schaefer framing theory and methods overview and open questions

@mss7676, mike.schaefer@zmaw.de, www.klimacampus.de/mccc.html

Analysing Framing in Comparative Studies on Climate Change Communication

Mike S. SchäferDept. of Communications / KlimaCampus, U Hamburg

What is Framing?

What is Framing?

Thomas König

Robert Entman

What is Framing? (Scheufele 1999)

Types of Frames

Formal: e.g. episodic vs. thematic (Iyengar)

Topical: either „generic“ frames (or ‚master frames‘) which are not issue specific (e.g. consequences, responsibility, conflict, human interest, morality; cf. Semetko & Valkenburg 2000) or issue specific frames

Types of Frame-Analyses (Matthes 2007)

Qualitative: inductive frame construction, close description, small no. of cases, often topical and issue specific frames

Manual holistic: a priori frame definition used in standardized content analysis, sometimes based on qual. pre-study, large(r) samples, broad range of frame types

Manual reductionist: a priori definition of frame elements which are used in standardized content analysis, statistical (re)construction of frames

Computer-Assisted: „frame mapping“ = identifying frames by searching for specific word combinations in texts

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.

Formal Fr.

Topical Frames: Generic

Dirikx/Gelders 2010

Painter

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Topical Frames: Issue Specific

Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/

Engesser

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Adam et al.

Ivanova

Wessler et al.

Nerlich (?)

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.

Formal Fr.

Topical Frames: Generic

Dirikx/Gelders 2010

Painter

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Topical Frames: Issue Specific

Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/

Engesser

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Adam et al.

Ivanova

Wessler et al.

Nerlich (?)

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.

Formal Fr.

Topical Frames: Generic

Dirikx/Gelders 2010

Painter

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Topical Frames: Issue Specific

Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/

Engesser

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Adam et al.

Ivanova

Wessler et al.

Nerlich (?)

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.

Formal Fr.

Topical Frames: Generic

Dirikx/Gelders 2010

Painter

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Topical Frames: Issue Specific

Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/

Engesser

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Adam et al.

Ivanova

Wessler et al.

Nerlich (?)

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.

Formal Fr.

Topical Frames: Generic

Dirikx/Gelders 2010

Painter

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Topical Frames: Issue Specific

Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/

Engesser

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Adam et al.

Ivanova

Wessler et al.

Nerlich (?)

Michael Brüggemann, Sven Engesser

Michael Brüggemann, Sven Engesser

Michael Brüggemann, Sven Engesser

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.

Formal Fr.

Topical Frames: Generic

Dirikx/Gelders 2010

Painter

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Topical Frames: Issue Specific

Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/

Engesser

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Adam et al.

Ivanova

Wessler et al.

Nerlich (?)

James Painter

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.

Formal Fr.

Topical Frames: Generic

Dirikx/Gelders 2010

Painter

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Topical Frames: Issue Specific

Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/

Engesser

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Adam et al.

Ivanova

Wessler et al.

Nerlich (?)

Adam

, Häussler et al.

Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication

Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.

Formal Fr.

Topical Frames: Generic

Dirikx/Gelders 2010

Painter

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Topical Frames: Issue Specific

Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/

Engesser

Brüggemann/

Engesser

Adam et al.

Ivanova

Wessler et al.

Nerlich (?)

An (Incomprehensive!) List of Questions

• (What) Can we Learn from Another? Can we develop Best Practice Models (at least within

the table‘s cells)?

• Is something missing from the analyses? (e.g. moral evaluation)

• What level of standardization/domestic adaptation did you use, w/ what experience?

• Apart from generic and issue specific frames: Are there country specific frames?

• (How) Can we deal with changing frames over time?

• What do frames stand for in our analyses, why do we analyze them, what do we learn from

them? What does this mean for our analyses?

• What about other kinds of frames: visual framing, emotional framing, …?

@mss7676, mike.schaefer@zmaw.de, www.klimacampus.de/mccc.html

Thanks for your Attention!

mike.schaefer@zmaw.de, @mss7676www.klimacampus.de/mccc.html