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Chapter 10: The Union in PerilERA 5: Civil War & Reconstruction 1850-1877
Section 1: The Devise Politics of SlaverySection 2:Protest, Resistance, and ViolenceSection 4: Slavery & Secession
I Will Gain an Understanding of:
5.1: The causes of the Civil War 5.2: The course and character of the
Civil War and its effects on the American people
5.3: How various reconstruction plans succeeded or failed
5 Causes of the Civil War (1861-1865)
***
1. Economic & Social Differences North vs. South
South- “plantation” economy depends on slave labor.
Agrarian society North – “Industrial
“ economy Urban society https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=cUKA8jQQlkk
2. State Rights vs. Federal Rights
Does the federal government have the right to tell states how to govern themselves?
Slavery – “is a states rights issue, not a moral issue”
South = federal government has no right to intervene
3. Slave States vs. Non Slave States
Missouri Compromise (1820) – maintains balance of free vs. slave states. Prohibits spread of slavery north of latitude 36 30”
Wilmot Proviso (1846) – bans slavery in all lands acquired From Mexico
3. Slave States vs. Non Slave States
Compromise of 1850: 1. California a free state 2. Utah & New Mexico : people’s vote
will decide free or slave 3.Slave trade abolished in
Washington, D.C. 4. Fugitive Slave Act –any official
who does not arrest runaway slaves has to pay fine.
3.Slave States vs. Non Slave States
Kansas – Nebraska Act 1854
“Popular Sovereignty” People’s vote to decide if admitted as slave or free
Missouri Compromise overturned!
3. Slave States vs. Non Slave States (cont’d)
Pro slavery farmers from Missouri moved to Kansas and voted!
Abolitionists/anti slavery residents fought back
Violence erupted “Bleeding
Kansas”
4. Growth of Abolition Movement
Northerners support abolition movement
John Brown & Harper’s Ferry – (1859)
Wanted to:
Arm slaves seized arsenal in
Virginia was captured, &
hanged for treason
4. Growth of Abolition Movement (CONT’D)
Harriet Beecher Stowe writes “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
“the book that made this great war”, A. Lincoln
humanizes slaves Brought evils of slavery
to attention of Americans
strong emotional appeal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFfMPCfKqGg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijFy4RjYGbQ
4. Growth of Abolition Movement (Cnt’d)
Dred Scott Case 1857:
a slave lived in Missouri (slave state)
Master moved to free state (Illinois)
Scott sued for freedom after master’s death
4. Growth of Abolition Movement (Cnt’d)
Dred Scott vs. Sanford
If a master moves to a free state, are his slaves now free?
Court decision: all African Americans are not citizens, making them ineligible to sue in federal court
5. Abraham Lincoln
5. Abraham Lincoln
1860 Presidential Election
Lincoln (Rep) vs. John Breckinridge (Dem)
Lincoln earned 40% of popular vote
180 electoral votes vs. Breckinridge’s 72
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L80_q2tPveo
5. Abraham Lincoln (Cnt’d)
Lincoln’s Presidential Platform:
1. Non extension of slavery
2. Rights for immigrants
3. Transcontinental Railroad
4. Federally financed infrastructure in the west
5. Free homesteads for citizens
5. Abraham Lincoln (Cnt’d)
Southern States threatened to leave if Lincoln won…
Dec 20th, 1860 – 4 days after election-
South Carolina seceded (broke away)…
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas followed
5. Abraham Lincoln (Cnt’d)
Feb. 1861 the “rebel” south formed Confederate States of America
Named Jefferson Davis as their President
Slavery & Southern Society
***
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793)
Machine removed seeds from cotton faster
“King Cotton” became #1 cash crop south
Demand for slaves increased : from 1 million to 4 million in 50 yrs.
“King Cotton”
The American south produced more than ½ of the world’s entire supply of cotton!
Northern mills converted cotton into fabric
Slave Life
Slaveholders: Statistics
By 1860… 12% owned twenty
or more slaves 1% owned 100
or more slaves “Large
slaveholders a minority within a majority”
Southern Social Pyramid
1. Planter Aristocracy –
over 100 slaves & 1,000 acres of land (1% of population)
2. Farmers –less than 20 slaves, hundred acres of land
3. Yeoman – Small farmers did not own slaves
4. “White Trash” – owned no land. Poor whites.
5. African Slaves
The Abolitionists - PBS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcYivpmTYBM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMd5G4RpFLk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MILN_17KH6M
CHAPTER 11: Civil War 1861-1865
Section 1: the Civil War BeginsSection 2: the Politics of WarSection 3: Life During WartimeSection 4: The North Takes Charge
Taking Sides…
North Union Army President Lincoln Includes Border
states: Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky (slave states)
South Confederate Army President Jefferson
Davis
First shots fired April, 1861
at Fort Sumter Charleston, South
Carolina
Southern Advantages
“defensive war” 1. Fought on their
territory 2. Highly trained
generals 3.Acess to
Waterways
Southern Disadvantages
1. Less population 2. Less Resources 3. Limited means
of transportation & Infrastructure
4. Lack of Money
Northern Advantages
1. Bigger Population
2. Controlled Banks, railroads, factories,
3. More $
Northern Disadvantages
“offensive war” 1. Required
movement of troops, supplies
2. Required more men
3. Military schools in the South
Civil War Letters
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMzSibpHPfQ
African American Soldiers
Joined Union army Received less pay,
supplies, uniforms African American
Soldiers received $7
White Soldiers received $13
54th Massachusetts
54th Massachusetts African American Regiment
Recognized for courage
Depicted in film “Glory”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmo_PhSftuc
54th Massachusetts
Colonel Robert Shaw
Led African American regiment
Fought for equal pay for African American troops
Famous Battle: Battery Wagner, SC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Nbbi16tvYA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7qwqVbZSqE
Latinos in the Civil War
Between 10,000-20,000 Latinos participated in the Civil War
Some fought for the North, some for the South
Spanish, Mexican, Cuban
Latinos in the Civil War
New Civil War Technology
1. Repeating Rifle 2. Multi-barreled
Gatling gun (early machine gun)
3. photography 4. “Ironclad” ships
CIVIL WAR BATTLES…**
1. 1st Battle of Bull Run
July, 1861 1st major battle Confederacy led
by General
“Stonewall” Jackson
South Won
2. Battle of the Ironclads
March, 1862 “Ironclads” -
Armored warships Merrimac
(Confederacy) vs. Monitor (Union)
3. Antietam Creek
Sept., 1862 Bloodiest Battle 24,000 men dead
Or wounded North won
(turning point)
3. Antietam Creek
Turning Point…North finally won an important
“victory”
Emancipation Proclamation
“…all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free."
Jan. 1863
Limitations to Emancipation Proclamation
1. Applied only to states that seceded, not to loyal border states
2. Did not immediately free slaves 3. Freedom depended on military
victory
4. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Most important battle
July, 1863 53,000 men
wounded / killed North won Confederates
did not win any battles after this.
Gettysburg Address
Nov. 1863 Cemetery
dedication At Gettysburg
Lincoln delivered memorable speech
“Gettysburg Address”
Gettysburg Address
"Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation: conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war. . .testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated. . . can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war.
We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
Gettysburg Address
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate. . .we cannot consecrate. . . we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.
It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us. . .that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion. . . that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. . . that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom. . . and that government of the people. . .by the people. . .for the people. . . shall not perish from the earth. "
Gettysburg Today
Sherman Burns Atlanta
William Tecumseh Sherman
Led Union Troops to the South
Captured Atlanta, Georgia 1864
Sherman Burns Atlanta
Sherman’s “Scorched Earth” policy-
Ordered troops to Burn homes, & destroy crops as they marched through Georgia
“the burning of Atlanta”
Sherman’s Burning of Atlanta on film
Gone With The Wind (1939) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P
nEZrV_WT44
The WAR ENDED…
On April 9, 1865 Confederate Army
surrendered @ Appomattox Courthouse (n. Virginia)
Aftermath…
1 out every 12 adult males served
Over 620,000 dead
50,000 survived with amputated limbs
13th Amendment:
Abolition of slavery President Lincoln assassinated prior
to its passing Mississippi refused to “ratify” or
approve
Women & Civil War
1. Nurses 20,000 Women in
the North served as nurses
Ages 35-50 “self sacrificing,
good self control, steadfast in duty”
Women & Civil War
Clara Barton Civil war nurse Established Red
Cross To provide
“humane services to all war time victims”
Women & Civil War
2. Female Soldiers ?
Sarah Emma Edmunds
aka“ Frank Thomson” Evaded suspicion for
a year! Loretta Janeta
Velasquez Aka “Harry Buford”
fought for Confederacy
Video: Female Soldiers During the Civil War
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xSYh8xXJPM
Women & Civil War
3. Female Spies Rose O’Neil “Wild
Rose” Most famous
confederate spy/messenger
April 14, 18655 Days after war ended
President Lincoln attended the play Our American Cousin
@ Ford Theatre
John Wilkes Booth
Shot President Lincoln during the Play
Jumped off the balcony, broke his ankle, and fled
Booth’s Escape…
John Wilkes Booth
Planned the assassination with a group of “conspirators”
Original plan: abduct, then kill the President
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBLsOQPu23U
http://www.fordstheatre.org/home/plan-your-visit/daytime-visits-fords-theatre/museum
10 Conspirators
Mary Surrat (1823-1865)
Her son, John Surrat Confederate secret agent
Rented rooms to men who planned Lincoln’s assassination
Did she conspire to kill the President? Or was she innocent?
Guilty? Innocent? Mary Surratt
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0_3IdFT4LY
Mary Surratt
Was convicted of planning Lincoln’s assassination, along with other men
Given death penalty
died: July, 1865 1st woman
executed Son fled to
Canada, died 1916
Lincoln’s Funeral Procession
Lincoln’s body taken From Washington D.C. To by train to Springfield Illinois
Andrew Johnson became President
Reconstruction – End of War 1864 to 1877
Issues…. 1. Readmission of Southern States
into the Union 2. Treatment of Ex- Confederates 3. Economic & Physical destruction
of South 4. Assimilation of 4 million former
slaves 4. The power of Federal government
still an issue
Chapter 12: Reconstruction and its Effects ( After the War)
Section 1: the Politics of ReconstructionSection 2: Reconstructing Society
1. Lincoln’s Presidential Reconstruction Plan (1863)
10% of Southern voters must take loyalty oath
agree to eliminate slavery
Full Pardon for ex- confederates
2. Congressional Reconstruction (1864)
Wade –Davis Bill 1864 : passed by both houses
50% Southern Voters take loyalty oath
Pocket vetoed by Lincoln (before death)
3. President Andrew Johnson’s Plan (1865)
Similar to 10% Plan
Pardoned former confederates
Special “Presidential pardon” for wealthy southerners
Military Reconstruction Act (1867)
Divided south Into 5 districts Managed by military forces “martial law” Tried to restore order in South
End of Reconstruction
“ Compromise 1877” The end of martial law = end of
Reconstruction period Removal of troops in south
African American ExperienceAfter the war…
Freedmen’s Bureau 1865:
distributed food, clothing, shelter , to former slaves
Served as employment agency Established schools 1866 Congress passed bill to
continue program Johnson vetoed bill
In the South…
“Black Codes” – discriminatory laws restrict freedoms of African Americans
In place until Civil Rights Movement 1960’s!!!!!
(White) Sharecroppers…
Leased land & supplies to former slaves
Allowed African Americans to work the land & keep portion of harvest
Creates a dependency
Only option for African Americans
Racism & Discrimination
Opposition to education of former slaves
Some southerners refused to grant freedom
Ku Kux Klan (1866) Terrorizes and intimidates African
Americans in the South
14th Amendment - 1868
Citizenship, due process and equal protection
Protects rights of all U.S. citizens
15th Amendment
Citizen’s right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous servitude.
Lacks wording that allows for enforcement of law!
Excludes women Law ignored by most states
“Grandfather Clauses”
“a man can vote only if his grandfather voted in an election prior to 1865”
Harassment of voters
Literacy tests Poll taxes
Southern Segregation Laws
Jim Crow Laws (1881)
Segregated public facilities
“separate but equal”
Adopted across the South
Future Reference…
African American will endure offenses, humiliations, and overt racism until the Civil Rights movement of the 1960’s!!!
The struggle for Civil Rights Movement will impact ALL people of color, ALL minorities
The West ----1865-1890
The transformation of the WestTopics: 1. The building of the Trans-
continental Railroad (completed , 1869)
2. The obstacles & Hardship pioneers/ homesteaders had to endure
3. The Plight of Native Americans 4. The impact the construction of
railroads had on people, places, and the economy.
Why did people move west after 1865?
1. The Homestead Act , 1862
160 acres of land Live & work land
for 5 years For $10 filing fee Myth-
“abundance of free land for anyone willing to cultivate it”
2. Pacific Railway Act, 1862
Authorized the construction of a railroad that connected the country East to West
People developed settlements along railways
Westward Settlement
1865-1890’s Families moved to the Great Plains
West of Mississippi From: Illinois,
Iowa, Missouri Also, European
Immigrants moved west
Lincoln’s Legacy
1. Homestead Act 1862- granted 160 acres to any family that would agree to farm it for 5 years
2. Morrill Land Grant 1862- gave federal lands to states for purpose of building trade schools (agriculture, technical trades)
3. Pacific Railway Act 1862 – approved building of Transcontinental railroad
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