforaginghabitat(lessthansignificant)

ThePEIRconcludedthatwhileconstructionactivitiescoulddegradeforaginghabitat,theoverallrepoweringeffort,bydecommissioningnumerousold‐generationturbines,wouldoffsetthelossofhabitatassociatedwithinstallationofnewturbinesandinfrastructure.Thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificant,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

ImpactBIO‐14:Turbine‐relatedfatalitiesofspecial‐statusandotherbats(significantandunavoidable)

ThePEIRconcludedthatrepoweringwouldresultinturbine‐relatedfatalitiesofspecial‐statusandotherbats.WhiletheBiologicalResourcesEvaluationfoundthattheProjectareadidnotsupportroostinghabitatforspecial‐statusbats,special‐statusandotherbatsareassumedtomigrateandforageintheProjectareaastheydothroughouttheprogramarea.

ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresBIO‐14a,Siteandselectturbinestominimizepotentialmortalityofbats;BIO‐14b,Implementpostconstructionbatfatalitymonitoringprogramforallrepoweringprojects;BIO‐14c,PrepareandpublishannualmonitoringreportsonthefindingsofbatuseoftheProjectareaandfatalitymonitoringresults;BIO‐14d,Developandimplementabatadaptivemanagementplan;andBIO‐14e,Compensateforexpensesincurredbyrehabilitatinginjuredbats,wouldreducetheseverityofthisimpact,butnottoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldaddressthisimpact.

ImpactBIO‐15:Potentialforroadinfrastructureupgradestoresultinadverseeffectsonalkalimeadow(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatroadinfrastructureupgrades—especiallythoseinvolvingcrossings—couldresultinadverseeffectsonalkalimeadow.TheaquaticresourcesdelineationsurveysconductedinsupportoftheProjectidentifiedatotalof20.1acresofalkalimeadowinthestudyarea;Projectroadswouldcrosssomeoftheseareas.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureBIO‐15,Compensateforthelossofalkalimeadowhabitat,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.This

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conclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactBIO‐16:Potentialforroadinfrastructureupgradestoresultinadverseeffectsonriparianhabitat(noimpact)

WhilethePEIRidentifiedseveralcategoriesofriparianhabitatintheprogramarea,thesurveysconductedinsupportoftheBiologicalResourcesEvaluationidentifiednoriparianhabitatintheProjectarea.Therewouldbenoimpact,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

ImpactBIO‐17:Potentialforground‐disturbingactivitiestoresultindirectadverseeffectsoncommonhabitats(lessthansignificant)

ThePEIRconcludedthatground‐disturbingactivitieswouldresultinthepermanentandtemporarylossofcommonhabitats—primarilyannualgrasslands.However,becauseoftheextentofthesehabitatsregionallyavailableandthereclamationactivitiesthatarepartoftheProject,thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificant,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

ImpactBIO‐18:Potentialforroadinfrastructureupgradestoresultinadverseeffectsonwetlands(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatroadinfrastructureupgradeswouldresultinplacementoffillatcrossings,aswellaspossiblehydrologicalteration.ThisconclusionistrueoftheSandHillProjectaswell,particularlyinassociationwiththeaquaticresourcesdiscussedinImpactBIO‐15.Thiswouldbeasignificantimpact.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureBIO‐18,Compensateforthelossofwetlands,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactBIO‐19:Potentialimpactonthemovementofanynativeresidentormigratorywildlifespeciesorestablishednativeresidentormigratorywildlifecorridors,andtheuseofnativewildlifenurserysites(significantandunavoidable)

ThePEIRconcludedthatconstructionactivitiescouldinterferewithwildlifemovementthroughintroductionofbarrierstopassage;moreover,asdiscussedinImpactsBIO‐11andBIO‐14,turbineoperationscouldinterferewithmovementofbirdsandbatsthroughturbine‐relatedmortality.Thiswouldconstituteasignificantimpact.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresBIO‐1b,BIO‐1e,BIO‐3a,BIO‐4a,BIO‐5a,BIO‐5c,BIO‐7a,BIO‐8a,BIO‐8b,BIO‐10a,BIO‐11b,BIO‐11c,BIO‐11d,BIO‐11e,BIO‐11i,BIO‐12a,BIO‐12b,BIO‐14a,andBIO‐14dwouldreducethisimpactbutnottoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactBIO‐20:Conflictwithlocalplansorpolicies(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

AsdescribedinthePEIR,theECAPhasseveralpoliciesrelatedtowindfarms,includingestablishingamitigationprogramtominimizetheimpactsofwindturbineoperationsonbirdpopulations.Lossofspecial‐statusspeciesandtheirhabitat,lossofalkalimeadow,lossofriparianhabitat,andlossofexistingwetlandsasaresultofimplementingtheprogramwouldbeinconflictwiththesepolicies.

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BecausetheconditionsintheProjectareaandfeaturesandcharacteristicsoftheSandHillProjectareconsistentwiththosecontemplatedinthePEIR,theimpactwouldbethesame,exceptthatriparianhabitatisnotpresentintheProjectarea.Thisimpactwouldbesignificant;however,implementationofMitigationMeasuresBIO‐1athroughBIO‐1e,BIO‐3a,BIO‐4a,BIO‐4b,BIO5athrough5c,BIO‐7a,BIO‐7b,BIO‐8a,BIO‐8b,BIO‐9,BIO10a,BIO‐10b,BIO‐15,BIO‐16,andBIO‐18wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactBIO‐21:ConflictwithprovisionsofanadoptedHCP/NCCPorotherapprovedlocal,regional,orstatehabitatconservationplan(noimpact)

BecausetherearenoadoptedHCP/NCCPsfortheprogramareaandtheprogramwouldnotconflictwiththeEACCS,therewouldbenoimpact.ThesameistruefortheProjectarea.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife.2018.CaliforniaNaturalDiversityDatabase,RareFind5,July2018.SearchoftheMidwayandCliftonCourtForebayUSGS7.5‐minuteQuadranglesand10surroundingquadrangles.Sacramento,CA.

ICFInternational.2013.BiologicalResourcesTechnicalReportfortheSandHillProject.February.(ICF00456.12.)Sacramento,CA.PreparedforFloDesignWindTurbineCorporation,Waltham,MA.

U.S.FishandWildlifeService.2018.IPaCTrustResourceReport.ListofFederalEndangeredandThreatenedSpeciesThatOccurinorMayBeAffectedbytheProject.Available:http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/es_species/Lists/es_species_lists.cfm.Accessed:January2018.

Cultural Resources

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3.5 Cultural Resources ThefollowinganalysisisbasedonculturalresourcesinvestigationsconductedfortheproposedProject(AppendixC).ImpactsrelativetoculturalresourcesdependprimarilyonProjectscopeandarea.ThefootprintofindividualturbineswouldbethesameasdescribedinthePEIR.

AsdirectedbyMitigationMeasureCUL‐2a,Conductapreconstructionculturalfieldsurveyandculturalresourcesinventoryandevaluation,inthePEIR,investigationswereconductedfortheproposedProject.Theseinvestigationsidentifiedthreepreviouslydocumentedresourceswithintheareaofpotentialeffects(APE).

P‐01‐010613—AsegmentofGrantLineRoad(P‐01‐010613)alongtherouteoftheoriginalLincolnHighway,thefirstpavedtranscontinentalroad,constructedaround1870.

P‐01‐010947—ThePittsburg‐Tesla230kVtransmissionlineconstructedbyPG&Ein1959–1960.

P‐01‐011395—A6‐milesegmentofthePG&ETracy–Tesla230kVtransmissionlinebuiltbetween1949and1953.

Resourceslocatedwithin0.25mileoftheAPEincludeahistoric‐periodranchcomplex,apossibleboundarymarker/fence,andtwosandstonemillingstations.

AportionoftheCaliforniaAqueductmainlineintersectswiththeProjectAPEattwolocationssouthofBethanyReservoir.SegmentsoftheCaliforniaAqueductinotherlocationshavebeenevaluatedforeligibilityforinclusionintheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces(NRHP)/CaliforniaRegisterofHistoricResources(CRHR),andthefullextentoftheaqueducthasbeendeterminedeligibleforlistingintheNRHPandCRHR.

Reviewofhistoricliteratureandmapsrevealsthat,withtheexceptionofconstructionoftheCaliforniaAqueductandwindturbines,limiteddevelopmenthasoccurredintheAPE;rather,thevicinityhasbeenusedprimarilyascattlerangeland.WiththeexceptionoftheCaliforniaAqueduct—whichwouldnotbeaffectedbytheProject—theAPEisnotexpectedtocontainhistoricbuiltresources.

TheNativeAmericanHeritageCommission(NAHC)wascontactedthreetimesinJanuaryandFebruary2018torequestasacredlandsfiledatabasesearchandtosolicitanynewinformationsincethePEIRculturalresourcesinvestigationswereconducted.Todate,noresponsehasbeenreceived.

ImpactCUL‐1:Causeasubstantialadversechangeinthesignificanceofahistoricalresource(noimpact)

ThePEIRidentified19historicarchitecturalculturalresourcesintheprogramarea,andconcludedthatrepoweringprojectscouldresultinanadversechangeonsuchresourcesintheprogramarea.

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ThreehistoricresourceswereidentifiedwithintheProjectarea:P‐01‐010613(GrantLineRoad)andP‐01‐010947andP‐01‐011395(bothhistorictransmissionlines).TheseresourceswerenotformallyevaluatedforeligibilityineithertheNRHPortheCRHR.However,GrantLineRoadisanactivelyusedroadwayandthetransmissionlinesconsistofoverheadpowerlines,noneofwhichwouldbeaffectedbyProjectactivities.Similarly,whileasegmentoftheCaliforniaAqueductintersectswiththeAPE,Project‐relatedactivitiesarenotanticipatedtodisturbtheseresources.TheProjectwouldnotchangeormodifytheaqueduct.TheProjectwouldincludeagen‐tielinethatwouldcrossovertheaqueductusinganoverheadelectricallineonpolesorconnectingconduittoanexistingbridge,oritwouldcrossundertheaqueductusingdirectionalboring.Directionalboringwouldnotaffecttheaqueduct.Attachingconduittoanexistingbridgewouldnotchangethefunctionordesignofthebridgeandthereforewouldnotaffecttheintegrityoftheoverallaqueduct.Becauseanoverheadelectricallineisalreadypresent,thegen‐tielinewouldnotchangetheexistingconditionsandwouldnotchangetheintegrityoftheoverallaqueduct.Accordingly,theProjectwouldnotcauseasubstantialadversechangeinthesignificanceofahistoricalresource.Therewouldbenoimpact,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

ImpactCUL‐2:Causeasubstantialadversechangeinthesignificanceofanarchaeologicalresource(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

OfthefourpreviouslydocumentedresourceslocatedneartheAPE,two—P‐01‐000163(ranchcomplex)andP‐01‐011596(millingstation)—weredocumentedasbeinglocateddirectlyadjacenttotheAPE.PedestriansurveyrelocatedbothresourcesoutsidetheAPE,andtheywouldnotbeaffectedbytheProject.NopreviouslyundocumentedarchaeologicalresourceswereidentifiedwithintheAPEduringthepedestriansurvey.

AlthoughtheAPEandvicinitywereusedbyprehistoricpeoples,thenatureofthislandusewouldprimarilyhavebeenresourcecollection.Consequently,theexpectedrangeofprehistoricartifactandfeaturetypesintheAPEwouldincludeprojectilepointsandlithictools,lithicdebitage,bedrockmortars,andgrindingstones.Althoughtheareacouldhavebeenusedforuplandresourcecollectionactivities,theAPEislocatedfarfrompermanentwatersourcesandis,therefore,expectedtohavemoderatetolowpotentialtocontainprehistoricarchaeologicalresources.

IntheeventthatarchaeologicalresourcesareinadvertentlyuncoveredduringProjectconstruction,implementationofMitigationMeasuresCUL‐2b,Developatreatmentplanforanyidentifiedsignificantculturalresources;CUL‐2c,Conductworkerawarenesstrainingforarchaeologicalresourcespriortoconstruction;andCUL‐2d,Stopworkifculturalresourcesareencounteredduringground‐disturbingactivities,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactCUL‐3:Disturbanyhumanremains,includingthoseinterredoutsideofformalcemeteries(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatalthoughthereisnoindicationthattheprogramareahasbeenusedforhumanburials,becauseprehistoricsitesareknowntobepresentintheprogramarea,thepossibilitycannotbediscountedentirely.IntheunanticipatedeventthathumanremainsareencounteredduringProjectconstruction,implementationofMitigationMeasureCUL‐3,Stopworkifhumanremainsareencounteredduringground‐disturbingactivities,wouldreducethisimpacttoa

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less‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

Alameda County Community Development Agency

Environmental AnalysisGeology, Soils, Mineral Resources, and

Paleontological Resources

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3.6 Geology, Soils, Mineral Resources, and Paleontological Resources

AsdescribedinthePEIR,therearenoknownmineralresourcesintheprogramareaanditwasconcludedthattheprogramwouldnotaffectmineralresources.Accordingly,mineralresourcesarenotfurtherconsideredinthisanalysis.

AsdescribedinthePEIR,theprogramarea,knownforthefrequentoccurrenceofearthquakesandpotentialgroundshaking,containstwoactivefaults,whicharezonedundertheAlquist‐PrioloAct.Theprogramareaisinsteep,hillyterrainknowntobesusceptibletoearthquake‐inducedlandsliding.Althoughthepotentialforliquefactionislikelylowbecauseofthedepthtogroundwaterandtheageofthegeologicunitsintheprogramarea,theriskoflateralspreadanddifferentialsettlementisnotknown.Expansivesoilsoccurinmuchoftheprogramarea,particularlyintheFontana‐Diablo‐Altamontsoilassociation,whichcharacterizestheSandHillProjectarea.Geologicunitsintheprogramareahavethepotentialtocontainpaleontologicalresources;however,mostoftheProjectareaisnotwithintheNerolyFormation,ageologicunitparticularlysensitiveforfossilmaterial.

AsdisclosedinSection1.3.4,OperationsandMaintenanceFacility,thePEIRdidnotaddressO&Mfacilitiesattheprogramlevel,andthetwoProject‐levelanalysesassumedthatnosepticorotherwastewatertreatmentsystemwouldbenecessary.However,SandHillproposestoinstallsuchasysteminconjunctionwithitsO&Mfacility.Inaccordancewithlocalregulations,theinstallationofsuchasystemwouldbesubjecttoapprovalandpermittingbyAlamedaCountyDepartmentofEnvironmentalHealth.Ifpreconstructioninvestigationsindicatethatthesoilsonsitearenotsuitabletosupportsuchasystem,portabletoilets,suppliedandservicedbyacommercialvendor,wouldbeusedinstead.BecausethisimpactwasdismissedinthePEIR,nonewimpactnumberhasbeenintroducedforthisanalysis;moreover,becauseasystemwouldonlybeinstalledifitcomplieswithlocalregulations,itwouldnotpresentanewsignificantimpact.Inaddition,theuseofportabletoiletswouldnotconstituteasignificantimpactinthecontextofsoilsbecauseoftheirownregulatoryrequirements.Accordingly,thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificantandwouldnotentailanewsignificantimpactoroneofgreaterseveritythanwasdisclosedinthePEIR.

ImpactGEO‐1:Exposepeopleorstructurestopotentialsubstantialadverseeffects,includingtheriskofloss,injury,ordeath,asaresultofruptureofaknownearthquakefault(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRidentifiedthreeactivefaultsintheprogramarea;however,onlyasmallportionoftheMidwayfault,designatedaspotentiallyactive,approachestheProjectarea.Ifaturbinewereconstructedonornearafault,ruptureofthatfaultcoulddamageaturbineorcauseharmtopersonnelonthesite.Theturbinecouldbedamagedorcollapseandpossiblyinjurepersonnelorpropertyintheimmediatearea.However,becausetheProjectareaismoreremovedfromidentified

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faultsthanmuchoftheprogramarea,noimpactsbeyondthoseidentifiedinthePEIRwouldresult.ImplementationofMitigationmeasureGEO‐1,Conductsite‐specificgeotechnicalinvestigationandimplementdesignrecommendationsinsubsequentgeotechnicalreport,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactGEO‐2:Exposepeopleorstructurestopotentialsubstantialadverseeffects,includingtheriskofloss,injury,ordeath,asaresultofstrongseismicgroundshaking(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

AsdisclosedinthePEIR,constructionofturbinesorpowercollectionsystemsinareaswiththepotentialtoexperiencestronggroundshakingcouldexposepeopleorstructurestopotentialsubstantialadverseeffects.Theturbinecouldbedamagedorcollapseandpossiblyinjurepersonnelordamagepropertyintheimmediatearea.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureGEO‐1wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactGEO‐3:Exposepeopleorstructurestopotentialsubstantialadverseeffects,includingtheriskofloss,injury,ordeath,asaresultofseismic‐relatedgroundfailure,includinglandslidingandliquefaction(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

AsdisclosedinthePEIR,ifturbinefoundationsorpowercollectionsystemsarenotproperlydesignedandsitedfortheearthquake‐inducedgroundfailureconditionspresentintheprogramarea,theycouldfailandcausedamagetoorcollapseoftheturbinetowersorcollectionsystem.Thisdamageorcollapsecouldcauseharmtopersonnelorpropertyintheimmediatearea.Althoughthepotentialforliquefactionislikelylowbecauseofthedepthtogroundwaterandtheageofthegeologicunitsintheprogramarea,theriskoflateralspreadanddifferentialsettlementisunknown.Thepotentialdamageandharmthatcouldresultfromlandsliding,lateralspread,ordifferentialsettlementwouldbeasignificantimpact.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureGEO‐1wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactGEO‐4:Exposepeopleorstructurestopotentialsubstantialadverseeffects,includingtheriskofloss,injury,ordeath,asaresultoflandsliding(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

AsdisclosedinthePEIR,inadditiontoseismic‐relatedgroundfailurediscussedinprecedingimpacts,constructionofturbinesorpowercollectionsystemsinareaswithpotentialtoexperiencenon‐seismic‐relatedlandslidingcausedbyheavyprecipitationcouldalsoexposepeopleorstructurestopotentialsubstantialadverseeffects.Damageorcollapseresultingfromlandslidingcouldcauseharmtopersonnelorpropertyintheimmediatearea.

WhiletheProjectmustcomplywithexistingregulatoryrequirements(buildingsafetyrequirements),theserequirementsmaynotaddressallgroundfailureissues.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureGEO‐1wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

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ImpactGEO‐5:Resultinsubstantialsoilerosionorthelossoftopsoil(lessthansignificant)

AsdisclosedinthePEIR,decommissioningandProjectconstructioncouldcausesurfacedisturbanceandvegetationremovalresultinginsoilerosion.However,compliancewithfederalandlocalerosion‐relatedregulations(e.g.,theSWPPPdevelopedfortheProject,requirementsofthecounty’sStormwaterQualityManagementPlan)wouldensurethatground‐disturbingactivitiesdonotresultinsignificanterosion.Moreover,thePEIRrequiresareclamationplanwithspecificmeasurestakentoensurethatrepoweringsitesareregradedandseededtopre‐Projectconditions.Theserequirementswouldensurethatpotentialimpactsofsoilerosionwouldbelessthansignificant,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

ImpactGEO‐6:Belocatedonexpansivesoil,creatingsubstantialriskstolifeorproperty(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRdisclosedthatexpansivesoilsoccurinmuchoftheprogramarea,particularlyintheFontana‐Diablo‐Altamontsoilassociation,whichcharacterizestheProjectarea.Turbinefoundationsbuiltonexpansivesoilswouldbesubjecttotheshrinkandswellofthesesoils,whichcoulddamagestructuresifthesubsoil,drainage,andfoundationarenotproperlyengineered.However,soilsamplingandtreatmentproceduresareaddressedbystateandlocalbuildingcodes.CompliancewiththesecodesandimplementationofMitigationMeasureGEO‐1wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactGEO‐7:Directlyorindirectlydestroyauniquepaleontologicalresourceorsiteoruniquegeologicfeature(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

AccordingtothePEIR,sedimentaryrocks—geologicunitswithpotentialtocontainpaleontologicalresources—includemostunitsintheprogramarea.Becausemostoftheprogramareaischaracterizedbygeologicunitsconsideredtobesensitiveforpaleontologicalresources,thisanalysisassumesthesametobetrueoftheProjectarea.Substantialdamagetoordestructionofsignificantpaleontologicalresourceswouldbeasignificantimpact.ImplementationofMitigationMeasuresGEO‐7a,Retainaqualifiedprofessionalpaleontologisttomonitorsignificantground‐disturbingactivities;GEO‐7b,MitigationMeasureGEO‐1g:Retainaqualifiedprofessionalpaleontologisttomonitorsignificantground‐disturbingactivities;andGEO‐7c,Stopworkifsubstantialfossilremainsareencounteredduringconstruction,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

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3.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions TheproposedProjectisasubsetoftheAPWRA‐widerepoweringevaluatedinthePEIR.Project‐levelgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsandassociatedimpactswereassessedusingthesamemethodsasdescribedaboveinSection3.3,AirQuality.RefertoAppendixAforadditionalmodelingdetail,includingequipmentandvehicleassumptions.

BecauseGHGemissionsresultinglobalimpacts,andbecauseProject‐specificactivitiesarecommensuratewiththoseevaluatedinthePEIR,thedescriptionofexistingconditionspresentedinthePEIRisincorporatedherebyreference.NotethatsincepublicationofthePEIR,thestatehasadoptedSenateBill(SB)32,whichrequiresARBtoensurethatstatewideGHGemissionsarereducedtoatleast40percentbelow1990levelsby2030.The2017ClimateChangeScopingPlanpresentsmeasuresthestatewillimplementtoachievethisgoal,includingfurtheringtherenewablesportfoliostandard(RPS)torequirethat50%ofretailelectricitysalesoriginatefromrenewableresourcesby2030.

ImpactGHG‐1:Generategreenhousegasemissions,eitherdirectlyorindirectly,thatmayhaveasignificantimpactontheenvironment(lessthansignificant)

ThePEIRconcludedthatwhilerepoweringtheAPWRA(anaggregateofalltheanticipatedrepoweringprojectsproposedwithintheprogramarea)wouldresultinshort‐termemissionsofGHGs,primarilyassociatedwithconstructionactivities,andthepotentialoperationalemissionofsulfurhexafluoride(SF6),therepoweringprojectscollectivelywouldresultinanannualnetreductionofmorethan100,000tonsofcarbondioxideequivalentemissions(CO2e).Thisbeneficialimpactwouldbelessthansignificant.

AsdetailedinAppendixA,thewindenergygeneratedbytheproposedProjectwouldreduceGHGemissionsbyapproximately50,000metrictonsCO2eperyear.ThiswouldmorethanoffsetemissionsgeneratedbyProjectconstructionandO&M.Thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificant,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

ImpactGHG‐2:Conflictwithanapplicableplan,policy,orregulationadoptedforthepurposeofreducingtheemissionsofgreenhousegases(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRevaluatedtherepoweringoftheprogramareaforconsistencywiththefollowingmeasuresrelevanttoGHGemissions.

AssemblyBill(AB)32ScopingPlanMeasureT‐7:Heavy‐DutyVehicleGHGEmissionReduction(AerodynamicEfficiency)—DiscreteEarlyAction.

AB32ScopingPlanMeasureE‐3:RenewablesPortfolioStandard(RPS)

AB32ScopingPlanMeasureH‐6:HighGlobalWarmingPotentialGasReductionsfromStationarySources–SF6LeakReductionandRecyclinginElectricalApplications.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

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AlamedaCountyClimateActionPlan(CAP)MeasureE‐10:Requirenewconstructiontousebuildingmaterialscontainingrecycledcontent.

AlamedaCountyCAPMeasureWS‐2:StrengthentheConstructionandDemolitionDebrisManagementOrdinance.

WiththeexceptionofScopingPlanMeasureE‐3,thePEIRconcludedthattherepoweringprojectscouldpotentiallyconflictwithallthesemeasures.However,implementationofMitigationMeasuresGHG‐2a,Implementbestavailablecontroltechnologyforheavy‐dutyvehicles;GHG‐2b,InstalllowSF6leakratecircuitbreakersandmonitoring;GHG‐2c,Requirenewconstructiontousebuildingmaterialscontainingrecycledcontent;andGHG‐2d,Complywithconstructionanddemolitiondebrismanagementordinance,wouldreducethispotentialimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.

Inconcept,theproposedProjectisbeingpursuedtopromotesustainabilityandfurtheralternativeenergy.AlthoughthemeasuresincludedintheAB32ScopingPlan,2017ClimateChangeScopingPlan,andAlamedaCountyCAParenecessarilybroad,theproposedProjectisgenerallyconsistentwiththegoalsanddesiredoutcomesoftheplans.TheadditionalwindenergygeneratedbytheProjectwilldirectlysupportthedecarbonizationoftheelectricpowersector,helpingCaliforniatomeetitsGHGgoalsinSB32andExecutiveOrderS‐3‐05.4Nevertheless,emissionsgeneratedbytheProjectcouldpotentiallyconflictwithapplicablemeasuresintheAB32ScopingPlan,2017ClimateChangeScopingPlan,andAlamedaCountyCAP.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

4CaliforniaEOS‐03‐05seekstoreduceemissionstoatleast80percentbelow1990levelsby2050.

Hazards and Hazardous Materials

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3.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials ThePEIRevaluatedthepotentialforimpactsrelatingtohazardsandhazardousmaterials.BecausethecharacteristicsoftheProjectareaandtheactivitiesassociatedwithProjectconstructionandoperationarethesameasthosecontemplatedinthePEIR,existinghazardsandhazardousconditionsintheProjectareaaregenerallythesameasthoseanalyzedinthePEIR.TheuseofhazardousmaterialsduringProjectconstruction,operations,andmaintenanceactivitieswouldbesimilar.IssuesrelatedtotheProject’sproximitytoschoolsandairportsarecoveredunderthePEIRasarewildlandfirerequirements.DuetothelargergenerationcapacityoftheProject’sproposedturbines,fewerturbineswouldberequired.However,theywouldbelargerandwould,likeallrepoweringprojects,besubjecttoCountyreview.

TheProjectareaisinthenortheastportionoftheprogramareanorthofI‐580neartheTownofByron.TheconditionsdescribedinthePEIRalsopertaintotheProjectarea.ThecharacteristicsoftheProjectregardingthetypeofpotentialhazardsintheareaandthetypeanduseofhazardousmaterialswouldnotdifferfromthoseaddressedinthePEIR.Thepotentialforandtypeofbladethrow,addressedinthediscussionofImpactHAZ‐9,wouldnotdifferfromthosehazardsconsideredinthePEIR;however,discussionofthelargerturbinesisincludedforpurposesoffulldisclosure.

ImpactHAZ‐1:Createasignificanthazardtothepublicortheenvironmentthroughtheroutinetransport,use,ordisposalofhazardousmaterials(lessthansignificant)

ThePEIRconcludedthatProjectconstructionwouldinvolvesmallquantitiesofcommonlyusedmaterials,suchasfuelsandoils,tooperateconstructionequipment.TheProjectwouldimplementstandardconstructionBMPs,asrequiredbytheSWPPP,toreducepollutantemissionsduringconstruction.Thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificant,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

ImpactHAZ‐2:Createasignificanthazardtothepublicortheenvironmentthroughreasonablyforeseeableupsetandaccidentconditionsinvolvingthereleaseofhazardousmaterialsintotheenvironment(lessthansignificant)

TheProjectwouldnotinvolveactivitiesormaterialsbeyondthosedescribedinthePEIR.Further,theProjectwouldnotcreateasignificanthazardtothepublicortheenvironmentthroughreasonablyforeseeableupsetoraccidentconditionsinvolvingthereleaseofhazardousmaterialsintotheenvironment.Thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificant,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

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ImpactHAZ‐3:Emithazardousemissionsorinvolvehandlinghazardousoracutelyhazardousmaterials,substances,orwastewithin0.25mileofanexistingorproposedschool(noimpact)

TherearenopublicorprivateK–12schoolswithin0.25mileoftheProjectarea.Thenearestschool,MountainHouseElementarySchool,isapproximately0.54mileeastofthenearestProjectfacilitiesanditisunlikelythathazardousmaterialswouldbeemittedorreleasedwithin0.25mileofanyschools.Therewouldbenoimpact,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

ImpactHAZ‐4:Locationonahazardousmaterialssite,creatingasignificanthazardtothepublicortheenvironment(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

TheProjectwouldinvolvesoildisturbanceand,asoutlinedinthePEIR,forallprojectsrequiringaCUP,theCountywouldrequirethataPhaseIEnvironmentalSiteAssessment(andremediation,ifnecessary)beconductedpriortoconstructionactivitiesasastandardconditionofapprovalfortheCUP.Accordingly,implementationofMitigationMeasureHAZ‐4,PerformaPhaseIEnvironmentalSiteAssessmentpriortoconstructionactivitiesandremediateifnecessary,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactHAZ‐5:Locationwithinanairportlanduseplanareaor,wheresuchaplanhasnotbeenadopted,within2milesofapublicairportorpublicuseairport,resultinginasafetyhazardforpeopleresidingorworkingintheprojectarea(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

TheclosestpublicairporttotheProjectareaistheByronAirport,approximately2.7milesnorthoftheProjectarea.LivermoreMunicipalAirportisapproximately11.4milessouthwestoftheProjectarea,andTracyMunicipalAirportisapproximately8milessoutheastoftheProjectarea.BecausetheProjectareaisnotwithin2milesofapublicairport,implementationoftheProjectwouldnotnormallyresultinasafetyhazardforpeopleresidingorworkingintheProjectarea.However,accordingtothePEIR,projectswithfacilitiesintheinfluenceareazonesoflocalairportsarerequiredtosubmitaNoticeofProposedConstructionorAlterationformtotheFAAforreviewandtoimplementallFAArequirementstoreducepotentialaviationimpacts.AreviewoftheByronAirportinfluenceareazoneindicatesthattheProjectisoutsideallinfluenceareazones.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureHAZ‐5,CoordinatewiththeContraCostaALUC[AirportLandUseCommission]priortofinaldesign,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactHAZ‐6:Locationwithinthevicinityofaprivateairstrip,resultinginasafetyhazardforpeopleresidingorworkingintheprojectarea(lessthansignificant)

TheclosestprivateairportisMeadowlarkAirfield,6.25milessouthwestoftheProjectarea.BecausetheProjectareaisnotwithin2milesofaprivateairport,implementationoftheProjectwouldnotresultinasafetyhazardforpeopleresidingorworkingintheProjectarea.AdherencetotherequirementsdescribedinImpactHAZ‐5wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

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ImpactHAZ‐7:Impairimplementationoforphysicallyinterferewithanadoptedemergencyresponseplanoremergencyevacuationplan(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatimpactsassociatedwithemergencyresponseplanswouldbetemporary,occurringprimarilyduringconstruction,withthepotentialtocauseasubstantialtrafficincreaseonlocalcountyroads.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureTRA‐1,Developandimplementaconstructiontrafficcontrolplan,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactHAZ‐8:Exposepeopleorstructurestoasignificantriskofloss,injury,ordeathinvolvingwildlandfires,includingwherewildlandsareadjacenttourbanizedareasorwhereresidencesareintermixedwithwildlands(lessthansignificant)

ThePEIRconcludedthatwhilewindturbinescancausefireignitions,sufficientfireresponseprovidersarealreadyinplace.Moreover,fewerturbinesandtheimprovedsafetyofnewermodelsassociatedwithrepoweredprojectsareanticipatedtoresultinareductionofpotentialfireignitions.ThePEIRconcludedthatthefire‐relatedimpactofindividualrepoweringprojectswouldbelessthansignificant,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactHAZ‐9:Duringnormaloperation,theeffectsofbendingandstressonrotorbladesovertimecouldleadtobladefailureandbecomeapotentialbladethrowhazard(lessthansignificant)

BladethrowimpactsasassessedinthePEIRrelylargelyontheUpdatedAlamedaCountyTurbineSetbackRequirements(Table2‐3),whicharecalculatedbasedonrotor(blade)length,totalturbineheight,orapercentageofthegeneralsetback,withsomesetbacksalsoadjustedforelevation.TheproposedturbineswouldbewithinthePEIRspecificationsforrotortype,towertype,tower(hub)height,andtotalturbineheight.However,bladelengthswouldbeupto15feetlongerthanthebladescontemplatedinthePEIR.Thegeneralandalternativeminimumsetbacksthatuserotorlengthtoapplyasetbackstandardwouldonlyapplytoadjacentparcels(withorwithoutapprovedwindenergyCUPs).Sincethebladelengthsonlydifferby15feet,thischangewouldaddanadditionalsetbackdistanceof16.5feet(1.1timesbladelength)whenapplyingthesetbackrequirements—agreater(i.e.,moreprotective)setbackthanthatbasedonthebladelengthsenvisionedinthePEIR.PriortofinalProjectdesign,theCountywouldensurethatallsetbackrequirements,whethergeneraloralternativeminimum,aremet.SandHillwouldberequiredtoeithermeettheCounty’sgeneralsetbacksormeettheconditionsrequiredtoimplementalternativeminimumsetbacks.AdherencetoCountyrequirementswouldensurethatimpactsrelatedtobladethrowaremaintainedataless‐than‐significantlevel,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.Thus,thechangetoalargerturbinewouldhavenochangetotheapproachorfindingsregardingsetbacksandhazards.Therewouldbenonewsignificanteffectsorsubstantialincreaseintheseverityofeffectsforhazards.

Hydrology and Water Quality

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3.9 Hydrology and Water Quality ThePEIRcontemplatedtheimpactsonhydrologyandwaterqualitythatcouldresultfromconstructionandoperationofwindrepoweringprojectsthroughouttheprogramarea.TheonlychangerelevanttothisresourcetopicfromtheprojectsconsideredinthePEIRisthelargercapacityoftheturbinesproposedforuseintheSandHillProject:3.6–3.8MWturbinescontrastedwithamaximumof3MWconsideredinthePEIR.TheconsequenceofthischangewouldbeatleasteightfewerturbinesundertheSandHillProjectthanwouldhavebeennecessarytoachievethesamenameplatecapacity(i.e.,144.5MW)undertheturbinespecificationsconsideredinthePEIR.DespitethelargergenerativecapacityoftheSandHillturbines,theiroveralldimensionswouldbewithintheparametersestablishedinthePEIR—mostimportantly(pertainingtotheintroductionofimpervioussurfaces),thefootprintofindividualturbineswouldbethesameasdescribedinthePEIR.

AsdisclosedinthePEIR,theProjectareaissouthwestoftheSanJoaquin–SacramentoDeltaintheCliftonCourtForebaywatershed,andisintheTracygroundwatersubbasin.TheconditionsdescribedinthePEIRpertaintotheProjectarea.

ImpactWQ‐1:Violateanywaterqualitystandardsorwastedischargerequirements(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

TheProjectwouldentailthesametypesofconstructionactivitiesasdisclosedinthePEIR,andtheseactivitieswouldpotentiallyresultinthesamerangeofimpacts.Trenchingandsitepreparationcreateareasofbaresoilthatcanincreasesedimentdischargetoreceivingwaters.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureWQ‐1,ComplywithNPDESrequirements,(e.g.,erosioncontrolBMPs,implementationofastormwaterpollutionpreventionplan[SWPPP]),wouldreducetheseimpactstoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactWQ‐2:Substantiallydepletegroundwatersuppliesorinterferesubstantiallywithgroundwaterrecharge,resultinginanetdeficitinaquifervolumeoraloweringofthelocalgroundwatertablelevel(e.g.,theproductionrateofpre‐existingnearbywellswoulddroptoalevelthatwouldnotsupportexistinglandusesorplannedusesforwhichpermitshavebeengranted)(lessthansignificant)

AsdisclosedinthePEIR,ProjectconstructionandoperationwouldentailminimaluseofwaterbeyondstandardBMPssuchasroadandworksitedustcontrolmeasures.Accordingly,demandongroundwatersupplieswouldbenegligible.ThePEIRalsoconcludedthattherelativelysmallfootprints(approximately2.6acresforthe40turbinesoftheSandHillProject)ofthewindturbineswouldnotinterferewithgroundwaterinfiltration.Moreover,whilethePEIRassumedamaximumindividualturbinecapacityof3MW,theSandHillProjectcontemplates3.8MWturbines,requiring40turbinestoachievetheProject’s144.5MWcapacitycomparedtothe48turbinesthatwouldhave

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beenrequiredunderthePEIRassumptions.Thedecreaseofeightturbineswouldequatetoapproximately0.5acrelessofimpermeablesurfacethanthatconsideredinthePEIR.Theimpactwouldbelessthansignificant,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

ImpactWQ‐3:Substantiallyaltertheexistingdrainagepatternofthesiteorarea,includingthroughthealterationofthecourseofastreamorriver,inamannerthatwouldresultinsubstantialerosionorsiltationonsiteoroffsite(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

AsdisclosedinthePEIR,noturbineswouldbeconstructedwithinexistingdrainageareas,andProjectfacilitieswouldbedesignedtoavoidanydownstreamerosionduringtherainyseason.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureWQ‐1wouldensurethatprogram‐relatedstormwaterrunoffwouldnotresultinsubstantialerosionordownstreamsiltation.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactWQ‐4:Substantiallyaltertheexistingdrainagepatternofthesiteorarea,includingthroughthealterationofthecourseofastreamorriver,orsubstantiallyincreasetherateoramountofsurfacerunoffinamannerthatwouldresultinfloodingonsiteoroffsite(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

TheanalysisinthePEIRconcludedthatthemostextensiveincreaseinimpervioussurfaceswouldresultfromroadimprovementsnecessarytoaccommodatethenew,largerturbines.However,asdisclosedinthePEIR,thesoilsunderlyingtheprogramareaoverallarehighrunoffsoils,witharunoffpotentialcomparabletothatofcompactedgravelroads.Becausetheroadsthemselveswouldnotconsequentlyentailintroductionofnewimpervioussurfaces,andbecausetheNPDESstormwaterConstructionGeneralPermitrequirespostconstructionrunoffmanagementmeasuresbeimplementediftheSWPPPdeterminesthattheProjectcouldcauseanincreaseinpeakrunoffflows,implementationofMitigationMeasureWQ‐1wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactWQ‐5:Createorcontributerunoffwaterthatwouldexceedthecapacityofexistingorplannedstormwaterdrainagesystemsorprovidesubstantialadditionalsourcesofpollutedrunoff(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

AsestablishedinthePEIR,theprogramareadoesnotcurrentlyhaveexistingorplannedstorm‐waterdrainagefacilities;accordingly,theProjectwouldnotexceedcapacitiesofsuchfacilities.Moreover,aspreviouslydiscussed,implementationofMitigationMeasureWQ‐1wouldensurethattherewouldbenoincreaseintherateofpollutedrunoff.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactWQ‐6:Otherwisesubstantiallydegradewaterquality(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

Because,asdisclosedinthePEIR,theprogramareadoesnotcurrentlyhaveanysubstantialwaterqualityissuesordrainagesthatcouldcarryasubstantialamountofpollutedrunofftoreceivingwaters,Projectconstructionisnotanticipatedtosubstantiallydegradewaterquality.Moreover,Projectoperationwouldnotresultinasubstantialamountofadditionalrunoff.Implementationof

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MitigationMeasureWQ‐1wouldreducethepotentialimpactsofconstruction‐relateddischargestoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactWQ‐7:Placehousingwithina100‐yearfloodhazardarea,asmappedonafederalFloodHazardBoundaryorFloodInsuranceRateMaporotherfloodhazarddelineationmap(noimpact)

NoportionoftheProjectareaiswithina100‐yearfloodhazardarea.

ImpactWQ‐8:Placewithina100‐yearfloodhazardareastructuresthatwouldimpedeorredirectfloodflows(noimpact)

NoportionoftheProjectareaiswithina100‐yearfloodhazardarea.

ImpactWQ‐9:Exposepeopleorstructurestoasignificantriskofloss,injury,ordeathinvolvingflooding,includingfloodingasaresultofthefailureofaleveeordam(lessthansignificant)

AsdisclosedinthePEIR,becausetheProjectareaisinrollinghillsandthereareno100‐yearfloodplains,thelikelihoodofafloodeventintheareaisconsideredminimal.Inaddition,becausetheProjectwouldnotinvolveconstructionofhousing,ifBethanyReservoirDamweretofail,thelikelihoodofsignificantriskorlossisconsideredminimal.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

ImpactWQ‐10:Contributetoinundationbyseiche,tsunami,ormudflow(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

AsthePEIRconcluded,thelikelihoodofseicheortsunamiisconsideredminimal.Amudflowisalsohighlyunlikely,butsuchaneventcouldbepossibleinrollinghillsifproperBMPsarenotusedduringtheconstructionprocess.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureWQ‐1wouldensurethatProject‐relatedstormwaterrunoffwouldbeproperlycontainedandwoulddrainappropriatelytoprecludebuilduportocauserillsandsedimentationthatcouldresultinthepotentialforamudflow.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

Alameda County Community Development Agency Environmental AnalysisLand Use and Planning

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3.10 Land Use and Planning Becausetherearenoestablishedcommunitiesintheprogramareathatwouldbebisectedbyanyproposedrepoweringproject,windenergyproductionisanestablishedandpermittedusethroughouttheAPWRA,andtheprogramareaisnotwithinanHCPorNCCParea,thePEIRconcludedthattherewouldbenoimpactsonlanduseandplanningassociatedwithrepoweringprojectswithintheprogramarea.BecausetheProjectareaisasubsetoftheprogramarea,theanalysisremainsvalid.Accordingly,thisresourcetopicisnotaddressedfurtherinthisanalysis.

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3.11 Noise ICFconductedshort‐andlong‐termnoisemonitoringnearresidentialusesinsupportofapreviousProjectinportionsoftheProjectareainJanuary2016(ICFInternational2016).TheresultsoftheanalysisconductedforthecurrentSandHillProjectarepresentedinSoundTechnicalReportfortheSandHillWindRepoweringProject,AlamedaCounty,California(SoundTechnicalReport)(AppendixD).

TheProjectvicinityisprimarilyagriculturalwithsomescatteredruralresidences.SoundsourcesintheProjectareaareprimarilytrafficonlocalanddistantroadwaysandnaturalsourcessuchasbirdsandwindblowingthroughtallgrass.TheolderexistingturbinesintheProjectareahaveeitherbeenremovedorarenonoperational.NewturbinesthathavebeeninstalledonadjacentpropertiesareasourceofsoundbutarenotdominantinthesoundenvironmentoftheProjectarea.

ImpactNOI‐1:Exposureofresidencestonoisefromnewwindturbines(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

TheSoundTechnicalReportidentifiedtwosensitivereceptorsthatwouldbeexposedtonoiselevelsinexceedanceofthe55A‐weighteddecibel(dBA)thresholdestablishedbytheCounty:oneonAltamontPassRoadinthesouthernportionoftheProjectarea,andoneonMountainHouseRoadintheeasternportion.ThePEIRconcludedthatsuchexceedanceswouldbepossibleasprojectsaredesignedandconstructed,andthatsuchexceedanceswouldconstituteasignificantimpact.Accordingly,thefindingsoftheSoundTechnicalReportareconsistentwiththeconclusionsofthePEIR.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureNOI‐1,Performproject‐specificnoisestudiesandimplementmeasurestocomplywithCountynoisestandards,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactNOI‐2:Exposureofresidencestonoiseduringdecommissioningandnewturbineconstruction(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatsomeresidencesintheprogramareawouldbewithindistancesofconstructionactivitiesthatcouldexposethemtonoiselevelsinexceedanceofAlamedaCountynoiseordinancestandards.ThereceptoridentifiedasR1intheSoundTechnicalreportiswithin550feetofalaydownareaandwithin1,000feetofthenearestturbine;R3iswithin1,000feetofthenearestturbine.ThenoiselevelstowhichthesereceptorscouldbeexposedduringremovalofsomeoldturbinefoundationsandconstructionofProjectfacilitiesandinfrastructurewouldconstituteasignificantimpact.AsdisclosedinthePEIR,implementationofMitigationMeasureNOI‐2,Employnoise‐reducingpracticesduringdecommissioningandnewturbineconstruction,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

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ICFInternational.2016.SoundTechnicalReportfortheSandHillProposedWindProject,AlamedaCounty,California.March.(ICF00716.15.)Sacramento,CA.PreparedforOgin,Inc.,Waltham,MA.

Alameda County Community Development Agency Environmental AnalysisPopulation and Housing

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3.12 Population and Housing ThePEIRanticipatedcontinuinggrowthinAlamedaCounty.However,itconcludedthattherepoweringprojectsconstitutingtheoverallAPWRArepoweringeffortwouldnotinducepopulationgrowtheitherdirectlyorindirectly.BecausetheProjectisasubsetofthisanalysis,theanalysisremainsvalid.TheProjectwouldnotinvolvecreationofanyhousingunits,norwoulditdisplaceanyexistinghousingunitsorpeople.Therewouldbenoimpactandnomitigationisrequired;accordingly,thisresourcetopicisnotaddressedfurtherinthisanalysis.

Public Services

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3.13 Public Services ThePEIRconcludedthattherewouldbenoimpactsonpublicservices.Becausethereductioninthenumberofturbinesandtheimprovedsafetyofnewermodelswouldresultinareductionofpotentialfireignitions,therewouldbenoincreaseinthedemandforfireprotectionservices.Policeprotectionfacilitiesandinfrastructurerequiredtoprotecttheprogramareaarealreadyinplacetoprotecttheexistingwindenergyfacilities.Noresidenceswouldbeconstructed,noschoolsarepresentintheProjectarea,andbecausethePEIRconcludedthatrepoweringtheAPWRAwouldnotinducegrowth,therewouldbenoincreaseddemandonschoolsorrecreationalfacilities.Therewouldbenoimpactandnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.BecausetheProjectareaisasubsetoftheprogramarea,theanalysisremainsvalid.Accordingly,thisresourcetopicisnotaddressedfurtherinthisanalysis.

Recreation

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3.14 Recreation Becausetherearenorecreationalfacilitiesintheentireprogramareaandbecausetherepoweringprogramoverallwouldnotleadtoanincreaseinuseofnearbyfacilities,thePEIRfoundthattherewouldbenoimpactonrecreationalfacilitiesandnomitigationisrequired.BecausetheProjectareaisasubsetoftheprogramarea,theanalysisremainsvalid.Accordingly,recreationisnotfurtherconsideredinthisanalysis.

Alameda County Community Development Agency Environmental AnalysisTransportation/Traffic

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3.15 Transportation/Traffic ThePEIRevaluatedtrafficimpactsforageneric80MWprojectaswellasfortwospecificprojectsintheprogramarea.NoProject‐specifictrafficanalysiswasnecessaryfortheSandHillProjectbecausetheimpactsidentifiedaspotentiallysignificantinthePEIR(e.g.,increasedtrafficcongestionandtraffichazards)wouldalsoapplytotheProject,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthoseimpacts.

TheroadnetworkandotherexistingconditionspertainingtotrafficandtransportationwasdescribedinthePEIRfortheentireprogramarea,ofwhichtheProjectareaisasubset.MostoftheProjectareawouldbeaccessedusingroadsasdescribedinthePEIR(e.g.,I‐580,AltamontPassRoad),butsomeoftheturbinesontheeastsideofBethanyReservoirandtheCaliforniaAqueductwouldbeaccessedfromMountainHouseRoad,whichwasnotspecificallyaddressedinthePEIR.However,theprogram‐levelanalysisadequatelydisclosesthepotentialimpactsassociatedwiththeproposedProject.

ImpactTRA‐1:Conflictwithanapplicableplan,ordinance,orpolicyestablishingmeasuresofeffectivenessfortheperformanceofthecirculationsystem,takingintoaccountallmodesoftransportation,includingmasstransitandnon‐motorizedtravelandrelevantcomponentsofthecirculationsystem,including,butnotlimitedto,intersections,streets,highwaysandfreeways,pedestrianandbicyclepaths,andmasstransitorconflictwithanapplicablecongestionmanagementprogram,including,butnotlimitedto,level‐of‐servicestandardsandtraveldemandmeasuresorotherstandardsestablishedbythecountycongestionmanagementagencyfordesignatedroadsorhighways(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatconstructionactivitiescouldcauseasubstantialtrafficincreaseonlocalcountyroadsthatprovidedirectaccesstoProjectconstructionsites,becausetheseroadsgenerallyhavelowtrafficvolumes.However,theseincreases,whiletheycoulddegradetrafficoperations,wouldbeoftemporaryduration.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureTRA‐1,Developandimplementaconstructiontrafficcontrolplan,wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactTRA‐2:Conflictwithanapplicablecongestionmanagementprogram,including,butnotlimitedto,level‐of‐servicestandardsandtraveldemandmeasuresorotherstandardsestablishedbythecountycongestionmanagementagencyfordesignatedroadsorhighways(lessthansignificant)

ThePEIRconcludedthatProject‐relatedtrafficwouldnotsubstantiallydegradethelevelofserviceonacongestionmanagementprogram–designatedroadway(i.e.,I‐580)becauseitwouldcontributesuchasmallpercentageoftotaltraffic.Accordingly,thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificant,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

Alameda County Community Development Agency Environmental AnalysisTransportation/Traffic

ICF 00631.17

ImpactTRA‐3:Resultinachangeinairtrafficpatterns,includingeitheranincreaseintrafficlevelsorachangeinlocationthatresultsinsubstantialsafetyrisks(lessthansignificant)

ThePEIRconcludedthatrepoweringintheprogramareawouldnotresultinachangeinairtrafficpatternsoranyincreaseinrelatedsafetyrisks.BecausetheProjectwouldbewithintheareaanalyzed,theProject‐levelimpactwouldalsobelessthansignificant,andnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.

ImpactTRA‐4:Substantiallyincreasehazardsbecauseofadesignfeature(e.g.,sharpcurvesordangerousintersections)orincompatibleuses(e.g.,farmequipment)duetoconstruction‐generatedtraffic(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatthepresenceoflarge,slow‐movingconstructionanddeliveryvehiclescouldincreasetrafficsafetyhazards.Additionally,someofthesevehiclescouldexceedroadwayloadandsizelimits.PermitsfromCaliforniaDepartmentofTransportationDistrict4andotherrelevantjurisdictionswouldberequiredforsuchvehicles.CompliancewithpermitrequirementsandimplementationofMitigationMeasureTRA‐1wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactTRA‐5:Resultininadequateemergencyaccessduetoconstruction‐generatedtraffic(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

Large,slow‐movingconstructionanddeliveryvehiclesandtemporaryroadandlaneclosurescoulddelayorobstructthemovementofemergencyvehicles,asdisclosedinthePEIR.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureTRA‐1wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

ImpactTRA‐6:Conflictwithadoptedpolicies,plans,orprogramsregardingpublictransit,bicycleorpedestrianfacilities,orotherwisedecreasetheperformanceorsafetyofsuchfacilities(lessthansignificantwithmitigation)

ThePEIRconcludedthatnopublictransitservicesorpedestrianfacilitiesarepresentontheProjectaccessroutesintheprogramarea.However,oversizedconstructionvehiclescouldpotentiallydisruptthemovementofbicyclestravelingontheshouldersofsomelocalaccessroads(e.g.,AltamontPassRoad,WestGrantLineRoad,MountainHouseRoad),andlaneorroadclosuresassociatedwithmaterialdeliveriescouldtemporarilydisruptbicycleaccess.ImplementationofMitigationMeasureTRA‐1wouldreducethisimpacttoaless‐than‐significantlevel.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR,andthemitigationmeasuressetforthinthePEIRwouldadequatelyaddressthisimpact.

Utilities and Service Systems

ICF 00631.17

3.16 Utilities and Service Systems ThePEIRanalyzedpotentialimpactsonutilitiesandservicesystemsanddeterminedthattherewouldbenoimpactsorthatimpactswouldbelessthansignificant.Similarly,asdescribedinthePEIRwastewatergenerationanddrainagefortheProjectwouldnotaffectcapacityofawaterorwastewatertreatmentfacility.Becauseofthereducednumberofturbines,waterneedsfortheProjectwouldbeequaltoorlessthanthoseanalyzedforthePEIR.Waterforconstructionactivitieswouldbeprovidedthroughanagreementwithmunicipalorprivatesuppliersandwouldthereforenotaffectanywatersupplyorrequireexpandedentitlements.SolidwastewouldbegeneratedprimarilyduringProjectconstructionandwouldnotexceedthecapacityoflandfills.TheProjectwouldberequiredtocomplywithlocal,state,andfederalsolidwasteregulations.Therewouldbenoimpactandnomitigationisrequired.ThisconclusionisconsistentwiththeanalysispresentedinthePEIR.Accordingly,thisresourcetopicisnotaddressedfurtherinthisanalysis.

ICF 00631.17

Chapter 4 List of Preparers

Thefollowingindividualsparticipatedinthepreparationofthisanalysis.

Lead Agency (Alameda County Community Development Agency)

AndrewYoung,SeniorPlanner

SandiRivera,DeputyDirector

Technical Assistance (ICF)

AngelaAlcala,Biologist

LarryGoral,TechnicalWriter

TimMessick,GraphicArtist

BradNorton,ProjectDirector

BradSchafer,ProjectManager

DanSchiff,GISanalyst

TinaSorvari,EnvironmentalPlanner

SusanSwift,SeniorReviewer

Appendix A Air Quality Technical Memorandum

Appendix B Biological Resources Evaluation Report

Appendix C Cultural Resources Survey Report

Appendix D Sound Technical Report

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