scientific and technological achievements at the turn of the century
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Scientific and Technological Achievements at the Turn of the Century
Scientific and Technological Advancements
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, advances in science and technology led to dramatic changes in daily life
• Medical discoveries• Better sanitation• Scientific discoveries
Advances in Medicine
A series of discoveries revolutionized the field of medicine at the turn of the twentieth century• The Germ Theory and
Disease– In 1870 Louis Pasteur
discovered a link between germs and disease
– Proved that killing certain germs stops the spread of certain diseases
Advances in Medicine
• The Germ Theory and Disease– German physician Robert
Koch discovered the bacteria that causes tuberculosis
– Koch and Pasteur’s work led to germ theory• Diseases are caused by the
action of microorganisms
– People start washing more!
Advances in Medicine• Joseph Lister and Antiseptics– Before the mid 1800s, even a minor surgery might
be followed by infection and death– Surgeon Joseph Lister believed there was a
connection between infection and germs• Lister insisted that his doctors use antiseptics at all
stages of operations
Advances in Medicine
• Antibiotics– Alexander Fleming discovers the mold penicillin– This mold killed bacteria!– This antibiotic was not widely distributed and used
until the 1940s
Improved Standard of Living
• Better Wages and Working Conditions– Industrialization led to horrible working conditions
for most people in Industrialized Europe– Legalized labor unions, reformers, and working-
class voters pushed for better working conditions
Improved Standard of Living
• Better Housing– Urban conditions were improving in the late 1800s
and early 1900s– City governments paved their streets– Housing improved– Architects began to use steel to construct
stronger, taller buildings
Improved Standard of Living
• Improved Sanitation– Underground sewage systems!– Death rates were dramatically cut…• Why?
Population Explosion
New Inventions!
Technology of the Industrial AgeInventor or Developer Nation Invention or Development Year
Henry Bessemer Great Britain Process to turn iron ore into steel
1856
Alexander Graham Bell United States Telephone 1876
Thomas Edison United States Electric light bulb 1879
Gottlieb Daimler Germany Automobile 1887
Henry Ford United States Mass-produced automobile 1903
Orville & Wilbur Wright United States Airplane 1903
New Scientific Theories• The Curies and Radioactivity– Conducted extensive experiments with
radioactivity– Discoveries such as radium and polonium had an
enormous effect on fields such as energy production, medicine, and military technology
New Scientific Theories
• Einstein and Relativity– Theory of Relativity
New Scientific Theories
• Freud and the Human Mind– The unconscious drives
human behavior– Freud felt that the
tension between the drives of the unconscious mind and the demands of civilized society caused psychological and physical illness
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