science f2 - support and movement
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CHAPTER
8
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1. The SKELETAL and theMUSCULAR SYSTEMS aretwo parts of the support system
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Why do animals need a supportsystem?
With support system Without support system
2. Animals need a support system to supportthe body, to provide body shape and toprovide body movements.
8.1 Support Systems in Animals
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Support Systems in Invertebrates andVertebrates
1.the three basic types of skeletons?
A. Hydrostatic skeleton
B. Exoskeleton
C. Endoskeleton
8.1 Support Systems in Animals
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A. Hydrostatic Skeleton
Earthworm
Soft-bodied animals are supported by liquid,
which consists mainly of water in their cells andin spaces between their body organs. Thissupport system is called the hydrostatic skeleton.
Can you think of other animals with a hydrostatic skeleton?
Examples: Sea anemone, jellyfish
Muscular wall
GutFluid-filledcompartment
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1. The hydrostatic skeleton has the following
functions
a. provides supportb. maintains body shape
c. aids movement
2. The fluid in the cells presses against the soft surface
and causes the body to become compact, stiff
and strong
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B. Exoskeleton
Grasshopper
Insects and crustaceans are supported by a skeleton of
hard material which forms the outside of their bodies. Thisouter skeleton is called exoskeleton.
Can you think of other animals with an exoskeleton?
Examples:Insects Cockroach, dragonfly
Crustaceans prawn, crab
Exoskeleton
Muscle
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1. The exoskeleton has the following functions
a. maintaining their shape
b. supporting their bodiesc. protecting their organs
d. aiding movement
2. The exoskeleton consists of a hard substance
called chitin
3. The exoskeleton of invertebrate is also called cuticle
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C. Endoskeleton
Horse
In vertebrates, the skeleton is inside the body and muscles
are attached to it. This internal skeleton is calledendoskeleton.
Can you think of other animals with an endoskeleton?
Examples: Crocodile, bird
Muscle
Endoskeleton
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Support system in humans
1. Support system of humans and vertebratesconsists of the internal skeleton
2. Human are supported by an endoskeleton
3. The endoskeleton of humans consist of 206
bones
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4. The weight of a human is supported mainly by the
pelvic girdle.
5. The function of the skeleton includes
a. to support the weight of the body
b. to give the body its structure, strength and shapec. to produced blood cells
d. to protect soft organs of the body such as the
heart and the kidneys
e. to act as a base for attachment of muscles forexample, the biceps are attached to the humerus
through the tendon
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Comparison of the Endoskeleton betweenAquatic Vertebrates and Land Vertebrates
1. The similarities : have endoskeleton
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2. The differences support system between land
vertebrate and aquatic vertebrate
Land vertebrate Aquatic vertebrate
Support by
endoskeleton
Support by
buoyancy of water
have large size of
pectoral and pelvic
girdle
The size of the
pectoral and pelvic
girdle is very small
The strength of the
pectoral and pelvic
girdle is very strong
The strength of the
pectoral and pelvic
girdle is very weak
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Land invertebrate Aquatic invertebrate
Exoskeleton a body
support
Buoyancy of water as a
body support.
8 2 Support Systems in Plants
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Support Systems in Plants
Plants
Woody plants Non-woody plants
How do woody plants support themselves?
How do non-woody plants support themselves?
8.2 Support Systems in Plants
8 2 Support Systems in Plants
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Support Systems in Woody Plants
1. Woody plants are supported by woody tissue.
2. Woody tissue is hard and provides in plantshape and strength to hold itself.
8.2 Support Systems in Plants
(a) Mango tree (b) Hibiscus shrubs
8.2 Support Systems in Plants
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Support Systems in Non-woody Plants
Non-woody plants depend on the water
stored in the cells of the stem for support.
a. Adequate water in
plant
b. Inadequate water in
plant
8.2 Support Systems in Plants
8.2 Support Systems in Plants
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Various Support Systems in Plants
Various support systems in plants
1. Some plants such as the climbers and mangrove
trees develop structures for additional support.
2. What are climbers?
Climbers are plants with weak stems. They attach themselvesto other plants, fences and poles for support.
3. How do mangrove trees gain additional support?
Mangrove trees have stilt roots to support themselves.
8.2 Support Systems in Plants
8.2 Support Systems in Plants
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Various Support Systems in Plants
Various support systems inplants
Stilt roots Air sacs Prickles
ThornsButtress roots
Prop roots
Clasping rootsTendrils
8.2 Support Systems in Plants
8.3 Appreciating the Support Systems in Living Organisms
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Appreciating the Support System in
Living Organisms
1. What happens to whales that are washed ashore?
Whales that are washed ashore may die
because their weight will crush theirinternal organs.
8.3 Appreciating the Support Systems in Living Organisms
8.3 Appreciating the Support Systems in Living Organisms
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Appreciating the Support System in
Living Organisms
2.What does a crippled person use tosupport himself?
A crippled person may use a cane, crutchesor a walking frame for support.
8 pp g ppo y g g
Chapter 8: Support and Movement
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Summary
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8.1 Support Systems in Animals
Soft-bodied animals supported by liquid are said to have a hydrostatic skeleton. An outer skeleton is known as an exoskeleton. For insects, it is made mostly ofchitin.
An internal skeleton is called an endoskeleton. It consists of bones and cartilage.
An aquatic vertebrate has a weaker and more flexible skeleton than a landvertebrate.
8.2 Support Systems in Plants
Some woody plants have buttress roots and stilt roots to provide additional support. Some non-woody plants climb with tendrils, thorns, prickles or clasping roots.
Some aquatic plants have air sacs to provide additional support.
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