‘scaffolded’ rough-and- tumble play operationalizing the foundations for self-determination...

‘Scaffolded’ Rough-and-Tumble

PlayOperationalizing the Foundations for

Self-Determination ModelKeith W. Allred, Ph.D.

DEC Presentation © October 9, 2014 1

Session Outcomes:• Examine the 3 pre-cursors to Self-Det. in the

‘Foundations’ Model while focusing on infants/toddlers with Dev. Delay (DD)

• Explore fathers role in the Attachment Process, as it pertains to Self-Determination (SD)

• Identify positive outcomes associated with father-child ‘rough & tumble’ play [RTP] in the context of the developmental process of Self-Det.

• Address 2 strategies for developing IFSP goals addressing SD that target fathers{father figures} involvement in ‘scaffolded’ RTP 2

Self-Determinationand Developmental Delay

• “Building a foundation for self-determination that is coordinated across early childhood settings as well as the home will have optimal results for children with identified disabilities, . . . (Palmer et al, 2012)

3

Critical Components

•Opportunity for Choice-Making and Problem Solving

•Self-regulation

•Engagement

4

Note: Figure 1. Foundations for Self-Determination Model. --Palmer, Summers, Brotherson, Erwin, Maude, et al.., (2013)

5

Opportunity for Choice-making & Problem Solving

• Adult perceptions re: limited capacity of young children with DD have often restricted choice-making

• Providing young children ‘choice-making’ opportunities provides them with some ownership of daily activities/routines & is beginning of independence & autonomous decision making ( McCormick et al., 2003)

• Choice-making in young children influences their ability to solve problems, acquire confidence, & explore environment (Erwin et al, 2009)

6

Self-regulation

• Ability to self-regulate is ‘cornerstone’ of EC development (Gillespie & Seibel, 2006; Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000)

• Key component of sensory-processing concerns (Dunn, 2010)

• Self- Reg. is defined as way in which young children “process & respond to input & stimuli received from their environment through the management or control over their own emotions, behavior, and attention” (Palmer et al., 2013)

7

Engagement

• Caregiver sensitivity is essential to facilitate development of engagement (de Krui, McWilliams, Ridley, & Wakely (2000)

• Developmental sequence of progressively more sophisticated levels of engagement (McWilliams & Casey, 2008)

• Adults are gatekeepers to opportunities for infants/toddlers to develop engagement skills

• Engagement is an outcome of being self-regulated 8

Bioecological Model of Human

Development•Bronfenbrenner

Proximal processes are

key to development & growth

9

Proximal processesFirst things first

•Mother-infant bond, ATTACHMENT, foundational to social-emotional development

•Maternal sensitivity irreplaceable

• Emotional availability irreplaceable10

Proximal Processes con’t

• Increasing evidence that there are differences between mother-child and father-child relationships

•Three plus decades (1975-2014) of research supporting this notion

11

Recent “Pioneering” scholarship and research

• Activation Relationship Theory (2004)

• Daniel Paquette

• Posits that a father provides a unique contribution to a child’s social-emotional development as a result of a distinct attachment or bond with infant/toddler

12

Fathers and Attachment

• “It is postulated, in particular, that father-child rough-and-tumble play encourages obedience and the development of competition skills in children,” (Paquette, 2004, p. 193)

• “… it is quite possible that father-child attachment is developed primarily through physical play,” (Paquette, p. 203).

• “… father-child activation through play may actually be dependent on mother-child attachment…” (Paquette, p. 204).

13

Fathers and Attachment, cont.

• “From this perspective, children who have developed a secure attachment to their mothers would tend to benefit more from father-child play,” (Paquette, 2004, p. 204).

• “… quality father-child RTP should include at least two characteristics: it should be highly pleasurable for the child, and should involve the use of moderate control on the father’s part,” (Paquette, p. 208).

14

15

Father-Child Attachment:General Observations

• Fathers provide more excitatory, destabilising, and challenging environments• ‘Activative’ fathering behaviors:

• Engage children’s self-regulatory systems• Encourage risk-taking• Provide firm limits on behavior• Encourages impulse control• Facilitates problem-solving skills

Crucial Context for Development of Father-Child Activation Relationship

• Posited that infants develop attachment to fathers through play

• Rough and Tumble Play (RTP) particularly

• RTP includes “vigorous behaviors such as wrestling, grappling, kicking & tumbling that would appear to be aggressive except for the playful context” (Pellegrini & Smith, 1989, p. 579) 16

Father-Child RTP

• Precursor play begins by 12 months• Fully emerges by 24 months• Frequency/duration increases with age• Boys engaged more than girls• Peaks around age 4• Child temperament mediates RTP• Culture influences nature of RTP

17

High Quality Father-Child RTP

• Father attentive & playful—It’s fun!

• Father attuned to child’s abilities & interests

• Father motivates child to re-engage—It’s engaging!

• Father enjoys child’s attempts to win

• Father balances winning & losing

• Father animated & expressive

• Embodies principle of “mutual enjoyment”18

RTP & Parenting Style(s)Baumrind & others

• 3 general styles of parenting• Authoritarian

• Permissive

• Authoritative

• Corresponds with warmth, sensitivity, and control exhibited in high-quality RTP

19

Activative Fathering

• Three types of activation categories

• Under-activated•Limited exploration, risk-taking by child

• Activated•Confident exploration, but child follows limits

• Over-activated•Explore w/o caution, child does not follow limits

20

Empirical evidence Regarding Activative fathering

• Interactions between culture (individualistic vs. collectivistic), child temperament, & RTP

• Overprotective parenting (over-activative fathering) may lead to less socially adept & secure children

• Intrusiveness & restrictiveness should be done judiciously

• Difficult to tease out effects of activative fathering from authoritative fathering

• Warmth, responsiveness, & control contribute to social & cognitive competence in children

21

Evidence con’t

• Authoritative fathering associated with decreased internalizing & externalizing behaviors in children

• The more optimally activated boys are in toddlerhood the more engaged they are in RTP at age 3

• Earlier fathers are engaged in childcare the longer they stay engaged with child over time

22

Implications

• Evidence that roles of mothers & fathers are different

• Fathers (father figures) serve as a ‘social bridge’ between family environment & extra-familial environments

• Father (father figure) & RTP appear to contribute to develop of precursors of Self-Det.; namely, (1) choice-making & problem solving, (2) engagement, and (3) self-regulation

• Mothers, and by extension, ECE professionals, typically remain ‘gatekeepers’ in defining father’s roles with young children

23

Toward relevant IFSP Goals

• Genogram: Is father present/accessible? Other father figures available?

• Look/identify appropriate father figure(s) (older siblings, uncles, grandfathers, etc.) that are in the infant/toddler’s natural settings

• Ask more questions regarding when & how these father figures are interacting with infant/toddler

24

Relevant IFSP Goals con’t

• Depending upon family’s culture, be proactive in describing various role(s) father [figure] can ‘assume’ with infant/toddler

• Teach family members (especially father/figure) about various types of ‘play,’ based upon developmental level of child

• Teach family members about the different ‘levels’ of engagement and how to move from one level of engagement to another by modeling and “scaffolding” for fathers

• Reflect & identify whether you and/or other IFSP team members have implicit biases regarding ‘Rough & Tumble’ play

• Reflect & identify whether you and/or other IFSP team members have implicit biases regarding ‘competence’ of father to carry out various roles

25

26

ReferencesBaumrind, D. (1966). Effect of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37, 887-907.Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4(2), 1-103.Belsky, J. (1996). Parent, infant, and social-contextual antecedents of father-son attachment security. Developmental Psychology, 32(5), 905-913.Bretherton, I. (2010). Fathers in attachment theory and research: A review. Early Child Development and Care, 180(1&2), 9-23.Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University (2011). Building the Brain’s “Air Traffic Control” System: How Early Experiences Shape the Development of Executive Function: Working Paper No.11. http//www.developing child.harvard.eduChen, H.H. (2013). Couple relationship quality, coparenting, and fathering in Taiwan. Early Child Development and Care, 183(6), 827-842.Coyle-Shepherd, D.D., & Newland, L.A. (2012) Mothers’ and fathers’ couple and family contextual influences, parent involvement, and school-age child attachment. Early Child Development and Care, doi: 10.1080/03004430.2012.711599

27

Descarries, F. & Corbeil, F. (1995). Famille et travail: Double statut . . . double enjeu pour les meres en employ. Montreal: Montreal Institut de recherches et d’etudes feminists, UQAM.DiFilippo, D. (2013, November 12). Roughhousing 101: Why kids love a playful tussle and when to blow the whistle. [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.parents.com/kids/development/behavioral/roughhousing/Ddubeau, D., Coutu, S., & Lavigueur, S. (2013). Links between different measures of mother/father involvement and child social adjustment. Early Child Development and Care, 183(6), 791-809.Dumont, C., & Paquette, D. (2013). What about the child's tie to the father? A new insight into fathering, father-child attachment, children's socio-emotional development and the activation relationship theory. Early Child Development and Care, 183(3&4), 430–446.Flanders, J., Herman, K.N., & Paquette, D. (2012). Rough-and-tumble play and the cooperation-competition dilemma: Evolutionary and developmental perspectives on the development of social competence. In d. Narvaez, J. Panskepp, A. Schore, & t. Gleason (Eds.), Evolution, early experience and human development: From research to practice and policy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Flanders, J., Leo, V., Paquette, D., Pihl, R.O., & Seguin, J.R. (2009). Rough-and-tumble play and the regulation of aggression: An observational study of father-child dyads. Aggressive Behavior, 35(4), 285-295.Flanders, J.L., Simard, M., Paquette, D., Parent, S., Vitaro, F., Pihl, R.O. & Seguin, J.R. (2010). Rough-and-tumble play and the development of physical aggression and emotion regulation: A five-year study. Journal of Family Violence, 25(4), 357-367.

28

Fletcher, R. StGeorge, J., & Freeman, E. (2013). Rough and tumble play quality: Theoretical foundations for a new measure of father-child interaction. Early Child Development and Car, 183(6), 746-759.Flouri, E. (2010). Fathers’ behaviours and children’s psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 363-369.Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., & Target, M. (2007). The parent-infant dyad and the construction of the subjective self. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(3/4), 288-328.Gaumon, S., & Paquette, D. (2013). The father-child activation relationship and internalizing disorders at preschool age. Early Child Development and Care, 183(3&4), 447–463.Graham, M. (2010). Play: fun, symbolizing, practicing, and mucking about. In Nurturing natures: Attachment and children’s emotional, sociocultural, and brain development (pp. 123–133). New York, NY: Psychology Press.Graham, M. (2010). Boys, girls, and gender. In Nurturing natures: Attachment and children’s emotional, sociocultural, and brain development (pp. 135–147). New York, NY: Psychology Press.Graham, M. (2010). The place of fathers. In Nurturing natures: Attachment and children’s emotional, sociocultural, and brain development (pp. 173–183). New York, NY: Psychology Press.Grossman, K.E., Grossman, K., & Zimmerman, P. (1999). A wider view of attachment and exploration: Stability and change during the years of immaturity. In J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (1st ed., pp. 760-786). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Grossman, K., Grossman, K.E., Kindler, H., & Zimmerman, P. (2008). A wider view of attachment and exploration: The influence of mothers and fathers on the development of psychological security from infancy to young adulthood. In J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 880-905). New York: Guilford Press.

29

Hawkins, A.J., & Dollahite, D.C. (1997). Generative fathering: Beyond the deficit perspectives. Thousand Oaks: Sage.Van IJzendoorn, M.H., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2008). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: Universal and contextual dimensions. In J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp.880-905). New York: Guilford Press.John, A., Halliburton, A., & Humphrey, J. (2012). Child-mother and child-father play interaction patterns with preschoolers. Early Child Development and Care, doi: 10.1080/03004430.2012.711595Kelmon, J. (2013, November 11). The surprising truth about roughhousing. [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.greatschools.org/parenting/teaching-values/5132-roughhousing-secret-ingredient-for-smarts.gsLeidy, M.S., Schofield, T.J., & Parke, R.D. (in press). Fathers’ contributions to childrens’ social development. In N.J. Cabrera & C.S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Handbook of father involvement: Multidisciplinary perspectives (2nd ed.). New York: Taylor &v Francis. Retrieved from http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415878678/Little, H. & Wyver, S. (2008). Outdoor play. Does avoiding the risks reduce the benefits? Australian Journal of early Childhood, 33(2), 33-40.MacDonald, K. (1987). Parent-child physical play with rejected, neglected, and popular boys. Developmental Psychology, 23(5), 705-711.MacDonald, K., & Parke, R.D. (1984). Bridging the gap: Parent-child play interactions and peer interactive competence. Child Development, 55, 1265-1277.MacDonald, K., & Parke, R.D. (1986). Parent-child physical play: The effects of sex and age of children and parents. Sex Roles, 367-378.

30

McKay, B., & McKay, K. (2012, February 7). The importance of roughhousing with your kids. [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.artofmanliness.com/2012/02/07/the-importance-of-roughhousing-with-your-kids/Newland, L.S., Coyl, D.D., & Freeman, H. (2008). Predicting preschoolers’ attachment security from fathers’ involvement, internal working models, and use of social support. Early Child Development and Care, 178(7-8), 785-801.NICHD Early Care Research Network. (2004). Fathers’ and mothers’ parenting behavior and beliefs as predictors of children’s social adjustment in the transition to school. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(4), 628-638). Palkovitz, R. (2002). Involved fathering and men’s adult development: Provisional balances. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Palmer, S. B., Summers, J. A., Stroup-Rentier, V., Wu, H.-Y., Haines, S. J., Brotherson, M. J., Maude, S. P., ... Chu, S.-Y. (2013). Foundations for Self-Determination in Early Childhood: An Inclusive Model for Children With Disabilities. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 33, 1, 38-47.Panksepp, J. (1993). Rough and tumble play: A fundamental brain process. In MacDonald, K. (Ed.), Parent-child play descriptions and implications (pp. 147–184). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Paquette, D. (1994). Fighting and playfighting in captive adolescent chimpanzees. Aggressive Behavior, 20(1), 49-65.Paquette, D. (2004). Theorizing the father-child relationship: Mechanisms and developmental outcomes. Human Development, 47(4), 193-219.Paquette, D., & Bigras, M. (2010). The risky situation: A procedure for assessing the father-child activation relationship. Early Child Development and Care, 180(1&2), 33–50.

31

Paquette, D., Carbonneau, R., Dubeau, D., Bigras, M., & Tremblay, R.E. (2003). Prevalence of father-child rough and tumble play and physical aggression in preschool children. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 18(2), 171-189.Paquette, D., & Dumont, C. (2013). Is father-child rough-and-tumble play associated with attachment or activation relationships? Early Child Development and Care, 183(6), 760–773.Paquette, D., Eugene, M.M., Dubeau, D., &v Gagnon, M.N. (2009). Les peres ont-ils une influence specifique sur le developpement des enfants. In D.D. dubeau, A. Devalult, & G. forget (Dir.) (Eds.), La paternite au XXIe siècle (pp. 99-122). Quebec: Presses de I’Universite Laval.Pelligrine, A.D. (2009). Research and policy on children’s play. Child Development Perspectives, 3(2), 131-136.Pelligrini, A.D., & Smith, P.K. (1998). Physical activity play: The nature and function of a neglected aspect of play. Child Development, 69(3), 577-598.Pellis, S.M., & Pellis, V.C. (2006) Play and the development of social engagement: A comparative perspective. In P.J. Marshall & N.A. Fox (Eds.), The development of social engagement: Neurobiological perspectives (pp. 247-274). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.Peterson, J.B., & Flanders, J.L. (Eds.). Play and the regulation of aggression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Pleck, J.H. (2007). Why could father involvement benefit children? Theoretical perspectives. Applied Developmental Science, 11, 196-202.Pleck, J.H. (2010). Paternal involvement: Revised conceptualization and theoretical linkages with child outcomes. In M.E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (5th ed., pp.58-93). New York: Wiley.

32

Pleck, J.H., & Masciadrelli, B.P. (2004). Paternal involvement by U.S. Residential fathers: Levels, sources, and consequences. In M.E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (4th ed., pp. 222-271). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Roggman, L.A. (2004). Do fathers just want to have fun? Human Development, 47(4), 228-236.Roopnarine, J. L., Hooper, F. H., Ahmeduzzaman, M., & Pollack, B. (1993). Gentle play partners: Mother-child and father-child play in New Delhi, India. In MacDonald, K. (Ed.), Parent-child play descriptions and implications (pp. 287–304). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Schoppe-Sullivan, S.J., Kotila, L., Jia, R., Lang, S.N., & Bower, D.J. (2012). Comparisons of levels and predictors of mothers’ and fathers’ engagement with their preschool aged children. Early Child Development and Care, doi: 10.1080./030004430.2012.711596Stevenson, M.M., & Crnic, K.A. (2013). Activative fathering predicts later children’s behavior and dsyregulation and sociability. Early Child Development and Care,183(6), 774-790.Wehmeyer, M. L., Palmer, S. B., Soukup, J. H., Shogren, K., & Williams-Diehm, K. (2013). Establishing a Causal Relationship Between Intervention to Promote Self-Determination and Enhanced Student Self-Determination. Journal of Special Education, 46, 4, 195-210. DOI: 10.1177/0271121412445288.Wehmeyer, M. L., & Abery, B. H. (2013). Self-Determination and Choice. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 51, 5, 399-411.